get you clickers ready! blood flowing from the heart goes through the vessels is the following...
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Get you clickers ready!
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Blood flowing from the heart goes through the vessels is the following order:
1 2 3 4 5
8%
0%
83%
0%
8%
1. Arterioles -> arteries -> capillaries -> veins -> venules
2. Arteries -> capillaries -> veins-> arterioles -> venules
3. Veins -> venules -> capillaries -> arteries -> arterioles
4. Venules -> arterioles -> arteries -> capillaries -> veins
5. Arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins
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Valves in veins and the heart keep the blood:
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0% 0%
100%
0%
1. In the vessels and the heart.
2. Moving toward the capillaries.
3. Moving toward the lungs.
4. Moving in a single direction
5. Moving toward the individual body cells.
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The three types of plant tissues, in order from the outside of a root to the inside, are:
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0%
83%
8%8%
A. Vascular, ground, dermal
B. Vascular, dermal, ground
C. Ground, vascular, dermal
D. Ground, dermal, vascular
E. Dermal, ground, vascular
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Blood
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Blood• Functions:
– Transportation– Pathogen destruction– Immunity– Blood temperature regulation– Clot formation
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Formed Elements• Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
– Carry oxygen using HEMOGLOBIN protein• Iron in hemoglobin binds loosely with oxygen
• ERYTHROPOIETIN hormone from kidneys regulates production of RBC’s– Drop in oxygen levels = increase in erythropoietin
levels = more RBC’s
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The interaction of the four globulin proteins in the hemoglobin molecules is an example of a proteins ______ structure.
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0% 0%
64%
36%
A. PrimaryB. SecondaryC. TertiaryD. QuaternaryE. Pentiary
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All of the following affect the amount of oxygen carried by the blood EXCEPT:
A. B. C. D. E.
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100%
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A. the pH of the blood B. the temperature of the
bodyC. the percentage of oxygen
in the air D. a decrease in the number
of red blood cells in the plasma
E. a decrease in the number of white blood cells in the plasma
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Formed Elements• White Blood Cells
– Infection fighters– 5 types:
• Neutrophil• Eosinophil• Basophil• Lymphocyte• Monocyte
Non - Specific
Specific
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Formed Elements• Platelets
– Blood clotting– Platelets stick to
injured site forming a plug
– Cause a chain of enzymatic events which leads to formation of a clot made of insoluble FIBRIN threads
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The Lymphatic & Immune Systems
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Lymphatic system• Parallel circulatory system
– transports white blood cells• defending against infection
– collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood• maintains volume & protein
concentration of blood• Empties fluid back into vena
cava
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Lymphatic system Production & transport of WBCs
Traps foreign invaders
lymph node
lymph vessels(intertwined amongst blood vessels)
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Lymphatic Organs
• Bone marrow• Site of B-cell maturation
• Thymus gland• Site of T-cell maturation
• Lymph node– “cleansing stations”
• Spleen– Blood filtration
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Non – Specific Defenses• Mechanical barriers
– Skin, mucus• Inflammation
– Causes movement of WBC’s to site of infection– Helps prevent infection from spreading
• Phagocytosis– Eat and destroy foreign cells– NATURAL KILLER CELLS – destroy virus and cancer
filled cells
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How do cells communicate?What language do they speak?
What kinds of things would they say?
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Non – Specific Defenses• COMPLEMENT
– Helps enhance inflammatory response
– Attack complex causes destruction of cell membranes
• INTERFERONS– Chemicals released by
virus-infected cells– Warn other cells in the
area of attack
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Specific Defenses• B – cells (Plasma cells)
– Secrete antibodies which attack foreign antigens
– When activated, divides multiple times forming clones
– Provide specific immunity to a pathogen
– HUMORAL IMMUNITY• “In fluid”
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Antibodies • Proteins that bind to a specific antigen
– produced by B cells– binding region matches molecular shape of antigens– each antibody is unique & specific
• millions of antibodies respond to millions of foreign antigens– tagging “handcuffs”
• “this is foreign…gotcha!”
Y
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antigenantigen-binding site on antibody
variable binding region
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ss
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Structure of antibodies
light chains
antigen-bindingsite
heavy chains
antigen-bindingsite
lightchain
lightchain
heavychains
B cellmembrane
variable region
antigen-binding siteY
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
YY
YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
YY
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What Antibodies Do
macrophageeating tagged invaders
invading pathogens tagged with antibodies
Y
Y
YY
YY
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1° vs 2° response to disease• Memory B cells allow a rapid, amplified response with
future exposure to pathogen
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Which of the following best describes your feelings about the field trip?
I don’t
want t
o go.
I w
ant t
o go!
75%
25%
1. I don’t want to go.2. I want to go!
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Which of the following best describes what you’ll do if we decide to go?
I’m
not g
oing to
go r.
..
I’ll
be th
ere
if w
e dec
id...
85%
15%
1. I’m not going to go regardless of if the class decides they want to.
2. I’ll be there if we decide to go as a class.
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What kind of donut do you want Adam to buy when the Hawks get spanked by the Redwings?
Som
ethin
g cre
am-fi
lled
Som
ethin
g gla
zed
No d
onut,
just
car
rot .
..
15%
31%
54%1. Something cream-filled2. Something glazed3. No donut, just carrot
Sticks
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8%
0%
23%
15%
23%
15%15%
1. The antibodies evolve.2. tRNA can code for millions of different coding genes, the
possibilities for proteins is endless.3. The genes can be turned on and off and they can be put
in many combinations to form millions of antibody proteins
4. Hundreds of genes have BILLIONS of combinations. The same 100 genes can be ordered differently.
5. Very similar – all variations of code. Replicate fast.6. Random pieces of DNA reorganizes to code for a variable
sequence/protein that fits into the antigen. Variable portion matures later than the next.
7. Rearrangement of DNA sequences that are replicated.
How do vertebrates produce millions of antibody proteins, if they only have a few hundred genes coding for those proteins?
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How do vertebrates produce millions of antibody proteins, if they only have a few hundred genes coding for those proteins?
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Transcription of gene
mRNA
B cell
rearrangement of DNA
VTranslation of mRNA
antibody
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Which of the following modifications does not take place when producing a unique
antibody?
Post-tra
nscrip...
Altern
ative sp
...
Post – tr
ansla...
DNA re
combinat..
.
8%
33%
58%
0%
1. Post-transcriptional modifications
2. Alternative splicing3. Post – translational
modifications4. DNA recombination
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Vaccinations • Immune system exposed
to harmless version of pathogen – triggers active immunity– stimulates immune system to produce
antibodies to invader– rapid response if
future exposure• Most successful
against viral diseases
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2007-2008
What if the attacker gets past the B cells in the blood & actually
infects some of your cells?You need trained assassins to kill
off these infected cells!
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T cells• Cell-mediated response
– immune response to infected cells• viruses, bacteria & parasites (pathogens) within
cells– defense against “non-self” cells
• cancer & transplant cells
• Types of T cells– helper T cells
• alerts immune system– killer (cytotoxic) T cells
• attack infected body cells
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How are cells tagged with antigens• Major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins
– antigen glycoproteins• MHC proteins constantly carry bits of cellular material
from the cytosol to the cell surface– “snapshot” of what is going on inside cell– give the surface of cells a unique label or “fingerprint”
MHC proteinsdisplaying self-antigens
T cell
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How do T cells know a cell is infected• Infected cells digest pathogens & MHC
proteins bind & carry pieces to cell surface– antigen presenting cells (APC)– alerts Helper T cells
MHC proteins displaying foreign antigens
infectedcell
T cellantigen receptors
T cellWANTED
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T cell response
stimulateB cells &antibodies
Y
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
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YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
YYY
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
killerT cell
activatekiller T cells
orinterleukin 1
interleukin 2
interleukin 2
infected cell
helperT cell
helperT cell
helperT cell
helperT cell
helperT cell
activatedmacrophage
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Attack of the Killer T cells
Killer T cellbinds toinfected
cell
• Destroys infected body cells– binds to target cell– secretes perforin protein
• punctures cell membrane of infected cell
infected celldestroyed
cell membrane
Killer T cell
cell membrane
target cell
vesicle
perforin puncturescell membrane
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Key attributes of immune system• 4 attributes that characterize the immune
system as a whole– specificity
• antigen-antibody specificity– diversity
• react to millions of antigens– memory
• rapid 2° response– ability to distinguish self vs. non-self
• maturation & training process to reduce auto-immune disease
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Which of following would you rather do for the digestive system?
I’m
tire
d of n
otes!
Le.
..
Brin
g on th
e not
es.
I’...
50%50%
0of5
1. I’m tired of notes! Let’s work on a packet in class tomorrow and go over the questions we have as a class.
2. Bring on the notes. I’d rather do it that way (and I promise to stay awake!)