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Germany andthe Americas

Culture, Politics, and HistoryA Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia

VOLUME II

EDITED BY

Thomas Adam

Transatlantic Relations Series

Will Kaufman, Series Editor

A B C i C L I OSanta Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England

CONTENTS

Advisory Board, xv

Series Editors Preface, xvii

Editors Preface, xix

Topic Finder, xxiii

Chronology of Germany and the Americas, xxxi

Germany and the Americas:Culture, Politics, and History

Volume 1, Introductory Essays, A-F

Introductory Essays, 1North America, 3German Jewish Migration to the United States, 13South America, 23German Migration to Latin America, 27Changes in Migration Paterns in the Twentieth Century, 33

Adams, John Quincy, 37Addams, (Laura) Jane, 38Adelsverein (Society for the Protection of

German Immigrants in Texas), 40Adelung, Johann Christoph, 43Admiral GrafSpee, 45Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund, 47African Americans, 48Altgeld, John Peter, 51Amana Colonies, 53American Churches in Germany, 57American Civil War, Financial Support of

Frankfurt Bankers for, 61American Civil War, German Participants

in, 62American Occupation Zone, 65American Students at German

Universities, 69Americanisms in the German Language, 71

Americanization, 75Amerika Institut, 79Amish, 80Anarchists, 81Anneke, Mathilde Franziska, 84Antisemitism, 85Anzeiger des Western (Western Informer), 92Argentina, 93Assimilation of Germans in the United

States, 97Assing, Ottilie, 103Astor, John Jacob, 105Aufbau (Construction), 108Ave'-Lallemant, Robert Christian

Berthold, 109

Baegert, Christoph Johannes Jakob, 111Bananas and Pineapples, 112Bancroft, George, 115

VII

VIII CONTENTS

Barbie, Klaus, 118Bartz, Fritz, 119Baudissin, Adelbert Heinrich, Count, 120Bauhaus, 122Becker, Joao, 127Becker, Philip, 127Beckmann, Max, 129Beer, 130Berger, Victor L., 133Berlin Wall, 135Berliner Journal, 137Berlin/Kitchener, Ontario, 138Bernoulli, Carl Gustav, 142Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich Andreas

Hermann Albrecht Count von, 143Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Law

(1878-1890), 145Bitburg, 146Bloch, Felix, 149B'nai B'rith (Sons of the Covenant), 150Bodmer, Karl, 152Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 155Bosse, Georg von, 156Boveri, Margaret, 158Brackebusch, Ludwig, 159Brandt, Willy, 160Braun, Wernher von, 163Brazil, 165Brazil, German Exile in, 172Brazil, Religion in, 176Brecht, Bertolt, 179Bremerhaven, 181Brummer, 183Briining, Heinrich, 184Buffalo, 186Buffalo Bill, 190Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (Federation

of German Women's Clubs), 192Burgess, John William, 195Burmeister, Carl Hermann Conrad, 196Business, U.S.-Third Reich, 198

Cahensly, Peter Paul, 201Canada, Germans in (during World Wars I

and II), 202Canadian Military Forces in West

Germany, 212Carranza, Venustiano, 216

Casablanca Conference/UnconditionalSurrender, 218

Catholic Women's Union, 219Central Park, 222Chamisso, Adelbert von, 225Chewing Gum, 227Chicago, 229Chile, 234Cincinnati, 239Cluss, Adolf, 248Coca-Cola, 250Committee on Public Information, 252Conquista, 254Consumerism, 256Cooperative for American Remittance to

Europe/Council of Relief AgenciesLicensed for Operation inGermany, 259

Council for a Democratic Germany, 261

Darmstaedters (The Forty), 265Davis, Angela Yvonne, 267Dawes Plan, 269Deckert, Friedrich Karl Emil, 272Denazification, 273Dieseldorff, Erwin Paul, 276Dieterle, William, 277Dietrich, Marlene Magdalene, 278Dimension2, 280Dobrizhoffer, Martin, 282Dohms, Hermann Gottlieb, 282Duden, Gottfried, 283Dunt, Detlef, 285Dutch, 287

Eckener, Hugo, 289Ederle, Gertrud, 291Egg Harbor City, New Jersey, 292Ehrenreich, Paul Max Alexander, 295Eichmann, Karl Adolf, 29682nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry

Regiment, 297Einhorn, David, 300Einstein, Albert, 302Encyclopaedia Americana, 305Ende, Amalie (Amelia) von, 311Ephrata, 312Ernst, Friedrich, 314

CONTENTS IX

Erd, Hans, 316Eschwege, Wilhelm Ludwig von, 318Espionage and Sedition Act, 319Eugenics/Euthanasia, 320Everett, Edward, 325

Far East, U.S.-German Entente in the, 329Faupel, Wilhelm, 331Feininger, Andreas, 333Festivities, German Brazilian, 334Film and Television (American) After World

War II, Germany in, 338Film (German), American Influence

on, 340Film (German), The Image of the United

States in, 347First Moroccan Crisis (1905-1906), 354Fliigel, Johann Gottfried, 355Follen, Charles (Karl), 356Ford, Henry, 358Fordism, 360Foreign Policy (U.S., 1949-1955), West

Germany in, 362Forster, Bernhard, 368Forty-Eighters, 369Francke, Kuno, 372Frankfurt am Main Citizens in the United

States, 373Frankfurt School, 378Fredericksburg, Texas, 381Freiheit (Freedom), 385Freund, Ernst, 387Friedman, Perry, 389Friedrich, Carl Joachim, 390Friends of the New Germany, 391Fritz, Samuel, 394Fromm, Erich, 395Fuchs, Klaus, 396Fulbright Program, 398Fuller, Margaret, 400

Volume II: G-NGeisel, Ernesto, 403Georgia, 403German Almanacs in Rio Grande Do

Sul, 405German American Bund (Amerikadeutscher

Volksbund), 410

German American Clubs (in WestGermany), 412

German American Women'sOrganizations, 413

German Catholic Central-Verein, 418German Democratic Republic Studies in

the United States, 421German Historical Institute in

Washington, D.C., 423German Reformed Church, 424German Scare, 428German Society of Pennsylvania, 428German Society of the City of New

York, 430German Students at American

Universities, 432German Unification (1871), 436German Unification (1990), 438Germanism in Rio Grande Do Sul, 440Germantown, Pennsylvania, 443Gert, Valeska, 446GIs in West Germany, 448Glassmaking, 451Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, and the

United States, 453Goldschmidt, Richard Benedict, 455Gonner, Nicholas E., Jr., 457Gottingen, University of, 459Great Depression, 460Griesinger, Karl Theodor, 464Gropius, Walter Adolph, 466Grund, Franz Josef, 467Gusinde, Martin, 469

Haenke, Thaddaus, 471Halvorsen, Gail S., 472Hamburg, 474Hammerstein, Oscar, I, 476Hanfstaengl, Ernst and Helene, 477Hapag, 480Harmony Society, 482Harnack, Mildred Fish, 484Hart, James Morgan, 486Hartmann, Franz, 487Hauthal, Rudolf Johannes Friedrich, 488Haymarket, 489Heartfield, John, 490Hecker, Friedrich, 493

x CONTENTS

Hegemann, Werner, 494Helbig, Karl Martin Alexander, 496Hermann, Missouri, 497Herzog, Werner, 500Hessians, 502Hettner, Alfred, 504Hexamer, Charles J., 505Heym, Stefan, 507Hindenburg Disaster, 508Holborn, Hajo, 510Hollywood, 511Holm, Hanya, 515Horkheimer, Max, 517Huebsch, Ben W, Stefan Zweig, Lion

Feuchtwanger, Franz Werfel, and theViking Press Imprint, 518

Humboldt, Alexander von, 530Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 532Hutten, Ulrich von, 533

Ihering, Hermann Friedrich Albrechtvon, 537

Illinois, 538Illinois Staatszeitung, 540Indian Captivity, 542Indian Films of the Deutsche Film

Aktiengesellschaft, 546Indiana, 550Indians in German Literature, 554Integralism, 561Intellectual Exile, 562International Council of Women, 565Iowa, German Dialects in, 566

Jackson, Robert H., 571Jamaica, 572Jannings, Emil, 573Jessing, John Joseph, 575Jewish Refugee Scientists, 575Johann, King of Saxony, 586Johns Hopkins University, 588Johnson, Philip Cortelyou, 589Joist, Johann Heinrich, 590Judaism, Reform (North America), 591

Kansas, German Dialects in, 597Kapp, Friedrich, 600Kappler, August, 601Kelly, Petra, 602

Kelpius, Johann, 603Kenkel, Frederick P., 604Kiesling, Hans von, 606Kindergartners, 606Kino, Eusebius Franciscus, 611Kirchhoff, Theodor, 613Kisch, Egon Erwin, 613Kissinger, Henry, 614Koch-Griinberg, Christian Theodor, 616Koerner, Gustave Philipp, 618Koerner, William Henry Detlef, 619Kohl, Johann Georg, 620Kohler, Kaufmann, 621Kollonitz, Paula von, 622Korngold, Erich Wolfgang, 623Koseritz, Karl von, 625Kracauer, Siegfried, 626Kraemer, Fritz Gustav Anton, 628Krause, Arthur and Aurel, 629Kuhn, Fritz Julius, 630Kunwald, Ernst, 631

Landscape Architects, GermanAmerican, 635

Lang, Fritz, 636Langsdorff, Georg Heinrich von, 638Latin America, German Military Advisers

in, 639Latin America, Nazi Party in, 643Latin America and Nazi Economic

Policy, 647Latin America, Nazis in, 651Leeser, Isaac, 653Leni, Paul, 654Lenk, Margarete, 655Leo Baeck Institute, 656Leopoldine Foundation, 658Leutze, Emanuel Gottlieb, 660Lewis, Sinclair, 662Liberal Republican Movement, 664Lieber, Francis (Franz), 666Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 668Lindbergh, Charles Augustus, 670List, Friedrich, 672Literature (Canadian), Germany and

Germans in, 674Literature (German American) in the

Nineteenth Century, 675Literature, German Canadian, 679

CONTENTS XI

Literature (German), The United Statesin, 681

Llewellyn, Karl Nickerson, 689Loeb, Jacques, 691Loewenstein, Karl, 692Lohe, Johannes Konrad Wilhelm, 694Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 694Lorre, Peter, 696Louisiana, 698Lowe (Lowe), Adolph, 701Lubitsch, Ernst, 702Ludwig-Missionsverein, 703Luschan, Felix von, 705Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, 707

Maack, Reinhard, 713Maeser, Karl Gottfried, 715Mann, Thomas, 717Marcuse, Herbert, 719Markgraf, Georg, 721Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von, 722May, Karl Friedrich, 724McDonald's Restaurant, 727Meusebach, John O., 729Mexico, 731Mexico, German Jesuits in, 738Mexico, German-Mexican Relations in, 741Meyer, Hans Heinrich Joseph, 746Meyer, Herrmann, 747Meyer, Kuno, 749Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 750Milwaukee, 752Milwaukee Socialists, 757Mining, 760Minnesota Holy Land, 763Mollhausen, Heinrich Balduin, 767Morgenthau, Hans J., 770Morgenthau Plan, 772Mosquito Coast, Moravian

Missionaries, 774Mosse, George Lachmann, 776Most, Johann, 777Motley, John Lothrop, 780Muck, Karl, 781Mucker, 783Muench, Aloisius, 785Muench, Friedrich, 787Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus

Conrad, 789

Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior, 790Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel, 792Mumford, Lewis, 793Miinsterberg, Hugo, 795Murnau, Friedrich Wilhelm, 796Music (U.S.), German Influence on, 799

Nast, Thomas, 803National German-American Alliance, 805Natterer, Johann Baptist, 809Neue Heimat, 810Neumann, Franz L., 811New Braunfels, Texas, 812

New Orleans, 815New York City, 817New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, 820Newspaper Press, German Language in the

United States, 822Norddeutscher Lloyd, 826Nova Scotia, 829Novel, German American, 833Nueces, Battle of the, 836Nuremberg Trials, 837

Volume III: O - Z

Obwexer, 843Olmsted, Frederick Law, 844Olympic Games, 846Ontario, 850Ontario, German-Language Press in, 855Orozco y Huerta, 858Osterhaus, Peter J., 859

Paepcke, Walter Paul, 861Panama, 863Papen, Franz von, 865Paraguay, 867Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 869Paul Wilhelm, Duke of Wiirttemberg, 871Pennsylvania, 872Pennsylvania German (Dutch) Language, 877Peter, Val J., 879Philippi, Bernhard Eunom, 880Philippi, Rudolph Amandus, 882Photography, 883Pietism, 887Plant, Richard, 890Poeppig, Eduard Friedrich, 892Politics and German Americans, 893

XII CONTENTS

Potatoes, 898Prager, Robert Paul, 900Preminger, Otto Ludwig, 901Presley in Germany, 902Preuss, Edward E, 904Printing and Publishing, 905

Radio Free Europe, 911Radio Inside the American Sector, 912Ratzel, Friedrich, 913Reconstruction of West Germany

(1945-1949), 915Redlich, Josef, 917Reed, Dean, 918Reinhardt, Max, 920Reiss, Johann Wilhelm, 921Rheinstein, Max, 923Rittinger, John Adam, 924Roebling, John Augustus and Washington

Augustus, 925Rotermund, Wilhelm, 928Ruppius, Otto, 929Ruth, George Herman, "Babe", 931

Salomon, Edward S., 933Sapper Family, 934Sartorius, Karl C , 936Sauer, Christoph, 936Schaff, Philip, 938Schiff, Jacob Henry, 939Schimmelpfennig, Alexander, 941Schindler, Rudolf, 942Schluter, Hermann, 944Schmidel (Schmidl, Schmidt), Ulrich, 945Schomburgk, Robert Hermann, 947Schonberg, Arnold, 948Schultze-Jena, Leonhard Sigmund, 950Schurz, Agathe Margarethe, 951Schurz, Carl, 953Schutz, Anton (Joseph Friedrich), 954Schwab, Frank X., 955Schwab, Justus H., 957Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 958Schwenkfelders, 960Sealsfield, Charles, 964Seghers, Anna, 965Seume, Johann Gottfried, 967Shuster, George Nauman, 969Sievers, Wilhelm, 970

Sigel, Franz, 971Singmaster, Elsie, 972Slavery in German American and German

Texts, 974Socialist Labor Party, 976Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transportes

Aereos, 978Solms-Braunfels, Prince Carl of, 983Sons of Hermann, 985Sorbs (Wends), 987SS St. Louis, 991St. Raphaelsverein zum Schutze

katholischer deutscherAuswanderer, 993

St. Vincent Monastery and College, 994Staden, Hans, 996Stalin Note, 998Steffen, Hans, 999Steinen, Karl von den, 1000Sternberg, Josef von, 1002Sternburg, Hermann Speck von, 1004Steuben, Friederich Wilhelm von, 1005Steuben Society of America, 1007Stiefel, Ernst C , 1008Strauch, Adolph, 1009Strauss, Leo, 1013Stroessner, Alfredo, 1014Stroheim, Erich von, 1016Strubberg, Friedrich August (Ps.

Armand), 1017Stiibel, Moritz Alphons, 1018

Taylor, (James) Bayard, 1021Tehran Conference, 1022Termer, Karl Ferdinand Franz, 1024Texas, 1025Texas German Dialect, 1029Thompson, Dorothy, 1035Ticknor, George, 1037Tomuschat, Christian, 1039Transcendentalism, 1041Travel Literature, German-U.S., 1043Traven, B., 1051Treaty of 1785, (Prusso-American Treaty),

1053Treaty of Versailles, 1055Tschudi, Johann Jakob, 1057Turner Societies, 1058Twain, Mark, 1063

CONTENTS XIII

Unabhangiger Orden TreuerSchwestern, 1065

United States, East German Perception ofthe, 1066

U.S. Bases in West Germany, 1069U.S.-GDR Relations, 1071U.S.-German Intellectual Exchange, 1073U.S. Plans for Postwar Germany

(1941-1945), 1078

Vagts, Alfred, 1085Vansittartism, 1086Vater, Johann Severin, 1088Veidt, Conrad, 1091Venezuelan Crisis (1902-1903), 1092Verein, 1094Viereck, George Sylvester, 1097Vietnam War and West German Protests,

1099Volga Germans (Volga Deutsche) in the

United States, 1101Volkswagen Company and Its VW Beetle,

1102Von-Der-Heydt'sches Reskript (Heydt

Edict), 1105

Waibel, Leo Heinrich, 1107Waldseemiiller, Martin, 1108Walther, Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm, 1109Warburg, Felix Moritz, 1112Washington, BooketT, and German

Togoland, 1113Waterloo County, Ontario, 1115Waterloo, Ontario, 1119Weischet, Wolfgang, 1122Weiser, Conrad, 1123

Weissmueller, Peter Jonas, 1124Weitling, Wilhelm (Christian), 1126Welskopf-Henrich, Liselotte, 1128Wenders.Wim, 1131West Berlin, 1134Wied-Neuwied, Maximilian Alexander

Philipp Prinz zu, 1139Wigner, Eugen(e) Paul, 1141Wilder, Billy, 1142Wilhelmy, Herbert, 1144Willich, August (von), 1145Wire, Henry, 1147Wise, Isaac Mayer, 1148Wolf, Franz Theodor, 1150Woman and Socialism, 1152World War I, 1153World War I and German

Americans, 1163World War I, German Prisoners and

Civilian Internees in, 1167World War I, German Sabotage in Canada

during, 1169World War II, 1171World War II, German American Soldiers

in, 1179World War II, Internment of Germans from

Latin America in, 1181World Wars I and II, Brazil and Germany

in, 1183World Wars I and II, Canada and Germany

in, 1184Wyler, William, 1188

Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth, 1191Zenger, John Peter, 1194Zeppelin, 1195Zuckmayer, Carl, 1198

List of Contributors, 1201Index, 1209

About the Editor, 1307