gestalt approach
TRANSCRIPT
PLK 555
APPLICATION OF THEORY IN COUNSELLING PRACTICE
Dr.NorShahfrin Binti Hj Ahmad
Cheng SokPeng SPM0185/12Cheong Zien Wei SPM0234/12Tan Sue Ern SPM0168/12
Master of Counseling
Group Assignment
Case study on Jane Jamilah using Gestalt Therapy Approach
2012/13
Case Background
Jane Jamilah is a comedy movie which starts off by narrating about Jamilah, a women’s
magazine columnist who takes much dedication to write articles about women’s issue to be
published. She was also seen as a woman who spends much of her time hang out with her
good friend’s, Has and Aziah. Jamilah, Has and Aiziah shared a very close knitted bond
between three of them.
Throughout the movie, Has acted more like a follower who was often caught saying “ok je”
the opinion of others. On the other hand, Aziah is a strong character who portrays as a
divorcee and an owner of a successful hair salon. Has and Aziah not only provided ideas for
Jamilah’s article but they were also Jamilah’s listening ear as she shared that her husband,
Khalid no longer take notice of her.Jamilah rationalized by saying after being married for a
long time, it is normal for relationship has become lukewarm. Both of them as husband and
wife are focusing on building their own career.
While Jamilah felt stuck and stress over her unfinished article,she and her friends decided to
release stress through a shopping spree. While shopping in the mall, they saw Khalid,
Jamilah’s husband was accompanied by young beautiful lady. Khalid and the young beautiful
lady were holding hands like any other endearing couple. As a woman with class, Jamilah
decided not react drastically in a rush but to stay calm and collect evident of Khalid’s new
lower.
After stalking on facebook on Khalid’s new lover, she discovered her name is Diana Dasuki
and she is a student of Selayang Community Kolej and is undergoing practical internship in
Khalid’s company. Soon, Jamilah together with Has and Aziahtook a short term course to
become a student of Selayang Community Kolej in order to spy on Diana and to get as much
information as she could.
By masking herself as Jane, Jamilah get to know Diana in Selayang Community Koleh. In the
process of getting to know Diana, she discovered that Khalid had the intention to marry
Diana as a legal wife. She also realized that she has been neglecting her husband, Khalid and
teen aged daughter, Arisa. It came to her realization that she no longer spends time with her
family as she was always busy completing another article and hanging out with her friends.
Not only there were no intimacy and closeness between Jamilah and Khalid but Jamilah also
does not really know her daughter, Arisa.
With this awareness of her own situation, Jamilah was in much regret but decided to take
some action in hope to salvage her marriage and to build closer relationship with her
daughter, Arisa. She began by sending text messages to her husband, Khalid and begins to
make effort to communicate with him more often. This sudden change of behaviour has
sparked of Khalid suspicion towards his wife, Jamilah. Khalid began to be more responsive to
Jamilah and worried that Jamilah might be having an affair as well. While with Arisa,
Jamilah made a promise to spend more time together. They spend time by making jelly and
just being in the presence of each other. At the same time, using the identify as Jane, Jamilah
and friends advised Diana to continue to pursue her studies to delay Diana engagement with
Khalid.
At the end of movie, Jamilah decided it was time to confront Khalid and Diana relationship.
With the help of her good friends, Has and Aziah, they prepared a home cooked dinner to
have it with her family, Khalid and Arisa. Without the knowledge of anyone, Jamilah also
invited Diana over for dinner. When Diana arrived, obviously everyone was in shocked
especially Diana and Khalid. By the end of the dinner, Jamilah expressed her feelings about
her family and mentioned that her family is her heaven on earth. Her words moved Diana.
Diana, then asked for forgiveness from Jamilah and left the home. Khalid and Jamilah
relationship was being restored together with their daughter, Arisa.
Introduction of Gestalt Therapy in Jane Jamilah
Gestalt therapy was founded by Fedrerick S. Perls in 1952. Together with his wife, Laura
PornerPerls, they continue to develop and contribute significantly to the movement of Gestalt
Therapy in United States.
Federick S. Perls was born in Berlin into a lower middle class Jewish family. Perls did not do
well in his studies while in school and seen as a course of trouble to his parents. However, he
graduated with a medical degree with a specialization in psychiatry. He viewed human as a
whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2005). Similarly to Alfred
Adler, Perls was first the in the movement of psychoanalytic but later debunk the whole
Freudian concept. However after his emigration to United States, he stated the New York
Institute for Gestalt Therapy in 1952.
The word Gestalt is coined by Christian von Ehrenfels 1. He was born in Rodaun, Austia in 8
September 1895. As profession, he was a professor of philosophy in the German University
of Prague. In German term, gestalt means ‘shape’, figure’, ‘form’ which should be subject to
a certain generalization. Ehrenfels and his fellow philosophers would say gestalt is a given
visual presentation on the basis of a complex of sensation of individual element having
distinct spatial determinations (Smith, 1994). Ehrenfels emphasized on the person being
whole instead seeing a person as a combination of mind and the soul. Smith (1994) continue
to elaborate that the gestalt concept can be generalized further to embrace also complex
object of experience founded on inner perceptions, that is to say on one’s presentation of
elementary feelings, acts or mental states. Being whole also gives the meaning that one
cannot be separated with the environment (Perls, 1969). Gestalt therapist accepts Jane as who
she is, the whole person which includes her thoughts, feelings, dreams, behaviour, physical
body and her environment surrounding her.
Gestalt therapy is an individualistic existential-phenomenological approach to promote the
growth process and develop the human potential (Perls, 1969). It is individualistic because in
gestalt there is not a ‘we’ or ‘us’ concept but only You and I. Gestalt therapy is an existential
approach because it with the total direct experience and existence of the person himself and
not the symptoms or character. The approach is phenomenological because it focuses on the
client’s perceptions of reality and existential because it is grounded in the notion that people
are always in the process of becoming remaking and rediscovering themselves (Corey, 2005).
When Jamilah saw her husband, Khalid with Diana in the shopping mall, she tried repressed
her emotion by rationalizing she was a woman with class who does not behave wildly. In
Gestalt therapy, Jamilah would be encouraged to fully experience and expressed her current
state.
Gestalt therapy main goal is to encourage dependent client to be self-regulated through the
awareness process. Perls (1969) believed that awareness per se by and of itself can be
curative. Awareness includes insight, self-acceptance, knowledge of the environment,
responsibility for choices and the ability to make contact with other (Corey, 2005). One who
is aware is fully experiencing the on-going present situation of oneself and the reality of its
environment. When Jamilah saw her husband, Khalid with Diana, she began to be aware of
the current situation of her marriage. Instead of blaming Diana as the cause of the affair, she
has come to acceptance that she has been concentrating on her career as a women magazine
columnist that she neglected her husband and daughter.
The ‘how’ question is very important in Gestalt therapy unlike Psychoanalytic therapy
emphasized on the ‘why’ question. Perls (1969) mentioned that if you ask how, you look at
the structure; you see what’s going on now, a deeper understanding of the process. The how
is all we need to understand how we functions. The how gives us perspective, orientation.
When the structure change, the functions changes as well; vice versa. To questioned the
‘why’ is seen as a child who yet to reach to maturity and needed an unending rational but
never an understanding. How emphasized on the on-going process of the whole structure. In
Gesalt therapy, questioned would be asked to Jamilah are“how do you reacted when you saw
your husband with Diana?”, “how do you view your relationship with your husband,
Khalid?”, and “how do you like things to be in your family?”.Gestalt therapy the client from
environment support to self-support and reintegrating the disowned part of personality
(Corey,2005)
Key Concepts
Integrated individual is a person in whom this process is going on constantly moment to
moment without interruption (Perls, 1970).Similarly, in the session, the therapist helped out
by raising the awareness of oneself and declutter the contact resistance that has occurred.The
Gestalt therapist strive to understanding the world from the client’s perspective, respecting
the belief that each person has a unique perception of self, others and environments (Fall,
Holden, Marqyuis, 2004).The statement “do your own thing” in many ways captures the
essence of Perls and his approach to therapy (Ivey,et. al, 2006)
Holism
In Gestalt therapy, human are seen as a whole being instead of breaking up into parts
or departmentalized the person. Perls (1969) stated that to become real, to learn to take a
stand, to develop one’s centred, to understand the basis of existentialism. I am what I am and
at this moment I cannot possible be different from what I am. Being holism is to constantly
aware of the here-and-now, being responsible only to oneself, and ability to let go and
explore self in order to reach maturity.Without responsibility, we lose the need to focus on
the here and now or even be aware, because the locus of control lies outside self. (Fall,
Holden, Marqyuis, 2004). To be fully aware, one will be able to sense immediate experience
of oneself internally and externally. Gladding (1996) describe awareness as ,moment to
moment and not overdenpendcy on intellectual experiences, decrease the importance or
emotions, senses, limiting a person’s ability to respond to various situation (Gladding, 1996)
For Jamilah to practice holism as a way of life, she got to see external environment which are
her career, marriage, family, and friends as a whole with her internal self. As she began to see
oneness in her life, she began to be aware of her dissatisfaction towards her marriage. When
Diana was seen with Khalid, Jamilah’s awareness towards herself increases. She began to
allow herself to experience her current emotion, thoughts and hopes for her marriage.Jamilah
allowed herself to feel sad over her husband unfaithfulness but at the same time she was
aware that she has been concentrating on her career and did not connect with her husband as
much as she would like to. Life was all about career as a columnist but later she realized her
entire life consists more than that.
Field Theory
The ‘field’ or the environment consists of both the external and internal worlds (Corey,
2005). Gestalt is very anti-deterministic unlike psychoanalytic and believes that everything is
interrelated, constantly changing, and in a process. Gladding (1996) mentioned that lose
contact with the environment, overinvolved with the environment and loss touch with one
self, failed to put aside unfinished business, scattered in many directions, experience conflict
of top and underdog, dichotomies of live.
The therapist is no detacher, objective, separated from the field but rather a part of it
(Woldt&Toman, 2012). As Jamilah’s therapist, he is part of and included in Jamilah’s field
circle. As the therapist is added into Jamilah’s environment, her field will change as well
because everything is interrelated according to Gestalt. Changes in the field are inevitable
because the only thing that is constant is change itself. Every time you want to change
yourself or you want to change the environment, the basis always is dissatisfaction (Perls,
1969). Similarly, when Diana immerged in the scene, everything changes for Jamilah. The
changes in Jamilah are her emotions became angry towards her husband, she realized she has
neglected her husband and daughter, her relationship with her close friends became closer,
and she began to spend more time with her daughter.
The Figure-Formation Process
The figure-formation process of the Gestaten is form in the body and in the relationship of the
individual to the environment. (Perls, 1970).The figure-formation process is a journey to
identify the figure and to give attention to the background in order to view oneself as a whole.
The figure is the focal point and draws attention of the person. Background is there in the
process however one has low awareness towards it.Figure and the background can be
interchanged depending on one’s attention given. The unresolved figure formation process is
called the unfinished business. Perl (1969) mentioned what happened in the past is either
assimilated and has become a part of us or we carry around an unfinished situation, an
incomplete gestalt.
According to Perls (1969), Jamilah’s perceptual activity which was writing article becomes
selective as she becomes concerned with her relationship with her husband. Her motor
behaviour too becomes well organized, unified, coherent and directed toward salvaging her
marriage. With the existence of Diane, Jamilah’s figure became her husband, Khalid and
daughter, Arisa whereas her job as a columnist and close friends, Has and Aziah became the
background.
Organismic Self-Regulation
The basic assumption of Gestalt therapy is that individual have capacity to ‘self-regulater” in
their environment if they are fully aware of what is happening in and around them (Corey,
2005).Yontef& Jacobs One moves toward wholeness by identifying with ongoing experience,
being in contact with what is actually happening, identifyingand trusting what one genuinely
feels and wants, and being honest with self andothers about what one is actually able and
willing to do—or not willing to do.Gestalt therapist believes Jamilah has the ability to be
fully aware of what is happening to herself as well as her family. The self-regulation potential
emphasized the ability of the organism to internally and spontaneously participate in need
fulfilment in a natural free flowing manner. (Fall, Holden, Marqyuis, 2004). As Jamilah was
aware the condition of herself and family, she began to take steps to take responsibility of her
own self. She decided to get to know Diana to fully understand Khalid’s needs and desire. In
the same time, Jamilah started to get to know herself better by acknowledging her wants in
life. The figure-formation process is intertwined with the principle of “organismic self-
regulation,” a process by which equilibrium is “disturbed” by the emergence of a need, a
sensation or an interest (Corey, 2005).With the increase of awareness will lead to the increase
of self-regulation which is essential part of the Gestalt therapy to bring the unfinished
business to the surface.Perls, (1969) believed awareness per se by and of itself can be
curative. Because with full awareness Jamilah become aware of her self-regulation, therapist
can let her take over without interfering, without interrupting, therapist can rely on the
wisdom of the organism.
In short, Gestalt therapy is about the koan : nothing exist except the here and now.
The now is the present is the phenomenon is what you are aware of is that moment in which
you carry your memories and anticipation with you. The past is nor more, the future is not yet
(Perls, 1969)
Key Concepts in Gestalt Therapy
Here & Now
One of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is it emphasis on learning to appreciate
and fully experience the present moment. Our “ power is the present”. The only moment
that is significant is the present. Nothing exists except the “now”. The past is gone and the
future has not yet arrived. Client to be fully aware is to live in the here and now.
Phenomenological inquiry involves paying attention to what is occurring now. Therapist will
focus on the “what” & “how” of a person without asking the “why” questions. This is to
promote an awareness of the moment. Question such as “What is happening now?” or “What
are you feeling in this moment?” are used to intensify the experience of the present & create
awareness ( Corey, G. 2012)
In the movie “Jane Jamilah”, during shopping in shopping complex with friends, Jamilah
accidentally saw her husband was shopping with his girl friend. Jamilah was very angry, but
sense awareness has came across to her mind and she started to think some methods in
order to make her husband back to her again.
In Gestalt’s basic understanding of the human being is that people can deal with their
problems, especially if they become fully aware of what is happening within oneself and
outside of oneself. Therefore with key element of awareness, Khalid finally came back to
Jamilah again.
Unfinished Business
When figure emerge from the background but are not completed and resolved, individuals are
left with unfinished business, which can be manifested in unexpressed feelings such as
resentment, rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, grief, guilt and abandonment (Corey, G. 2012).
Unfinished business is earlier thoughts, feeling, and reactions that still affect personal
functioning and interfere with living life in the present. (Gladding,S.T, 2003) The most
common unfinished business is the failure to forgive parents for their mistakes.
The effects of unfinished business often show up in some blockage in the body, if feelings are
unexpressed they tend to result in some physical sensations or problems. The therapist’s task
is to accompany clients in experiencing the impasse without rescuing or frustrating them .
The counselor assists clients by providing situations that encourage them to fully experience
their condition of being stuck.
A good example of unfinished business occurred in movie “ Jane Jamilah” is when Khalid
suspect her wife is having affair.
Contact and Resistance to Contact
In Gestalt therapy, contact is necessary if change and growth are to occur. Contact is made by
seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving. Effective contact means interacting with
nature and with other people without losing one’s sense of individuality.(Corey, G . 2012)
After a contact experience , there is typically a withdrawal to integrate what has been learned.
Gestalt therapist talk about the two functions of boundaries : to connect and to separate. Both
contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning.
Resistance to contact is the defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present
in a full and real way. Resistances are typically adopted out of our awareness, and when they
function in a chronic way, can contribute to dysfunctional behavior. Because resistances are
developed as a means of coping with life situations, they possess positive qualities as well as
problematic ones, and many contemporary Gestalt therapist refer to them as “contact
boundary phenomena.”
Five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances: introjections, projection, retroflection,
deflection, and confluence
Introjection
Introjection is the tendency to uncritically accept others’ beliefs and standards without
assimilation them to make them congruent with who we are. When we introject, we passively
incorporate what the environment provides rather that clearly identifying what we want or
need. If we remain in this stage, our energy is bound up in taking things as we find them and
believing that authorities know what is best for us rather than working for things ourselves.
(Corey, G. 2012)
The person responding to introjected material, usually out of awareness, will feel a strong
pressure to conform to these internalized rules and is likely to feel uncomfortable if they go
against them (Mann, D. 2010 )
In movie ‘ Jane Jamilah’, Has has this kind of attitude. She agreed to take a short course with
Jamilah by saying ‘ok je’ although she do not know she wants or not.
Projection
Projection is the reverse of introjection. In projection we disown certain aspects of ourselves
by assigning them to the environment. Those attributes of our personality that are inconsistent
with our self image are disowned and put onto, assign to and seen in other people; thus
blaming others for lots of our problems, we avoid taking responsibility for our own feeling
and the person who we are, and this keeps us powerless to initiate change. People who use
projection as a pattern tend to feel that they are victims of circumstances, and they believe
that people have hidden meanings behind what they say. (Corey, G. 2012)
When people have allowed their awareness to be sublimated by projecting their fears, ideas
and desires onto the environment, they experience projection. Projection is a mirror that
reflects only their fears and desires.
Retroflection
Retroflection consists of turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone
else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone else to do to or to us. This process is
principally an interruption of the action phase in the cycle of experience and typically
involves a fair amount of anxiety.
People who self-mutilate or who injure themselves, for example, are often directing
aggression inward out of fear of directing it toward others.
One form of retroflection is turning an impulse back in upon myself. (Mann, D 2010)
Part of the process of Gestalt therapy is to help us discover a self-regulatory system so that
we can deal realistically with the world.
For example in movie “ Jane Jamilah”; Jamilah wishes her husband to send SMS to her so
she sent out SMS to her husband and waiting her husband ‘s reply.
Deflection
Deflection is the process of distraction or veering off, so that it is difficult to maintain a
sustained sense of contact. We attempt to diffuse or defuse contact through the overuse of
humor, abstract generalizations, and question rather that statement. When we deflect, we
speak through through and for others, beating around the bush rather than being direct and
engaging the environment in an inconsistent and inconsequential basis, which results in
emotional depletion.
Example in movie “ Jane Jamilah” . Jamilah try to avoid the topic discussion when Aziah
wanted to mention about Khalid in front of Diana (Khalid’s girl friend).
Confluence
Confluence involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment. As we
strive to blend in and get along with everyone, there is no clear demarcation between internal
experience and outer reality.
This style of contact is characteristic of clients who have a high need to be accepted and
liked, thus finding enmeshment comfortable.
For example in movie “ Jane Jamilah”, Has always said “ok je” when having discussion with
Jane and Aziah.
Energy and Blocks to Energy
In Gestalt therapy special attention is given to where energy is located, how it is used, and
how it can be blocked. Blocked energy is another form of defensive behavior. It can
manifested by tension in some part of the body, by posture, by keeping one’s body tight and
closed, by not breathing deeply, by looking away from people when speaking to avoid
contact, by choking off sensations, by numbing feelings, and by speaking with a restricted
voice, to mention only a few (Corey. G. 2012).
One of the task of the therapist is to help clients identify the ways in which they are blocking
energy and transform this blocked energy into more adaptive behaviors. Clients can be
encouraged to recognize how their resistance is being expressed in their body.
Gestalt Therapy Interventions
In Gestalt, experiments are believed to be useful tools to help the client to gain a fuller
awareness, experience internal conflicts, resolve inconsistencies and dichotomies, and work
through an impasse that is preventing completion of unfinished business (Corey, 2005).
According to Corey (2004), Gestalt therapy is believed to encourage in “becoming a conflict”
or “being what we are feeling” as the opposite to merely just talking about conflicts, feelings
and problems. No doubt that most of the interventions are experiments, but if these
techniques are used at their best, these interventions will fit the therapeutic situation and thus,
highlights whatever the client is experiencing (Corey, 2005). Experiments or interventions
should be an encounter in both the client and the therapist whereby it benefits the client at its
best.
In the case of Jane Jamilah, no doubt, there are many Gestalt techniques available but, we
have decided to use some of the Gestalt techniques that we think best fits for her.
The Internal Dialogue Exercise
In this technique, Gestalt’s motive is to bring about integrated functioning and acceptance of
aspects of one’s personality that have been disowned and denied. These fantasy dialogues are
meant to promote awareness of the internal spills and eventual personality integration (Corey,
2004) According to Corey (2005), a main division is between the “top dog” and the
“underdog” and therapy often focuses on conflict between the two.
The top dog is described to be righteous, authoritarian, moralistic, demanding, bossy and
manipulative while the underdog is described to be defensive, apologetic, helpless and weak
and being powerless.
This technique is also known as the empty chair technique is one of the ways into getting the
client to externalize the introject (Corey, 2005). This exercise encourages clients to get in
touch with another part of themselves which they might be denying. By doing so, client will
be able to realised that the feeling is a real part of themselves, and this exercise will
discourage them from disassociating the feeling. Corey (2005) believes that this exercise is to
promote a higher level of integration between the polarities and conflict that exists in
everyone.
Jane Jamilah is portray to be a strong woman and hardly shaken by any external events. This
could be that she is either highly aware of herself or she might be denying the feelings that
she is going through. With using the internal dialogue exercise or the empty chair, this will
help Jane Jamilah to view a bigger and clearer picture of what she is actually feeling. Her
“top dog” might be dominant in her and by doing so; Jane Jamilah could also feel what her
“underdog” is like. In this way, Jane Jamilah is able to feel the actual feeling and come to
terms with it.
Language Exercise
Corey (2004) stated that Gestalt suggests that our speech patterns are often the mimicry of
our feelings, thoughts and attitudes. Words that we used can either bring us to ourselves or it
can take us way from ourselves (Corey, 2004).
For example, the “It” talk is a way of depersonalizing language. According to Corey (2004),
by using “it” instead of “I”, we are maintaining a distance from our experience of feelings..
Besides the “It” talk, there are also the “You”, “Can’t”, Shoulds” and “Oughts” statements
that are used to depersonalize our experiences and feelings. By just substituting with personal
pronouns, it will be a way of assuming responsibility for what we have said.
For Jane Jamilah, she is aware of what is going around her. However, she is sometimes being
made to conform to her two friends’ decision. In this exercise, the counsellor will try to help
Jane by how she is able to control and feel the experience by using the right language. In this
way, Jane Jamilah shall be more aware of her external locus as well as her feelings.
Rehearsal Exercise
As the title of the exercise speaks for itself, this exercise encourages the client to be more
aware of the many preparatory means they use in bolstering their social roles. According to
Corey (2005), internal rehearsal may sometimes consume much energy and frequently
inhibits our spontaneity and willingness to experiment with new behaviour. Thus, in this
exercise, the client is encouraged to rehearse aloud with many different situations. In doing
so, the client is able to perceive the many possible outcomes and this will generates
spontaneity and also possibly new behaviour.
Jane Jamilah has an issue with communicating with her husband. She always seems to try to
rehearse internally and failed when it comes to the actual situation. The counsellor suggests
that Jane Jamilah practice it outwards and try different situations. By doing so, with different
situations and possibilities, Jane Jamilah would be well prepared and she might be able to
“perform” better when she is in the actual situation. This also allows Jane Jamilah to actually
feel what she is going through in that given situation.
Exxageration Exercise
According to Corey (2005), Gestalt’s aim is for the client to be more aware of the subtle
signals and cues they are sending through body language. This exercise requires clients to
exaggerate movement repeatedly which intensifies the feeling attached to the behaviour and
makes the inner meaning clearer (Corey, 2005).
For Jane Jamilah, she is a strong woman and she believes that any sign of weaknesses might
show she a failure. This strong personality in her shows that she has a composure and control
even though she is sad or angry. However, it could be that she is putting on a mask to hide
and denying her inner feelings. In this exercise, it would be very effective if Jane Jamilah
could open herself to feel what she is feeling at that moment in time. By exaggerating her
movement, she is able to bring out the emotions and be with it. In doing so, Jane Jamilah, is
aware that she is just a person and she is vulnerable thus, this will definitely allows her to be
much more aware of her feelings and her surroundings.
Staying With the Feeling
As humans, we tend to avoid any unpleasant situations or feelings. However, according to
Corey (2005), facing, confronting and experiencing feelings not only takes courage but it
shows that we are ready to endure the pain that is unnecessary for us to grow.
For Jane Jamilah, is it necessary that she stays with her feeling throughout the intervention..
The whole purpose is that Jane Jamilah is aware of her feelings and tries not to avoid it but to
feel it and come to terms with it.
Summary of the Session
We believed that with Gestalt’s approach, Jane Jamilah would be able to move towards an
increased of awareness, she will gradually assume ownership of her own experience. Besides
that, it is also vital that she develops skills and values that will allow her to satisfy her needs
without violating others. Other than that, Jane Jamilah will learn to be much more aware of
her senses and also to learn to accept responsibility for her actions.
Lastly, we would like to see that she will move towards increasing of internal support and we
also liked to see that she is able to ask for help and get help from others and be able to give
help to others too.
However, this would be ideal if she is able to achieve it, but it will take time and it depends
on the determination of the client as well.
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