GDM

Gestational Diabetes

MellitusDr. R V S N Sarma., M.D., M.Sc., (Canada)

Consultant Physician & Chest Specialist

Visit us at: www.drsarma.in

GDM

Gestational Diabetes

MellitusIs it physiological?

Is it a disease?

Should we screen for gdm?

Does it require treatment?

Recent RCTs settled the issues

Crowther et al. NEJM 2005;352

GDMGlucose Intolerance in Pregnancy

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Prevalence of GDM 3 to 18 %

GDMGDM - Definition

• Distinguish GDM from Pre-gestational DM

• Abnormal Glucose Tolerance• Onset (begins) with pregnancy or• Detected first time during pregnancy• No h/o of pre pregnancy DM or IGT• Hb A 1 c is usually < 7.5 in GDM• In DM + Pregnancy it is > 7.5 • GDM is a forerunner of T2DM

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GDMPathogenesis of GDM

• Pregnancy is Diabetogenic condition• A Wonderful Metabolic Stress Test• Placental Diabetogenic Hormones

– Progesterone, Cortisol, GH– Human Placental Lactogen (HPL), Prolactin

• Insulin Resistance (IR), ↑ cell stimulation• Reduced Insulin Sensitivity up to 80%• Impaired 1st phase insulin, Hyperinsulinemia• Islet cell auto antibodies (2 to 25% cases)• Glucokinase mutation in 5% of cases

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GDMFundamental Defect in GDM

• The hormones of pregnancy cause IR• They also cause direct

hyperglycemia • But, the basic defect is • The maternal pancreatic cells are

unable to compensate for this increased demand

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GDMNormal Glucose Tolerance

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GDMAbnormal GT in GDM

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GDMRisk Stratification for GDM

• High Risk Group (Indians mostly)– BMI 30; PCOD; Age > 35 years– F h/o DM; Ethnic predisposition; Acanthosis– Previous h/o GDM, IGT, Macrosomic baby

• Low Risk Group– Age < 25, BMI < 23, No F h/o DM or IGT– No bad obstetric history; No ↑ risk ethnicity

• Intermediate Risk Group– Not falling in the above two classes

www.drsarma.in 9Adopted from ADA guidelines

GDMWhom to Screen for GDM ?

• Low Risk Group – No screening required for GDM

• Intermediate Risk Group– Screen around 24–28 weeks of gestation

• High Risk Group– As soon as possible after conception– Must - before 24–28 weeks of gestation– Better do a full 3 hr OGTT for GDM– If negative – screening in 2nd & 3rd

trimesterwww.drsarma.in 10Adopted from ADA guidelines

GDMIndian Scenario

• Since the pregnant mothers without any of the risk factors are so very few in India

• Since we boast of being in the DM capitol • We need to screen all pregnant women• And identify early the GDM problem• We have enough tough maternal problems• Let us at least treat a treatable problem

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GDMGDM – Two Step Screening

• Two Step Screening– Do a Random Glucose Challenge Test (GCT)– 50 grams of oral glucose any time of day– 1 hour post test for plasma glucose (1 hr PG)– Result > 180 mg% - Dx of GDM confirmed– Result > 140 mg% - Dx of GDM suspected– 140 to 180 – We need OGTT (100 g) to confirm

• One Step Screening– OGTT – 3 hours after 100 g of oral glucose

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GDMGlucose Challenge Test (GCT)

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GDMPlease be specific

• Do not use the ‘loose’ word ‘Blood Sugar’• Be specific to measure ‘Plasma Glucose’• Always venous sample for OGTT• No capillary blood testing for OGTT• NaF to be added as anticoagulant to blood• Centrifuge to separate plasma

immediately• Plasma glucose to be estimated a.s.a.p• Glucometer can be used for monitoring

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GDMOGTT –100g –3 hour Test

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GDMSome Questions

When to order for USG ?• Scan for anomalies at 20-weeks • Growth scans from 26-28 weeksBreast feed or not after delivery ?• Must give breast feeding• This reduces maternal glucose

intolerance

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GDMGDM – Fetal Morbidity

• Macrosomia of the baby• CPD – Shoulder Dystocia• Intrapartum Trauma – Feto-maternal• Congenital Anomalies, HCM• Neonatal Hypoglycemia• Neonatal Hypocalcemia• Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia• Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)• Polycythemia (secondary) in the new born

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GDMMacrosomia

• Birth weight > 4000 g - 90th percentile GA• ↑ Intrapartum feto-maternal trauma• Increased need for C- Section • 20 – 30% of infants of GDM – Macrosomic• Maternal factors for Macrosomia

– Uncontrolled Hyperglycemia– Particularly postprandial hyperglycemia– High BMI of mother– Older maternal age, Multiparity

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GDMMacrosomic Newborn (4.2kg)

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GDMShoulder Dystocia

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Erb’s palsy

GDMMacrosomia

GDMNeonatal Hypoglycemia

• Due to fetal hyperinsulinemia• Neonatal plasma glucose < 30 mg%• Poor glycemic control before delivery• Increases perinatal morbidity• Congenital anomalies – 3 to 8 times

more• More if periconception hyperglycemia• Assoc. maternal fasting hyperglycemia

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GDMMinor Adverse Health Effects

Birth Wt (g) 3303±64 3649±51 3849±72 <0.01

Macrosomia(%) 8 36 47 <0.01

C-S 5 10 14 <0.01

Hypoglycemia 2 28 52 <0.01

Hypocalcemia 0 4 7 <0.01

Hyperbilirubinemia 15 23 21 <0.01

Polycythemia 0 7 11 <0.01

Cord C-Pep 1.18±0.1 2.07±0.12 2.98±0.22 <0.01

Cord Glu 100±3.6 103±2.9 114±5.5 <0.01

Normal GDM DM P

GDMCNS 6.4% 18.4%

Congenital heart disease 7.5% 21.0%

Respiratory disease 2.9% 7.9%

Intestinal atresia 0.6% 2.6%

Anal atresia 1.0% 2.6%

Renal & Urinary defect 3.1% 11.8%

Upper limb deficiencies 2.3% 3.9%

Lower limb deficiencies 1.2% 6.6%

Upper + Lower spine 0.1% 6.6%

Caudal digenesis 0.1% 5.3%

Normal DM

Major Adverse Health Effects

GDMNeonatal Complications

T. hypoglycemia(%) 52 28 3 <0.01

P. hypoglycemia(%) 6 2 0 <0.01

Hypocalcemia(%) 5 5 0 <0.01

Hyperbilirubinemia(%) 21 23 15 <0.01

Trans tachypnea(%) 5 2 0 <0.01

Polycythemia(%) 11 7 0 <0.01

RDS(%) 5 2 0 <0.01

IUGR(%) 2 1 0 <0.05

DM GDM Normal p-value

GDMCongenital Anomalies - DM Control

Maternal HbA1c levels

< 7.2 Nil

7.2-9.1 14%

9.2-11.1 23%

> 11.2 25%

Critical periods - 3-6 weeks post conception

Need pre-conceptional metabolic care

GDMLate effects on the offspring

• Increased risk of IGT• Future risk of T2DM• Risk of Obesity

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GDMMaternal Morbidity

• Hypertension; Insulin Resistance• Preeclampsia and Eclampsia• Cesarean delivery; Pre term labour• Polyhydramnios – fluid > 2000 ml• Post-partum uterine atony• Abruptio placenta

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GDMRisk of T2DM after GDM

• IGT and T2DM after delivery in 40% of GDM• R.R of T2DM for all with GDM is 6 (C.I. 4.1 – 8.8) • Must be counseled for healthy life style• Re-evaluate with 75 g OGTT after 6 wk, 6

months• More risk - if GDM before 24 wks of gestation• High levels of hyperglycemia during pregnancy• If the mother is obese and has +ve family h/o • GDM in previous pregnancies and age > 35 yrs.• High risk ethnic group (like Indians)

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GDMA Delicate Balance !

• Plasma Glucose values in pregnancy hang on a delicate balance• If the Mean Plasma Glucose (MPG) is

– Less than 87 mg% - IUGR of fetus– More than 104 mg% - LGA of fetus

• It is imp. to screen for hypothyroidism

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GDMWomen with T2DM

• T2DM patients must plan their pregnancy• Preconception Hb A1c 7.00; MAU estimate• OADs should be discontinued; Folic acid + • Start on Insulin and titrate for euglycemia• Nutrition and weight gain counseling• ACEi and ARB must be substituted• Screening for retinopathy; nephro (eGFR

<90)• Must avoid hypoglycemia and ketosis• SMBG must be trained and started

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GDMGDM – Glycemic Targets

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GDMGDM and MNT

• Two weeks trial of Medical Nutrition Therapy • Pre-pregnancy BMI is a predictor of the efficacy • If target glycemia is not achieved initiate insulin• MNT – extra 300 calories in 2 and 3rd trimesters• Calories – 30 kcal/kg/day = 1800 kcal for 60 kg• If BMI > 30; then only 25 kcal/kg/day• 3 meals and 3 snacks – avoid hypoglycemia• 50% of total calories as CHO, 25% protein & fat• Low glycemic, complex CHO, fiber rich foods

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GDMDiet therapy in GDM

• Small, frequent meals

• Avoid eating for two

• Avoid fasts and feasts

• Avoid health drinks

• Eat a bedtime snack

GDMTips for diet management

• Small breakfast

• Mid morning snack

• High protein lunch

• Mid afternoon snack

• Usual dinner

• Bed time snack

GDMGDM and Exercise

• Recumbent bicycle • Upper body egometric exercises• Moderate exercises• Mother to palpate for uterine

contractions• Walking is the simplest and easiest• Continue pre pregnancy activity• Do not start new vigorous exercise

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GDMGDM and Insulins

• In 10 to 15% of GDM, MNT fails –Start on insulin• Good glycemic control – No increased risk• Human Insulins only – Not Analogs• Daily SMBG up to 7 times!• Insulin Glargine (Lantus) – Not to be used at all• Insulin Lispro tested and does not cross placenta• Insulin Aspart not evaluated for safty• CSII may be needed in some cases• Oral drugs not recommended (SU?, Metformin?)

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GDMInsulin Regimen

• If MNT fails after 2 - 4 weeks of trial• Initiate Insulin + Continue MNT• Dose: 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 u/kg – 1, 2 & 3 trim.• Eg. 1st trim – 64 kg = 0.7 x 64 = 45 units• Give 2/3 before BF = 30 units of 30:70 mix• Give 1/3 before supper = 15 u of 50:50 mix• Increase total dose by 2-4 units based on BG• After BG levels stabilize – monitor till term

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GDMGDM and Delivery

• Delivery until 40 weeks is not recommended• Delivery before 39th week – assess the

pulmonary maturity by phosphatase test on amniocentesis fluid

• C - Section may be needed (25 -30%)• Be prepared for the neonatal complications• Assess the mother after delivery for glycemia• May need to continue insulin for a few days• Pre-gestational DM–Insulin (30% less) or OAD

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punarapi jananam punarapi maranam

Once again is the birth, sure follows the death

punarapi jananee jaTarae sayanam |

Yet again, is the slumber in the uterine filth

iha samsaarae bahu dustaarae

he! what to say of this miserable troth

kripayaa paarae paahi muraarae ||

O! lord, save us from this cyclical myth

Jagad Guru Adi Sankaracharya’s Bhaja Govindam

GDM

Punarapi Garbham

Yet another conception

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Punarapi Prasavam

Yet another child-birth

GDM

Punarapi Jananee

Once again for the mom

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Sisuvau KaTinam

and the babe, the miseries

GDM

Iha Madhu maehae

This Diabetes you see

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Bahu Dustarae

Terrible to the core

GDM

Kripaya Nivaaare

Please put an end to this

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Nipunarae vidyae

O! Doctor, the expert !

GDMPunarapi Jananam

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