Germans

This article is about Germans as an ethnic group. Forother uses, see Germans (disambiguation). For thepopulation of Germany, see Demographics of Germany.For an analysis of German nationality and citizenship,see German nationality law. For the term “Germans”as used in a context of antiquity (pre AD 500), seeGermanic peoples.

Germans (German: Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnicgroup native to Central Europe,[49] who share a com-mon German ancestry, culture and history, and speak theGerman language as their mother tongue.The English termGermans has historically referred to theGerman-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empiresince the Late Middle Ages.[50] Before the collapse ofcommunism and the reunification of Germany in 1990,Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Eu-rope by far.[51][52][note 3] Ever since the outbreak of theProtestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire,German society has been characterized by a Catholic-Protestant divide.[53]

Of approximately 100 million native speakers of Ger-man in the world, roughly 70 million consider them-selves Germans.[11][54] There are an additional 80 mil-lion people of German ancestry mainly in the UnitedStates, Brazil (almost all in the South Region of the coun-try), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Sovietstates (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France,each accounting for at least 1 million.[note 4] Thus, the to-tal number of Germans lies somewhere between 66 andmore than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied(native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partialGerman ancestry, etc.).[3]

Today, people from countries with a German-speakingmajority such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtensteinand other historically-tied countries like Luxembourg,have developed their own national identity (not ethnicidentity),[55] and since the end of World War II, havenot referred to themselves as “Germans” in a moderncontext.[56][57][58]

1 Name

Further information: Names of GermanyThe German termDeutsche originates from the Old HighGermanword diutisc (from diot “people”), referring to theGermanic “language of the people”. It is not clear how

Map of the Roman Empire and Magna Germania in the early2nd century

commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym inOld High German.Used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of “a German”emerges in Middle High German, attested from the sec-ond half of the 12th century.[59]

The Old French term alemans is taken from the nameof the Alamanni. It was loaned into Middle English asalmains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is at-tested in English from the 14th century, denoting conti-nental West Germanic (“Dutch” and “German”) dialectsand their speakers.[60]

While in most Romance languages the Germans havebeen named from the Alamanni (in what became Swabia)(some, like standard Italian tedeschi, retain an older bor-rowing of the endonym), the Old Norse, Finnish and Es-tonian names for the Germans were taken from that ofthe Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were giventhe name of němьci (singular němьcь), originally with ameaning “foreigner, one who does not speak [Slavic]".The English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germaniused by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually re-placedDutch andAlmains, the latter becomingmostly ob-solete by the early 18th century.[61][62]

2 History

Main articles: History of Germany, Germanic peoplesand Theodiscus

1

2 2 HISTORY

The Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnic-ity emerged during the Middle Ages.[2] Originally part ofthe Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent Ger-man states emerged during its decline after the Peace ofWestphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War. Thesestates eventually formed into modern Germany in the19th century.[63]

2.1 Origins

Germanic Kingdoms in Europe c. 500 A.D

The German ethnicity is linked to the Germanic tribes ofantiquity in central Europe.[64] The early Germans orig-inated on the North German Plain as well as southernScandinavia.[64] By the 2nd century BC, the number ofGermans was significantly increasing and they began ex-panding into eastern Europe and southward into Celticterritory.[64] During antiquity these Germanic tribes re-mained separate from each other and did not have writingsystems at that time.[65]

In the European Iron Age the area that is now Ger-many was divided into the (Celtic) La Tène horizon inSouthern Germany and the (Germanic) Jastorf culture inNorthern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reachedthe Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwisedriven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spreadwest into what is now Belgium and France.[65]

Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces ofRome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribesto retreat to the east bank of the Rhine.[66] Roman em-peror Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Ger-mans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battleof the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empireabandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany.[64]Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Ro-manized, and although much of Germany remained freeof direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the de-velopment of German society, especially the adoption

of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it fromthe Romans.[66] In Roman-held territories with Germanicpopulations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermar-ried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditionsintermingled.[67] The adoption of Christianity would laterbecome a major influence in the development of a com-mon German identity.[65]

The first major public figure to speak of a German peo-ple in general, was the Roman figure Tacitus in his workGermania around 100 AD.[68] However an actual unitedGerman identity and ethnicity did not exist then, and itwould take centuries of development of German cultureuntil the concept of a German ethnicity began to becomea popular identity.[69]

The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Periodcame into contact with other peoples; in the case of thepopulations settling in the territory of modern Germany,they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavstowards the east. The Limes Germanicus was breachedin AD 260. Migrating Germanic tribes commingled withthe local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabiaand Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted inHun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Hunsinitially were allies of the Roman Empire who foughtagainst Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperatedwith the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and largenumbers of Germans lived within the lands of the HunnicEmpire of Attila.[70] Attila had both Hunnic and Ger-manic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongsthis close entourage in Europe.[70] The Huns living in Ger-manic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Ger-manic language as their lingua franca.[71] Amajor part ofAttila’s army were Germans, during the Huns’ campaignagainst the Roman Empire.[72] After Attila’s unexpecteddeath the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disap-pearing as a people in Europe – who either escaped intoAsia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans.[73]

The migration-period peoples who later coalesced intoa “German” ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of theSaxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii. Thesefive tribes, sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians,are considered as the major groups to take part in theformation of the Germans. The varieties of the Ger-man language are still divided up into these groups.Linguists distinguish low Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian,Thuringian and Alemannic varieties in modern German.By the 800s, the large tribes which lived on the terri-tory of modern Germany had been united under the ruleof the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in Germanas Karl der Große.[74][75][76][77] Much of what is nowEastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking (Sorbs andVeleti), after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes(Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians and Suebi amongstothers) which had migrated into the former areas of theRoman Empire.

2.3 Early Modern period 3

2.2 Medieval period

Main articles: Ostsiedlung and History of German settle-ment in Eastern EuropeFurther information: Kingdom of Germany, Stem duchy,Medieval demography and Holy Roman EmpireA German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle

Extent of Holy Roman Empire in 972 (red line) and 1035 (reddots) with Kingdom of Germany marked in blue

Ages, ultimately as a result of the formation of thekingdom of Germany within East Francia and later theHoly Roman Empire, beginning in the 9th century. Theprocess was gradual and lacked any clear definition, andthe use of exonyms designating “the Germans” developsonly during the High Middle Ages. The title of rex teu-tonicum "King of the Germans" is first used in the late11th century, by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII, todescribe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the GermanNation Henry IV.[78] Natively, the term ein diutscher (“aGerman”) is used for the people of Germany from the12th century.After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church andlocal rulers led German expansion and settlement in ar-eas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung.During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic Ger-man Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the eth-nic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference tothe people known then simply as the “Prussians”), wereconquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were anethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Balticpeoples.[79] The former German state of Prussia took itsname from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led byGermans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the oldPrussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th

century.[80] The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlledBaltic were assimilated into German culture and eventu-ally there were many intermarriages of Slavic and Ger-man families, including amongst the Prussia’s aristocracyknown as the Junkers.[81] Prussian military strategist Karlvon Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is ofSlavic origin.[81] Massive German settlement led to theassimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends)populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare.At the same time, naval innovations led to a Germandomination of trade in the Baltic Sea and parts of East-ern Europe through the Hanseatic League. Along thetrade routes, Hanseatic trade stations became centers ofthe German culture. German town law (Stadtrecht) waspromoted by the presence of large, relatively wealthyGerman populations, their influence and political power.Thus people who would be considered “Germans”, with acommon culture, language, and worldview different fromthat of the surrounding rural peoples, colonized tradingtowns as far north of present-day Germany as Bergen (inNorway), Stockholm (in Sweden), and Vyborg (now inRussia). The Hanseatic League was not exclusively Ger-man in any ethnic sense: many towns who joined theleague were outside the Holy Roman Empire and a num-ber of themmay only loosely be characterized asGerman.The Empire itself was not entirely German either. It hada multi-ethnic and multi-lingual structure, some of thesmaller ethnicities and languages used at different timeswere Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish.[82]

By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in theHoly Roman Empire and had assimilated into Germanculture, including many Jews who had previously assimi-lated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language.[83] Upon assimilating into German cul-ture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated majorparts of the German language and elements of otherEuropean languages into a mixed language known asYiddish.[83] However tolerance and assimilation of Jewsin German society suddenly ended during the Crusadeswith many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germanyand Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Ger-many over the centuries, with German Jewish people fullyadopting the German language.[83]

2.3 Early Modern period

From the late 15th century, the Holy Roman Empirecame to be known as the Holy Roman Empire of the Ger-man nation. The Thirty Years’ War, a series of conflictsfought mainly in the territory of modern Germany, weak-ened the coherence of the Holy Roman Empire, lead-ing to the emergence of different, smaller German statesknown as Kleinstaaterei in 18th-century Germany.The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dis-solution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately thecause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-

4 2 HISTORY

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century German nationalism. After the Congress of Vi-enna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors.Austria, trying to remain the dominant power in CentralEurope, led the way in the terms of the Congress of Vi-enna. The Congress of Vienna was essentially conser-vative, assuring that little would change in Europe andpreventing Germany from uniting.[84] These terms cameto a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 andthe Crimean War in 1856, paving the way for Germanunification in the 1860s. By the 1820s, large numbers ofJewish German women had intermarried with ChristianGerman men and had converted to Christianity.[85] Jew-ish German Eduard Lasker was a prominent German na-tionalist figure who promoted the unification of Germanyin the mid-19th century.[86]

18 January 1871: The proclamation of the German Empire inthe Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles. Bismarck appearsin white. The GrandDuke of Baden stands besideWilhelm, lead-ing the cheers. Crown Prince Friedrich, later Friedrich III, standson his father’s right.

In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finallycame to a head. There were several reasons behindthis war. As German nationalism grew strongly insidethe German Confederation and neither could decide onhow Germany was going to be unified into a nation-state.

The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unificationbut were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and takesecond place to Prussia. The Prussians however wantedto unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by theKingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the finalbattle of the German war (Battle of Königgrätz) the Prus-sians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeededin creating the North German Confederation.[87]

In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and itsnew allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria)were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It createdthe German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state,effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburgmonarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austriansnevertheless remained a strong desire for many people ofGermany and Austria, especially among the liberals, thesocial democrats and also the Catholics who were a mi-nority within the Protestant Germany.During the 19th century in the German territories, rapidpopulation growth due to lower death rates, combinedwith poverty, spurred millions of Germans to emigrate,chiefly to the United States. Today, roughly 17% of theUnited States’ population (23% of the white population)is of mainly German ancestry.[88][89][90]

2.4 Twentieth century

Further information: Volksdeutsche and ReichsdeutscheThe dissolution of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire af-

The German Empire of 1871–1918. By excluding the German-speaking part of the multinational Austrian Empire, this geo-graphic construction represented a little Germany solution.

ter World War I led to a strong desire of the popula-tion of the new Republic of German Austria to be inte-grated into Germany or Switzerland.[91] This was, how-ever, prevented by the Treaty of Versailles.[92][93][94] In

5

Nearly 100 million people around the world were of Germanancestry, 1930

1930, three years before the Nazi era, there were roughly94 million people all over the world claiming Germanancestry, or about 4,5% of the world population at thetime.[95][96][note 5]

The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, attempted to unite allthe people they claimed were “Germans” (Volksdeutsche)into one realm, including ethnic Germans in easternEurope,[97] many of whom had emigrated more than onehundred fifty years before and developed separate cul-tures in their new lands. This idea was initially welcomedby many ethnic Germans in Sudetenland,[98] Austria,[99]Poland, Danzig and western Lithuania, particularly theGermans from Klaipeda (Memel). The Swiss resisted theidea. They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separatenation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.After World War II, eastern European countries suchas the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans fromtheir territories. Many of those have inhabited theselands for centuries, developing a unique culture. Ger-mans were also forced to leave the former eastern territo-ries of Germany, which were annexed by Poland (Silesia,Pomerania, parts of Brandenburg and southern part ofEast Prussia) and the Soviet Union (northern part of EastPrussia). Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germansand German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany.After World War II, Austrians increasingly saw them-selves as a separate nation from the German nation. In1947, 47% people in occupied Austria viewed them-selves as Austrians. In 1990, the number increased to79%.[58] Recent polls show that no more than 6% of theGerman-speaking Austrians consider themselves as "Ger-mans".[100] An Austrian identity was vastly emphasizedalong with the "first-victim of Nazism theory.”[101] Todayover 80 percent of the Austrians see themselves as an in-dependent nation.[102]

2.5 1945 to present

Between 1950 and 1987, about 1.4 million ethnic Ger-mans and their dependents, mostly from Poland and Ro-mania, arrived in Germany under special provisions of

The current Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel

right of return. With the collapse of the IronCurtain since1987, 3 million “Aussiedler” – ethnic Germans, mainlyfrom Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union – tookadvantage of Germany’s law of return to leave the “landof their birth” for Germany.[103]

Approximately 2 million, just from the territories of theformer Soviet Union, have resettled in Germany sincethe late 1980s.[104] On the other hand, significant num-bers of ethnic Germans have moved from Germany toother European countries, especially Switzerland, theNetherlands, Britain, Spain and Portugal.In its State of World Population 2006 report, the UnitedNations Population Fund lists Germany with hosting thethird-highest percentage of the main international mi-grants worldwide, about 5% or 10 million of all 191 mil-lion migrants.[105]

3 Identity

The event of the Protestant Reformation and the poli-tics that ensued has been cited as the origins of Germanidentity that arose in response to the spread of a com-mon German language and literature.[69] Early Germannational culture was developed through literary and reli-gious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgangvon Goethe and Friedrich Schiller.[106] The concept ofa German nation was developed by German philosopherJohann Gottfried Herder.[107] The popularity of Germanidentity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolu-tion.[68]

6 4 LANGUAGE

Johann Gottfried Herder

Persons who speak German as their first language, lookGerman and whose families have lived in Germany forgenerations are considered “most German”, followed bycategories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler(people of German ancestry whose families have livedin Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany),Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have histori-cally belonged to Germany but which is currently outsideof Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families haveemigrated from Germany and who still speak German),German speakers in German-speaking nations such asAustrians, and finally people of German emigrant back-ground who no longer speak German.[108]

4 Language

Main article: German language

The native language of Germans is German, a West Ger-manic language, related to and classified alongside En-glish and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with theNorth Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken byapproximately 100 million native speakers,[109] Germanis one of the world’s major languages and the most widelyspoken first language in the European Union. Germanhas been replaced as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half ofthe 20th century.[110] It was a lingua franca in the HolyRoman Empire.

4.1 Dialects

Main article: German dialects

West Germanic languagesDutch (Low Franconian, West Germanic)Low German (West Germanic)Central German (High German, West Germanic)Upper German (High German, West Germanic)English (Anglo-Frisian, West Germanic)Frisian (Anglo-Frisian, West Germanic)North Germanic languagesEast ScandinavianWest ScandinavianLine dividing the North and West Germanic languages

German, a world language, remains an important second lan-guage in much of Central and Eastern Europe, and in the inter-national scientific community

• High German

• Upper German• Bavarians (ca. 10 million) form theAustro-Bavarian linguistic group, to-gether with those Austrians who speakGerman and do not live in Vorarlberg

7

German-speaking Europe

and the western Tyrol district of Reutte.Swabians (ca. 10 million) form theAlemannic group, together with theAlemannic Swiss, Liechtensteiners,Alsatians and Vorarlbergians.

• Central German dialect group (ca. 45 million)• West Central German

• Central Franconian (Ripuarian,Kölsch), forms a dialectal unitywith Luxembourgish, Rhine Franco-nian(Hessian)

• East Central German• Standard German,[111] Thuringian,Upper Saxon, High Prussian,German Silesian

• Yiddish, a High German language ofAshkenazi Jewish origin, spoken throughoutthe world. It developed as a fusion of Germandialects with Hebrew, Slavic languages andtraces of Romance languages.[112][113]

• Low German (ca. 3–10 million), forms a dialectalunity with Dutch Low Saxon

• Low Saxon, East Low German

4.2 Native speakers

Global distribution of native speakers of the German lan-guage:

5 Geographic distribution

Main article: German diasporaPeople of German origin are found in various places

German diaspora

around the globe. United States is home to approximately50 million German Americans or one third of the Ger-man diaspora, making it the largest centre of German-descended people outside Germany. Brazil is the secondlargest with 5 million people claiming German ancestry.Other significant centres are Canada, Argentina, SouthAfrica and France each accounting for at least 1 million.While the exact number of German-descended people isdifficult to calculate, the available data makes it safe toclaim the number is exceeding 100 million people.[3]

6 Culture

Main article: Culture of Germany

6.1 Literature

Main article: German literatureGerman literature can be traced back to the MiddleAges, with the most notable authors of the period be-ing Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Es-chenbach. TheNibelungenlied, whose author remains un-known, is also an important work of the epoch, as is theThidrekssaga. The fairy tales collections collected andpublished by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th cen-tury became famous throughout the world.Theologian Luther, who translated the Bible into Ger-man, is widely credited for having set the basis for themodern “High German” language. Among the most ad-mired German poets and authors are Lessing, Goethe,Schiller, Kleist, Hoffmann, Brecht, Heine and Schmidt.Nine Germans have won the Nobel Prize in literature:Theodor Mommsen, Paul von Heyse, Gerhart Haupt-mann, Thomas Mann, Nelly Sachs, Hermann Hesse,Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, and Herta Müller.

• Portrait of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, one of themost outstanding representatives of the Enlighten-ment era.

• Gerhart Hauptmann, a German dramatist and nov-elist who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in1912.

8 6 CULTURE

Walk of Ideas, Berlin, a sculpture honoring Johannes Gutenbergand some of Germany’s most influential writers

• Thomas Mann, a German novelist, short storywriter, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate.

• Günter Grass was a recipient of the 1999 NobelPrize in Literature.

• Herta Müller was born into a German minority inRomania. She is the recipient of the 2009 NobelPrize in Literature for her novel Atemschaukel.

6.2 Philosophy

Main article: German philosophy

Germany’s influence on philosophy is historically signifi-cant and many notable German philosophers have helpedshape Western philosophy since the Middle Ages. Therise of the modern natural sciences and the related de-cline of religion raised a series of questions, which re-cur throughout German philosophy, concerning the rela-tionships between knowledge and faith, reason and emo-tion, and scientific, ethical, and artistic ways of seeing theworld.German philosophers have helped shape western philos-ophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Mag-nus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most impor-tantly Kant played central roles in the history of philoso-phy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and

German philosopher Immanuel Kant

Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichteand Hegel. Marx and Engels developed communisttheory in the second half of the 19th century whileHeidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of Germanphilosophy in the 20th century. A number of German in-tellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notablyAdorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel,Tönnies, andWeber. The University of Berlin founded in1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldtserved as an influential model for a number of modernwestern universities.In the 21st century, Germany has been an importantcountry for the development of contemporary analyticphilosophy in continental Europe, along with France,Austria, Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries.[119]

• A statue of Albertus Magnus, a medieval Germanphilosopher, now declared a Catholic saint.

• Arthur Schopenhauer, a German philosopher bestknown for his book, The World as Will and Rep-resentation. He has influenced many other thinkersthrough his work.

• Karl Marx’s ideas played a significant role in the es-tablishment of the social sciences and the develop-ment of the socialist movement. He published nu-merous books during his lifetime, the most notablebeing The Communist Manifesto and Capital. He is

6.4 Music 9

also considered one of the greatest economists of alltime.

• Friedrich Engels was a social scientist, author, po-litical theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxisttheory, alongside Karl Marx. He is the co-author ofThe Communist Manifesto.

• Max Weber was a sociologist, philosopher, and po-litical economist who profoundly influenced socialtheory, social research, and the discipline of so-ciology itself. Weber is often cited, with ÉmileDurkheim and Karl Marx, as one of the three found-ing architects of sociology.

6.3 Science

Main articles: Science and technology in Germany andGerman inventors and discoverersGermany has been the home of many famous inventors

Alexander von Humboldt

and engineers, such as Johannes Gutenberg, who is cred-ited with the invention of movable type printing in Eu-rope; Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; andKonrad Zuse, who built the first electronic computer.[120]German inventors, engineers and industrialists such asZeppelin, Daimler, Diesel, Otto, Wankel, Von Braunand Benz helped shape modern automotive and air trans-portation technology including the beginnings of spacetravel.[121][122]

The work of David Hilbert andMax Planck was crucial tothe foundation of modern physics, whichWerner Heisen-berg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further.[123] Theywere preceded by such key physicists as Hermann vonHelmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel DanielFahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen dis-covered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him thefirst winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.[124]TheWalhalla temple for “laudable and distinguished Ger-mans”, features a number of scientists, and is located eastof Regensburg, in Bavaria.[125][126]

• A statue commemorating Johannes Gutenberg forhis invention of the first movable type; printingpress.

• The magnificent panorama of the metal interlinkingin the bowels of the world’s first computer createdby Konrad Zuse.

• The Geiger counter, invented by Hans Geiger, is atype of particle detector that measures ionizing ra-diation.

• A print of one of the first X-rays by Wilhelm Rönt-gen (1845–1923) of the left hand of his wife AnnaBertha Ludwig. It was presented to Professor Lud-wig Zehnder of the Physik Institut, University ofFreiburg, on 1 January 1896.

• Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was a physicist, engineer,and glass blower who is best known for inventing themercury thermometer (1714), and for developing atemperature scale now named after him.

6.4 Music

Main article: Music of GermanyIn the field of music, Germany claims some of themost renowned classical composers of the world in-cluding Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, who markedthe transition between the Classical and Romanticeras in Western classical music. Other composersof the Austro-German tradition who achieved interna-tional fame include Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert,Händel, Schumann, Liszt, Mendelssohn Bartholdy,Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, RichardStrauss, Schoenberg, Orff, and most recently, Henze,Lachenmann, and Stockhausen.As of 2008, Germany is the fourth largestmusicmarket inthe world[127] and has exerted a strong influence on Danceand Rock music, and pioneered trance music. Artistssuch as Herbert Grönemeyer, Scorpions, Rammstein,Nena, Dieter Bohlen, Tokio Hotel and Modern Talk-ing have enjoyed international fame. German musiciansand, particularly, the pioneering bands Tangerine Dreamand Kraftwerk have also contributed to the developmentof electronic music.[128] Germany hosts many large rock

10 6 CULTURE

Portrait of Ludwig van Beethoven by Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820

music festivals annually. The Rock amRing festival is thelargest music festival in Germany, and among the largestin the world. German artists also make up a large per-centage of Industrial music acts, which is called NeueDeutsche Härte. Germany hosts some of the largest Gothscenes and festivals in the entire world, with events likeWave-Gothic-Treffen and M'era Luna Festival easily at-tracting up to 30,000 people. Amongst Germany’s fa-mous artists there are various Dutch entertainers, such asJohannes Heesters.[129]

• Richard Strauss is considered a leading Germancomposer of the late Romantic and early moderneras.

• Richard Wagner greatly influenced the developmentof classical music; his Tristan und Isolde is some-times described as marking the start of modern mu-sic.

• Scorpions, a rock band formed in 1965, now viewedas one of the best-selling acts in music history.

• Nena, a singer and actress, who brought NeueDeutsche Welle to international attention with hersong 99 Luftballons.

• Modern Talking, a synthpop duo consisting ofThomas Anders and Dieter Bohlen, became one ofthe most successful German acts in the 1980s.

6.5 Cinema

Main article: Cinema of GermanyGerman cinema dates back to the very early years of the

Diane Krüger, 2008

medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It wasparticularly influential during the years of the WeimarRepublic with German expressionists such as RobertWiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. The Nazi eraproduced mostly propaganda films although the work ofLeni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics in film.From the 1960s, New German Cinema directors suchas Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders,Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinemaback onto the international stage with their often provoca-tive films, while theDeutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft con-trolled film production in the GDR.More recently, films such as Das Boot (1981), The NeverEnding Story (1984) Run Lola Run (1998), Das Experi-ment (2001), Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand(Head-on) (2004) and Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004)have enjoyed international success. In 2002 the AcademyAward for Best Foreign Language Film went to CarolineLink's Nowhere in Africa, in 2007 to Florian Henckel vonDonnersmarck's The Lives of Others. The Berlin FilmFestival, held yearly since 1951, is one of the world’s fore-most film and cinema festivals.[130]

• A sign advertising the Berlin International Film Fes-tival

• Leni Riefenstahl was widely noted for her aestheticsand innovations as a filmmaker

6.7 Religion 11

• A poster for The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari directed byRobert Wiene

6.6 Architecture

Main article: German architectureArchitectural contributions from Germany include the

Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria

Carolingian and Ottonian styles, important precursors ofRomanesque. The region then produced significant worksin styles such as the Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque.The nation was particularly important in the early modernmovement through the Deutscher Werkbund and theBauhaus movement identified with Walter Gropius. TheNazis closed these movements and favoured a type ofneo-classicism. Since World War II, further importantmodern and post-modern structures have been built, par-ticularly since the reunification of Berlin.

• Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus, the former Reichsluft-fahrtministerium (now a Federal Ministry of Fi-nance building)

• The market place at Dornstetten

• Cologne Cathedral

• Frauenkirche, Dresden

• Bauhaus

6.7 Religion

Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion inthe Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changedthis drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged theCatholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Chris-tian faith. Through this, he altered the course of Euro-pean and world history and established Protestantism.[131]The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) was one of the mostdestructive conflicts in European history. The war wasfought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various

Portrait of Martin Luther

points involved most of the countries of Europe. The warwas fought largely as a religious conflict between Protes-tants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire.[132]

According to the latest nationwide census, RomanCatholics constituted 30.8% of the total population ofGermany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified consti-tuted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among “oth-ers” are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church ofGermany, and other Christians such as the RestorationistNew Apostolic Church. Protestantism was more com-mon among the citizens of Germany.[133] The North andEast Germany is predominantly Protestant, the South andWest rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religiousmajority in Hamburg and the East German states.[134]

Historically, Germany had a substantial Jewish minority.Only a few thousand people of Jewish origin remainedin Germany after the Holocaust, but the German Jewishcommunity now has approximately 100,000 members,many from the former Soviet Union. Germany also hasa substantial Muslim minority, most of whom are immi-grants from Turkey.German theologians include Luther, Melanchthon,Schleiermacher, Feuerbach, and Rudolf Otto. AlsoGermany brought up many mystics including MeisterEckhart, Rudolf Steiner, Jakob Boehme, and some popes(e.g. Benedict XVI).

• The Meister Eckhart portal of the Erfurt Church

• Pope Benedict XVI and clergy of the CatholicChurch at mass in Freiburg, Germany

• Philip Melanchthon

12 6 CULTURE

• Religion in the Holy Roman Empire on the eve ofthe Thirty Years’ War

• Predominant religious group according to 2011 na-tionwide census. Catholics are dominant in thesouth and west, the Non-religious (incl. other re-ligions and not specified) dominate in the east andthe large cities, Protestants dominate in north, east,and central parts of Germany

6.8 Sport

Main article: Sport in GermanySport forms an integral part of German life, as demon-

The Allianz Arena, one of the world’s most modern football sta-diums.

strated by the fact that 27 million Germans are membersof a sports club and an additional twelve million pur-sue such an activity individually.[135] Football is by farthe most popular sport, and the German Football Feder-ation (Deutscher Fußballbund) with more than 6.3 mil-lion members is the largest athletic organisation in thecountry.[135] It also attracts the greatest audience, withhundreds of thousands of spectators attending Bundesligamatches and millions more watching on television.Other popular sports include handball, volleyball, basket-ball, ice hockey, andWinter sports.[135] Historically, Ger-man sportsmen have been successful contenders in theOlympic Games, ranking third in an all-time OlympicGames medal count, combining East and West Germanmedals. In the 2012 Summer Olympics, Germany fin-ished sixth overall, whereas in the 2010Winter OlympicsGermany finished second.There are also many Germans in the American NBA. In2011, Dirk Nowitzki won his first NBA Championshipwith the Dallas Mavericks by upsetting the Miami Heat.He was also named that year’s NBA Finals Most ValuablePlayer.

• Berlin Marathon

• Olympiastadion Berlin

• Michael Schumacher has claimed 91 race victoriesand 7 championships in his F1 career.

• German national football team in 2011

• Dirk Nowitzki (in green), Dallas Mavericks powerforward, 2011 NBA Champion and Finals MVP

6.9 Society

Main article: List of GermansGermany is a modern, advanced society, shaped by a plu-

Cultural map of the world according to the World Values Survey,describing Germany as high in “Rational-Secular Values” andaverage-high in “Self-Expression values”.

rality of lifestyles and regional identities.[136] The countryhas established a high level of gender equality, promotesdisability rights, and is legally and socially tolerant to-wards homosexuals. Gays and lesbians can legally adopttheir partner’s biological children, and civil unions havebeen permitted since 2001.[137] Former Foreign ministerGuidoWesterwelle and the mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wow-ereit, are openly gay.[138]

During the last decade of the 20th century, Germanychanged its attitude towards immigrants. Until the mid-1990s the opinion was widespread that Germany is not acountry of immigration, even though about 20% of thepopulation were of non-German origin. Today the gov-ernment and a majority of the German society are ac-knowledging that immigrants from diverse ethnoculturalbackgrounds are part of the German society and that con-trolled immigration should be initiated based on qualifi-cation standards.[139]

Since the 2006 FIFAWorld Cup, the internal and externalevaluation of Germany’s national image has changed.[140]In the annual Nation Brands Index global survey, Ger-many became significantly and repeatedly more highly

7.2 1918–1945 13

ranked after the tournament. People in 20 different statesassessed the country’s reputation in terms of culture, pol-itics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists,immigrants and investments. Germany has been namedthe world’s second most valued nation among 50 coun-tries in 2010.[141] Another global opinion poll, for theBBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the mostpositive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% havea negative view.[142][143]

With an expenditure of €67 billion on international travelin 2008, Germans spent more money on travel than anyother country. The most visited destinations were Spain,Italy and Austria.[144]

• German females in the German tracht national cos-tumes of the time of Biedermeier

• A map of Holy Roman Empire in 1400, reflectingthe German society’s regional diversity

• Boundary sign of Bautzen / Budyšin in German andUpper Sorbian language

• Rutenfest in Ravensburg, Baden-Württemberg, Ger-many, celebrating the folklore story of “The SevenSwabians” by the Brothers Grimm

• Actors fromGermany in film “Als der Tod ins Lebenwuchs” of Sebastian Ed Erhenberg as Volga Ger-mans

7 Identity

Further information: Pan-Germanism and German ques-tionPan-Germanism’s origins began in the early 19th cen-tury following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launcheda new movement that was born in France itself duringthe French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th cen-tury threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many eth-nic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been di-vided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchiesof the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for themost part, had been a loose and disunited people sincethe Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shat-tered into a patchwork of states. The newGerman nation-alists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmannof East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speakingand ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people.

7.1 1871–1918

Further information: Unification of Germany

By the 1860s the Kingdom of Prussia and the AustrianEmpire were the two most powerful nations dominated

Germania by Philipp Veit (March 1848)

by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand theirinfluence and territory. The Austrian Empire – likethe Holy Roman Empire – was a multi-ethnic state, butGerman-speaking people there did not have an absolutenumerical majority; the creation of the Austro-HungarianEmpire was one result of the growing nationalism of otherethnicities especially the Hungarians. Prussia under Ottovon Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of national-ism to unite all of modern-day Germany. The GermanEmpire (“Second Reich”) was created in 1871 follow-ing the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union ofGerman-speaking states, while disregarding millions ofits non-German subjects who desired self-determinationfrom German rule.There was also a rejection of Roman Catholicism withthe Away from Rome! movement calling for Germanspeakers to identify with Lutheran or Old Catholicchurches.[145]

7.2 1918–1945

Further information: Weimar Republic and Third ReichFollowing the defeat in World War I, influence ofGerman-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Eu-rope was greatly limited. At the treaty of VersaillesGermany was substantially reduced in size. Austria-

14 7 IDENTITY

Heim ins Reich

Hungary was split up. Rump-Austria, which to a cer-tain extent corresponded to theGerman-speaking areas ofAustria-Hungary (a complete split into language groupswas impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves) adopted the name “German-Austria” (German:Deutschösterreich). The name German-Austria was for-bidden by the victorious powers of World War I. VolgaGermans living in the Soviet Union were interned ingulags or forcibly relocated during the Second WorldWar.[146]

The Heim ins Reich initiative (German: literally Homeinto the Reich, meaning Back to Reich, see Reich) was apolicy pursued byNazi Germany which attempted to con-vince people of German descent living outside of Ger-many (such as Sudetenland) that they should strive tobring these regions “home” into a greater Germany.

7.3 1945–1990

Further information: German exodus from Central andEastern Europe and Flight and expulsion of Germans(1944–1950)World War II brought about the decline of Pan-

The fall of the BerlinWall in 1989 led to the reunification of Eastand West Germany.

Germanism, much as World War I had led to the demiseof Pan-Slavism. The Germans in Central and Eastern Eu-rope were expelled, parts of Germany itself were devas-tated, and the country was divided, firstly into Russian,French, American, and British zones and then into WestGermany and East Germany.Germany suffered even larger territorial losses than itdid in the First World War, with huge portions of east-ern Germany directly annexed by the Soviet Union andPoland.[147] The scale of the Germans’ defeat was un-precedented. Nationalism and Pan-Germanism becamealmost taboo because they had been used so destructivelyby the Nazis. Indeed, the word “Volksdeutscher” in ref-erence to ethnic Germans naturalized during WWII laterdeveloped into a mild epithet.From the 1960s, Germany also saw increasing immi-gration, especially from Turkey, under an official pro-gramme aimed at encouraging "Gastarbeiter" or guest-workers to the country to provide labour during the post-war economic boom years. Although it had been ex-pected that such workers would return home, many set-tled in Germany, with their descendants becoming Ger-man citizens.[148]

7.4 1990–present

Further information: German reunification

However, German reunification in 1990 revived theold debates. The fear of nationalistic misuse of Pan-Germanism nevertheless remains strong. But the over-whelming majority of Germans today are not chauvinisticin nationalism, but in 2006 and again in 2010, theGermanNational Football Team won third place in the 2006 and2010 FIFA World Cups, ignited a positive scene of Ger-man pride, enhanced by success in sport.

Helmut Kohl played a principal role in the German reunification.

For decades after the Second World War, any nationalsymbol or expression was a taboo.[149] However, the Ger-mans are becoming increasingly patriotic.[149][150][151]During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 Germancitizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire,

15

nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment“I'm proud to be German.” And 78%, if free to choosetheir nation, would opt for German nationality with “nearor absolute certainty”.[152] Another study in 2009, carriedout by the Identity Foundation in Düsseldorf, showed that73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twicemore than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a so-ciology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there’san ongoing normalisation and more and more Germansare becoming openly proud of their country.[150][151]

In the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis, RadekSikorski, Poland’s Foreign Minister, stated in November2011, “I will probably be the first Polish foreign minis-ter in history to say so, but here it is: I fear Germanpower less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity.You have become Europe’s indispensable nation.”[153]According to Jacob Heilbrunn, a senior editor at The Na-tional Interest, such a statement is unprecedented whentaking into consideration Germany’s history. “This wasan extraordinary statement from a top official of a nationthat was ravaged byGermany duringWorldWar II. And itreflects a profound shift taking place throughout Germanyand Europe about Berlin’s position at the center of theContinent.”[153] Heilbrunn believes that the adage, “whatwas good for Germany was bad for the European Union”has been supplanted by a new mentality—what is in theinterest of Germany is also in the interest of its neighbors.The evolution in Germany’s national identity stems fromfocusing less on its Nazi past and more on its Prussianhistory, which many Germans believe was betrayed—and not represented—by Nazism.[153] The evolution isfurther precipitated by Germany’s conspicuous positionas Europe’s strongest economy. Indeed, this Germansphere of influence has been welcomed by the countriesthat border it, as demonstrated by Polish foreign ministerRadek Sikorski's effusive praise for his country’s westernneighbor.[153] This shift in thinking is boosted by a newergeneration of Germans who see World War II as a distantmemory.

8 See also

• Die Deutschen (ZDF’s documentary television se-ries)

• German eastward expansion

• Names for the German language

• Organised persecution of ethnic Germans

• List of Alsatians and Lorrainians

• List of Austrians

• List of ancient Germanic peoples

• List of Swiss people

• List of terms used for Germans

• Ethnic groups in Europe

• Genetic history of Europe

• Anti-German sentiment

9 Footnotes[1] 65 million people are Germans without any immigrant

background in the Federal Republic of Germany. Withcirca 50 million people claiming German ancestry in theUnited States, it is 115 million people alone. When Ger-man Brazilians, German Argentines and German Canadi-ans are added, the number rises to circa 133 million peo-ple. When people of German ancestry from the rest of theworld are added, the number is roughly 150 million.

[2] This number represents the number of people without“immigrant background”, meaning people with two par-ents of mostly or full German ancestry. It does not repre-sent the number of people who view themselves as Ger-man. This number does not include people with a Germanforebear, who came to modern Germany after 1955 (in-cluding Aussiedler and Spätaussiedler) and descendants ofthat person.

[3] Divided refers to relatively strong regionalism among theGermans within the Federal Republic of Germany. Theevents of the 20th century also affected the nation. Asa result, the German people remain divided in the 21stcentury, though the degree of division is one much dimin-ished after two world wars, the ColdWar, and the Germanreunification.

[4] In these countries, the number of people claiming Germanancestry exceeds 1,000,000 and a significant percentage ofthe population claim German ancestry. For sources: seetable in German diaspora main article.

[5] Here is used the estimate of the United Nations(2,07 billion people in the world, 1930), and allthe populations from the map combined. 2,07 bil-lion is taken as 100%, and 93,379,200 is takenas x. 2,700,000,000 - 100%, 93,379,200 - x.x=93,379,200*100%/2,070,000,000=4,5110724637681=4,5%

10 References[1] Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background.

156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming eth-nic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, andelsewhere.

[2] “The Emergence Of A German Ethnic Identity HistoryEssay”. Retrieved 29 March 2015.

[3] “Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia” by JeffreyCole (2011), p. 171; “Estimates of the total number ofGermans in the world range from 100 million to 150 mil-lion, depending on how German is defined, ...”

16 10 REFERENCES

[4] “Report onGerman population”. Histclo.com. 4 February2010. Retrieved 2013-01-07.

[5] “Detailed estimates” (PDF). p. 64. Retrieved 2013-01-07.

[6] “Slightly higher proportion of people with a migrationbackground” (in German). Destatis.de. 26 January 2010.Retrieved 2013-01-07.

[7] “Press releases – For the first time more than 16 millionpeople with migration background in Germany”. Fed-eral Statistical Office (Destatis). 14 July 2010. Retrieved2013-01-07.

[8] “Pressemitteilungen – Ein Fünftel der Bevölkerung inDeutschland hatte 2010 einen Migrationshintergrund– Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)" (in German).Destatis.de. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 2013-01-07.

[9] 66.42 million is the number of Germans without immi-grant background, 75 million is the number of Germancitizens Germans and foreigners with an immigrant back-ground

[10] “Deutsche Welle: 2005 German Census figures”. Dw-world.de. Retrieved 28 September 2011.

[11] 2011 “Zensus Ergebnisse”, p. 7

[12] http://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&sessYr=2009&sessInd=0&billBody=S&billTyp=R&billNbr=0141&pn=1216

[13] http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=

[14] “A Imigração Alemã no Brasil”. Deustche Welle.

[15] https://web.archive.org/web/20111006142933/http://www.cacw.com.ar/sitio/notas_detalle.php?id=NTk=

[16] http://web.archive.org/web/20100213071340/http://www.embajada-alemana.org.ar/culturas/becas1.htm

[17] http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/secretaria_gral/colectividades/?col=1

[18] http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0

[19] http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/meadows/7589/intro_en.html&date=2009-10-25+10:34:36

[20] http://africanhistory.about.com/od/southafrica/p/AfrikanerGene.htm

[21] http://www.ling.gu.se/projekt/sprakfrageladan/english/varldskarta/eng-fra.html

[22] http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Alsatians.html

[23] http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013

[24] http://www.dw.de/alemanes-en-chile-entre-el-pasado-colono-y-el-presente-empresarial/a-14958983-1

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[50] alongside the slightly earlier term Almayns; John of Tre-visa's 1387 translation of Ranulf Higdon's Polychroniconhas: Þe empere passede from þe Grees to þe Frenschemenand to þe Germans, þat beeþ Almayns. During the 15thand 16th centuries, Dutch was the adjective used in thesense “pertaining to Germans”. Use of German as an ad-jective dates to ca. 1550. The adjective Dutch narrowedits sense to “of the Netherlands” during the 17th century.

[51] Europe’s Rising Regionalism

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[59] e.g. Walther von der Vogelweide. See Lexer, Mittel-hochdeutsches Handwörterbuch (1872–1878), s.v. “Di-utsche”. The Middle High German Song of Roland (ca.1170) has in diutisker erde (65.6) for “in the Germanrealm, in Germany”. The phrase in tütschem land, whencethe modern Deutschland, is attested in the late 15th cen-tury (e.g. Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg, Ship of Fools,see Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, s.v. “Deutsch”).

[60] OED, s.v. “Dutch, adj., n., and adv.”

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[64] World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish, 2009. Pp.311.

[65] Yehuda Cohen. The Germans: Absent Nationality andthe Holocaust. SUSSEXACADEMIC PRESS, 2010. Pp.27.

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[68] Jeffrey E. Cole. Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclope-dia. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2011.Pp. 172.

[69] Motyl 2001, pp. 189.

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11 Bibliography• Kesselman, Mark (2009). European Politics inTransition. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: HoughtonMifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-87078-4.

• Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Na-tionalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-227230-7.

12 External links• German, Austrian and Swiss inventors

• Top 100 Germans

• Germans – First arrivals

20 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text• Germans Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans?oldid=661430826 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Slrubenstein, Johanneswilm,

XJaM, Space Cadet, Fonzy, Olivier, Leandrod, Michael Hardy, Zocky, Gabbe, Ixfd64, Sannse, Delirium, Skysmith, Ahoerstemeier, Angela,Bogdangiusca, Med, Ruhrjung, Tobias Conradi, Johan Magnus, Raven in Orbit, Timwi, Tpbradbury, Morwen, Tuomas, Samsara, EikwaR,Joy, Qertis, Bearcat, Seriv, Robbot, Sander123, Jmabel, Altenmann, Romanm, Naddy, Der Eberswalder, Halibutt, Hadal, JesseW,Wereon,Dina, Adam78, Dominick, DocWatson42, Meursault2004, Orangemike, Marcika, Everyking, Michael Devore, Revth, Yekrats, Matthead,Timbatron, MatthäusWander, Bobblewik, J. 'mach' wust, SlowkingMan, Antandrus, Beland, Eregli bob, Mark5677, Ot, Al-Andalus, Bepp,ArcticFrog, Neutrality, Burschenschafter, Marcus2, Burschik, Surfingslovak, Thomas Bohn, Grunt, Jayjg, JTN, Indosauros, Discospinster,Rich Farmbrough, Rupertslander, Parishan, Florian Blaschke, BalowStar, EliasAlucard, Xezbeth, Dbachmann, Michael Zimmermann, Ben-der235, Brian0918, Kwamikagami, Shanes, Art LaPella, Bobo192, Smalljim, Shenme, JW1805, Pokrajac, 99of9, RussBlau, Sam Korn,Krellis, Pharos, Pearle, Joanneralph, Knucmo2, Freako, Storm Rider, Danski14, Alansohn, Polarscribe, Albrecht Conz, Atlant, Improv,Denniss, Malo, Wtmitchell, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Vcelloho, RainbowOfLight, Sciurinæ, Dave.Dunford, LukeSurl, Blaxthos, Stemonitis,PANONIAN, Angr, Velho, Firsfron, JarlaxleArtemis, LOL, PoccilScript, Lofor, Commander Keane, Sicilianmandolin, Twthmoses, Man-gojuice, Bluemoose, Zzyzx11, Prashanthns, Dysepsion, Magister Mathematicae, BD2412, Kbdank71, FreplySpang, Island, Nahabedere,Dpv, 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Cairney, Derlay, Maproom, Gzkn, Kampfwurst, Dispenser, BrokenSphere, Jacarv, McSly, RammsteinViking, SangeYasha~enwiki, Ipigott, Catsinmypants, Gabr-el, Zrogerz69, HiLo48, M-le-mot-dit, InspectorTiger, NewEnglandYankee,Kansas Bear, ThinkBlue, Mufka, Juliancolton, Cometstyles, Extermino, Jimifelony, Lukas19, Georgiaboy93, Bonadea, And dex, Pdcook,BigGordonLips, Beezhive, Chamilion, Zedek, Halmstad, JJGD, Idioma-bot, 1812ahill, Kaos85g, Fainites, Echosmoke, Wikieditor06,Vaber134, Undress 006, Deor, Pyromaniac79, Murphcts, Chipppy, VolkovBot, Tourbillon, A.Ou, Jeff G., AlnoktaBOT, Dominics Fire,Ryan032, Cid Campeador, Philip Trueman, Mattheminger, TXiKiBoT, Kww, Vipinhari, Malljaja, Woodsstock, Fffa4lulua, Martin451,Der Wolf im Wald, C.Kent87, Jackfork, LeaveSleaves, DoktorDec, Vencer, PDFbot, Domitius, Paddyc12, Jalo, Arigato1, Gary Glid-ner, NowIAmGeorge, CO, Cchen815, Matthewseanpeiffer, Billinghurst, Dirkbb, Danrolo~enwiki, Kalishtom, Falcon8765, Enviroboy,Ragazzo cl~enwiki, Texfive, Leveller76, Dmcq, Mai-Sachme, Onceonthisisland, Nagy, My favourite teddy bear, NHRHS2010, Mariokem-pes, Bhaktivinode, D. Recorder, M5891, SieBot, Coffee, Masguy, Tresiden, Conn101, Work permit, N-HH, Paradoctor, PeterPredator,Jsc83, Blargg 53, HonestPerson, Stink-face-poo, Ilikeeatingpoo, TrulyBlue, Keilana, Aillema, Tiptoety, Radon210, Oda Mari, Dominik92,Grespa, Burslem lad, Oxymoron83, AngelOfSadness, Lightmouse, Jontts~enwiki, Velja 89, Aadeel, Henners6794, MagicBear, Belligero,09archea, Nazi77, Kriss123, Ilovemoobs, StaticGull, Georgette2, The Four Deuces, Sean.hoyland, Mygerardromance, Mtaylor848, Bpeps,Angelo De La Paz, Salathi, Explicit, Gr8opinionater, ImageRemovalBot, Mr. Granger, Faithlessthewonderboy, De728631, ClueBot, LAX,Admiral Norton, Sennen goroshi, Tmol42, Binksternet, Asentreu~enwiki, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rodhullandemu, Nsk92, Parkjun-wung, Knepflerle, Matthiasb, Cptmurdok, Saddhiyama, Shrewsbury333, Liekmudkipz, Jacurek, WarsawBoy, Skäpperöd, RebelMonk8,Parkwells, Ficbot, Cnblackster, Neverquick, Guineapigluver, Krazykraz, MindstormsKid, Brewcrewer, Gm94gra, Seltos, Longlivefinland,Hamilton365, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Andy pyro, Particip, Ottre, Wikitumnus, Eeekster, Arcot, Abrech, Lehoiberri, TaintedZebra, Ziko, Calka-line, Chris Iz Cali, NiciVampireHeart, ErikAsv, Cenarium, Kaeso Dio, Hose509, Noosentaal, Dekisugi, SchreiberBike, La Pianista, Thingg,7, Blueanode, CJALMIGHTY,Karlmiller, German1234567, Sunquanliangxiuhao, DumZiBoT, E10ddie, Alchemist Jack, XLinkBot, Com-paq66, Death2uxxx, Dugg1900, Fastily, Spitfire, SouthPlaatz, TH DRIZZLE, Gonzonoir, TaalVerbeteraar, Fercho85, Tomcckk, Ma-teusaugustin, Feinoha, Teranayu, Agentreagent, Yuvn86, Jessielbutt, Spamsushi, Sargoth, Atoric, UGAC, HexaChord, Zooolooo, Ad-dbot, Willking1979, Awes141, Strode1, Yoenit, Captain-tucker, HP1740-B, Coolcatfish, Trasman, Analmale69, Bezuidenhout, WulfIsebrand, TutterMouse, Metris, Gcpioneers, Ironholds, MiauGGangsters, Kman543210, Hungaria777, Teutonickonig14, Damortseam,Mnmazur, Download, CarsracBot, Hategermansmuslims, SoxBot V, S52simson, Glane23, CUSENZA Mario, Marcuslikesmen27, Favo-

13.2 Images 21

nian, 5 albert square, Ehrenkater, Alanscottwalker, Tide rolls, OlEnglish, Steak, Zorrobot, Josefveg17, Legobot, Stu4bfc, Luckas-bot,Yobot, Whale Mother, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Evans1982, Victoriaearle, Mmxx, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Reenem, Zakronian,Sansonic, SwisterTwister, Tempodivalse, AnomieBOT, Gas3191, 1exec1, LiquidCL, Dwayne, 9258fahsflkh917fas, Commander Shep-ard, Yachtsman1, Wikisanchez~enwiki, Flewis, Bluerasberry, Roberto boom, Materialscientist, E235, Phoenix of9, Historian19, Yonia25,Carterk7, LilHelpa, Steveshakespere, Xqbot, Janetjackson101, B. Franken, Masude, R0pe-196, AllergicThursdays, Capricorn42, Poet-aris, Wüstenfuchs, Honeycombs22, Christian140, Hammydaman, Tad Lincoln, 661kts, Notcaptainhook, Juneau11, Crzer07, Petropoxy(Lithoderm Proxy), Vipgam, Coltsfan, Sift&Winnow, IShadowed, Moxy, Tedthewheelchair5678, Fobos92, Shadowjams, Methcub, Dr-missio, Kusamanic, Vdjj1960, Dartheragon1, Thatsitivehadenough, Samwb123, Sesu Prime, Lasha1988, StoneProphet, Fingerz, Hyper-boreer, AlwaysPullOut, FrescoBot, Bigfatwiz, Tobby72, Sakha from USA, MusicInTheHouse, Billionare112, Johnqcitizen123, Splee174,Zero Thrust, Lyrelle Everyne, Peterzier, Oro2, Andes Man, A little insignificant, Sachsenkoenig14, Cannolis, Drirampazi, American-lurker, RaveDog, Kirstenrose75, Chileno.21, Marixist101, Zoris Trömm, Pinethicket, Prusak, Blake24, L.eagleburger, Loopygrumpkins,Fat&Happy, Abdirazak92, Btilm, SpaceFlight89, IlGimo, Pristino, Tannaqui, PacificWarrior101, Jirka.h23, Tim1357, TobeBot, Zsaaa,Nikoslick, Rogerrogerdodger, Fama Clamosa, F.Karels, HerrennvolkOobermenschAnschluuss, Pugilist, LukeM212, Teddycom, ReaperEternal, Andrej N. B., Jgvpiff, Bobbymcbobbag, MyMoloboaccount, IRISZOOM, Dr. Crisp, Deemaisthebest, Tbhotch, Glorfindel Gold-scheitel, Detrah360, Upyourbigga, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, IANVS, Alph Bot, Pscannons, Lovestomessthingsup, NerdyScienceDude, Ccrazy-mann, Salvio giuliano, Greatgreenwhale, Steve03Mills, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Brooser93, Surlyduff50, Nuujinn,Tsdek, Dillon workman, Dewritech, Margulewicz, Cfirth2000, Tommy2010, John of Lancaster, Zhaneboy, Manbilong, Candy4567, Bon-goramsey, Gfndustin101, Inhakito, Imperial Monarch, Honkamp1234, Mar4d, Dffgd, Fernirm, IIIraute, Andeep3450, SporkBot, Dtihkse,Ikkemye, Prüm, Nanib, ShaneMc2010, Ubikwit, KazekageTR, Bstephens67, JakHeadford, Zehneh, RoseAphro, Shipsterot, Chuispas-tonBot, Spahis, Lazyfoxx, Spicemix, Sonicyouth86, Dr. Persi, MelbourneStar, , Catlemur, Piast93, Rainbowwrasse, RJFF, Frietjes,Alphasinus, Hazhk, Pensionero, Grondolf, GeordieWikiEditor, Helpful Pixie Bot, Mikeifc123, Danx2k, GonzaPe8, BG19bot, Iselilja,HIDECCHI001, McZusatz, Dambler, Amolbot, Blackdoom77, Yerevantsi, INTERRAILS, Xaxosax, 14Adrian, Katangais, Ernio48,Go ahead punk, Minsbot, Gameboykid64, Sdafdsfaddfsad, Vincentnufcr1, Urjyurf, BattyBot, Otkdna, Ocnerosti, Khazar2, MSUGRA,J.P.Rallizgard, Windows.dll, Pankoroku, Yaserali864, Timothysandole, Krakkos, Evildoer187, Ghostofjustice, Eldunayz, Corn cheese,EvergreenFir, Colleabois, Monochrome Monitor, Theuser777, Kohelet, Ionchari, Le Sabre, Jaam0121, Nmgscp1974, Kezzer16, Guy355,Monkbot, Lapafj, Derekitou, Dannis243, Stolichanin, Depressed my entire life, Jerodlycett and Anonymous: 991

13.2 Images• File:AM_Juli_2010_-_3zu4.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Angela_Merkel_Juli_2010_-_3zu4.jpgLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: File:Angela Merkel, Juli 2010.jpg (“Armin Linnartz site [http://www.cducsu.de/WebUserControls/ShowPicture.aspx?picid=3512&type=3 image") Original artist: Armin Linnartz

• File:AllianzArenaSunset.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/AllianzArenaSunset.jpg License: CC BY2.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Miaers at English WikipediaLater versions were uploaded by GeeJo at en.wikipedia.

• File:AvHumboldt.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: [1] Original artist: Joseph Karl Stieler

• File:Beethoven.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: http://www.fraunhofer.de/archiv/presseinfos/pflege.zv.fhg.de/german/press/pi/pi2002/08/md_fo6a.html Original artist: Joseph KarlStieler

• File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074398-0021,_Bonn,_Pressekonferenz_Bundestagswahlkampf,_Kohl.jpg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074398-0021%2C_Bonn%2C_Pressekonferenz_Bundestagswahlkampf%2C_Kohl.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by theGerman Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authenticrepresentation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital ImageArchive. Original artist: Engelbert Reineke

• File:Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0705,_Polen,_Herkunft_der_Umsiedler,_Karte.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0705%2C_Polen%2C_Herkunft_der_Umsiedler%2C_Karte.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 deContributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of acooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or posi-tive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Deutsches_Reich_1871-1918.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Deutsches_Reich_1871-1918.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:

• Deutsches_Reich1.png Original artist: Deutsches_Reich1.png: kgberger• File:DeutschsprachigesEuropa.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/DeutschsprachigesEuropa.png Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work (Original text: selbst erstellt) Original artist: BlueMars

• File:Diane_Kruger_at_2008_Venice_Film_Festival-01.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Diane_Kruger_at_2008_Venice_Film_Festival-01.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Mostra 2008 Orig-inal artist: Mireille Ampilhac

• File:Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/washere. Modified version of <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_germanic-languages.PNG' class='image'><imgalt='Europe germanic-languages.PNG' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Europe_germanic-languages.PNG/50px-Europe_germanic-languages.PNG' width='50' height='53' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Europe_germanic-languages.PNG/75px-Europe_germanic-languages.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Europe_germanic-languages.PNG/100px-Europe_germanic-languages.PNG 2x' data-file-width='475' data-file-height='508' /></a>Original artist: Original uploader and author was Hunef at en.wikipedia

22 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Based on: http://www.manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera_colores.htm Original artist: (Vector graphics by Dbenbenn)

• File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svgLicense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig-inal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domainContributors:

• Flags of the World – Hungary Original artist: SKopp• File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Origi-nal artist: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) providesthe official specification for the design of the Israeli flag.

• File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -xfi-

• File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg License:Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domainContributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006

• File:Flag_of_Namibia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn

• File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg License: CC0 Con-tributors: This file is from the Open Clip Art Library, which released it explicitly into the public domain (see here). Original artist: Republicadel Paraguay

• File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick

• File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan

• File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: Per specifications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National flag Original artist: Flag design byFrederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users

• File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

13.2 Images 23

• File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet

Credits:• File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domainContributors: ДСТУ 4512:2006 - Державний прапор України. Загальні технічні умови

SVG: 2010

Original artist: України• File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg License: Public domainContributors: design of the sun copied from URL [1], which was copied by Francisco Gregoric, 5 Jul 2004 from URL [2] Original artist:User:Reisio (original author)

• File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion

• File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:German_ancestry.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/German_ancestry.png License: CC BY-SA4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Derekitou

• File:German_mosaic_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/German_mosaic_2.jpg License: CC BY-SA3.0 Contributors:

• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther,_1529.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/112px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg' width='112' height='120'srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/167px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg/223px-Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg 2x' data-file-width='600' data-file-height='645' /></a>

Martin Luther• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beethoven.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/100px-Beethoven.jpg' width='100' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/150px-Beethoven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/199px-Beethoven.jpg 2x' data-file-width='1200' data-file-height='1443' /></a>

Ludwig van Beethoven• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_(painted_portrait).jpg' class='image'><img alt=''

src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Immanuel_Kant_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/83px-Immanuel_Kant_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg' width='83' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Immanuel_Kant_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/125px-Immanuel_Kant_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x,//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Immanuel_Kant_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/167px-Immanuel_Kant_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 2x' data-file-width='964' data-file-height='1388' /></a>

Immanuel Kant• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Goethe_(Stieler_1828).jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.

org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg/97px-Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg' width='97'height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg/146px-Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg/195px-Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg 2x' data-file-width='1972' data-file-height='2432' /></a>

Goethe• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gutenberg.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/thumb/3/33/Gutenberg.jpg/93px-Gutenberg.jpg' width='93' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gutenberg.jpg/140px-Gutenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gutenberg.jpg/187px-Gutenberg.jpg 2x' data-file-width='374' data-file-height='480' /></a>

Johannes Gutenberg• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philipp_Lahm_2419.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.

org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Philipp_Lahm_2419.jpg/105px-Philipp_Lahm_2419.jpg' width='105' height='120'srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Philipp_Lahm_2419.jpg/158px-Philipp_Lahm_2419.jpg 1.5x,//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Philipp_Lahm_2419.jpg/211px-Philipp_Lahm_2419.jpg 2x' data-file-width='1200' data-file-height='1366' /></a>

Philipp Lahm

24 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg' class='image'><img alt=''src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg/88px-Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg' width='88' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg/132px-Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg 1.5x,//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg/176px-Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg 2x' data-file-width='675' data-file-height='922' /></a>

Friedrich Schiller• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AvHumboldt.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/85px-AvHumboldt.jpg' width='85' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/128px-AvHumboldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/171px-AvHumboldt.jpg 2x' data-file-width='246' data-file-height='345' /></a>

Alexander von Humboldt• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004,_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg'

class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/80px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg'width='80' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 2x' data-file-width='534' data-file-height='800' /></a>

Konrad Adenauer• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benedykt_XVI_(2010-10-17)_4.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.

wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg/83px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg' width='83' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg/124px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg/166px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg 2x'data-file-width='691' data-file-height='1000' /></a>

Pope Benedict XVI• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christa_Wolf_2007.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.

org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Christa_Wolf_2007.jpg/72px-Christa_Wolf_2007.jpg' width='72' height='120'srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Christa_Wolf_2007.jpg/108px-Christa_Wolf_2007.jpg1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Christa_Wolf_2007.jpg/144px-Christa_Wolf_2007.jpg 2x'data-file-width='455' data-file-height='759' /></a>

Christa Wolf• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_portrait2.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.

org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Einstein_1921_portrait2.jpg/96px-Einstein_1921_portrait2.jpg' width='96' height='120'srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Einstein_1921_portrait2.jpg/144px-Einstein_1921_portrait2.jpg1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Einstein_1921_portrait2.jpg/192px-Einstein_1921_portrait2.jpg2x' data-file-width='1644' data-file-height='2052' /></a>

Albert Einstein• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clara_Schumann_1878.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.

org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Clara_Schumann_1878.jpg/84px-Clara_Schumann_1878.jpg' width='84' height='120'srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Clara_Schumann_1878.jpg/126px-Clara_Schumann_1878.jpg1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Clara_Schumann_1878.jpg/167px-Clara_Schumann_1878.jpg 2x'data-file-width='361' data-file-height='517' /></a>

Clara Schumann• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wernher_von_Braun.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.

org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/98px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg' width='98' height='120'srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/146px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/195px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg 2x'data-file-width='2440' data-file-height='3000' /></a>

Wernher von Braun• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lena_Meyer-Landrut_at_PC_after_2010_Eurovision_2.jpg' class='image'><img

alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lena_Meyer-Landrut_at_PC_after_2010_Eurovision_2.jpg/80px-Lena_Meyer-Landrut_at_PC_after_2010_Eurovision_2.jpg' width='80' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lena_Meyer-Landrut_at_PC_after_2010_Eurovision_2.jpg/120px-Lena_Meyer-Landrut_at_PC_after_2010_Eurovision_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lena_Meyer-Landrut_at_PC_after_2010_Eurovision_2.jpg/160px-Lena_Meyer-Landrut_at_PC_after_2010_Eurovision_2.jpg 2x' data-file-width='1935'data-file-height='2905' /></a>

Lena Meyer-Landrut

13.2 Images 25

• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Alexeevna_by_L.Caravaque_(1745,_Gatchina_museum).jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Alexeevna_by_L.Caravaque_%281745%2C_Gatchina_museum%29.jpg/94px-Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Alexeevna_by_L.Caravaque_%281745%2C_Gatchina_museum%29.jpg' width='94' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Alexeevna_by_L.Caravaque_%281745%2C_Gatchina_museum%29.jpg/140px-Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Alexeevna_by_L.Caravaque_%281745%2C_Gatchina_museum%29.jpg 1.5x,//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Alexeevna_by_L.Caravaque_%281745%2C_Gatchina_museum%29.jpg/187px-Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Alexeevna_by_L.Caravaque_%281745%2C_Gatchina_museum%29.jpg 2x' data-file-width='339' data-file-height='434' /></a>

Catherine the Great• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Schumacher-I%27m_the_man_(cropped).jpg' class='image'><img

alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Michael_Schumacher-I%27m_the_man_%28cropped%29.jpg/89px-Michael_Schumacher-I%27m_the_man_%28cropped%29.jpg' width='89' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Michael_Schumacher-I%27m_the_man_%28cropped%29.jpg/133px-Michael_Schumacher-I%27m_the_man_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Michael_Schumacher-I%27m_the_man_%28cropped%29.jpg/177px-Michael_Schumacher-I%27m_the_man_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x'data-file-width='1260' data-file-height='1704' /></a>

Michael Schumacher• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Schiffer_wax_figure.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.

wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Claudia_Schiffer_wax_figure.jpg/80px-Claudia_Schiffer_wax_figure.jpg'width='80' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Claudia_Schiffer_wax_figure.jpg/120px-Claudia_Schiffer_wax_figure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Claudia_Schiffer_wax_figure.jpg/160px-Claudia_Schiffer_wax_figure.jpg 2x' data-file-width='853' data-file-height='1280' /></a>

Claudia Schiffer• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1990-023-06A,_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg'

class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1990-023-06A%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/82px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1990-023-06A%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg' width='82' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1990-023-06A%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/123px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1990-023-06A%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1990-023-06A%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/164px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1990-023-06A%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg 2x' data-file-width='525' data-file-height='767' /></a>

Otto von Bismarck• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_

1-1000x1540.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg/78px-Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg' width='78' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg/117px-Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg/156px-Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg 2x' data-file-width='1000' data-file-height='1540'/></a>

Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.

org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/84px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg' width='84' height='120'srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/126px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 1.5x,//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/168px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 2x' data-file-width='639' data-file-height='910' /></a>

Karl Marx• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_(1951)_(Cropped).png' class='image'><img

alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png/96px-Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png' width='96'height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png/144px-Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png 1.5x,//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png/192px-Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png 2x' data-file-width='600' data-file-height='750' /></a>

Marlene Dietrich• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.

org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/97px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg' width='97' height='120'srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/146px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/195px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg

26 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

2x' data-file-width='480' data-file-height='591' /></a>

Johann Sebastian Bach• <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.

wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portrait_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche.jpg/103px-Portrait_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche.jpg' width='103' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portrait_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche.jpg/155px-Portrait_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portrait_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche.jpg/207px-Portrait_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche.jpg 2x' data-file-width='600' data-file-height='696' /></a>

Friedrich Nietzsche

Original artist: Stolichanin• File:HRR_10Jh.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/HRR_10Jh.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Herder_by_Kügelgen.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Herder_by_K%C3%BCgelgen.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: http://hdl.handle.net/10062/3588 Original artist: Gerhard von Kügelgen

• File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svgLicense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Made from the public domain map “Central Europe about 1648” from the Historical Atlas byWilliam R. Shepherd, at the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas. Further information from Overy, Richard,2006, The Times Complete history of the world Times Books ISBN 0007181299, and from this map Original artist: Astrokey44

• File:Image_Germania_(painting).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:Original artist: Philipp Veit

• File:Immanuel_Kant_(painted_portrait).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Immanuel_Kant_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: /History/Carnegie/kant/portrait.html Original artist: unspecified

• File:Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: File:Romia Imperio.png, originally by Jani Niemenmaa. Original artist: Modification· Bearbeitung · Prilaboro: D. Bachmann

• File:Inglehart_Values_Map.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Inglehart_Values_Map.svg License: CCBY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Koyos

• File:Lange_diercke_sachsen_deutschtum_erde.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Lange_diercke_sachsen_deutschtum_erde.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Anonymous

• File:Map_German_World.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Map_German_World.png License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: Image:BlankMap-World.png Original artist: User:Ilario

• File:Martin_Luther,_1529.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Martin_Luther%2C_1529.jpg License:Public domain Contributors:Original artist: Lucas Cranach the Elder

• File:Mjollnir_icon.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Mjollnir_icon.png License: Public domain Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lienhard Schulz

• File:Schloss_Neuschwanstein_2013.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Schloss_Neuschwanstein_2013.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thomas Wolf, www.foto-tw.de

• File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPGLicense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original photo by unknown author. Reproduction from public documentation/memorial by Lear 21at English Wikipedia. Original artist: Unknown photographer, Reproduction by Lear 21 at English Wikipedia.

• File:Wernerprokla.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Wernerprokla.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Museen Nord / Bismarck Museum: Picture Original artist: Anton von Werner

• File:West_Germanic_Kingdoms_460.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/West_Germanic_Kingdoms_460.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from cs.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sevela.p usingCommonsHelper. Original artist: Nicomède. Original uploader was Farran at cs.wikipedia

13.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0