geothermal drilling – technologies and opportunities · › accessing the geothermal energy is a...
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Geothermal drilling – technologies and opportunitiesErlend Randeberg, IRIS, Norway
13 October 2017
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Outline
› Background
› Geothermal drilling challenges
› Drilling and rock breaking
› Paths to drilling improvements
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About IRIS
› Client-oriented research institute – Energy, Environment and Social Science
› Clients from trade, industry and public sector –nationally and internationally
› Ca. 200 employees, from 23 different countries, 92 PhDs
› Main office in Stavanger, Norway
13 October 2017Photo: Elisabeth Tønnessen / IRIS
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IRIS Energy – main areas
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Drilling & well technology Reservoir technology
Research facilities Green technologies
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Geothermal energy resources
› Geothermal gradients• 5-70 °C/km in the earth’s crust (typically ~30 °C/km)• Anomalies occur (volcanic regions)
› ‘Unlimited’ energy resource base• A matter of well depth• MIT report (2006): potential for 100 GWe in the US
› How to harvest the thermal energy resources?
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Geothermal energy today
1. Low temperature systems• With heat pump systems• Seasonal storage• Shallow wells (some 100 meters)• Relatively “easy” drilling (hammer/percussive)• Cost-effective heat and increasingly popular
2. High temperature systems• Limited to “hydrothermal” sites – typically volcanic regions• Up to ~4 km depth• Sufficient water and high natural permeability• Suitable for power production – typically ~200 °C steam• Limited resource base (few regions in the world)
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Unconventional geothermal well types
› “Hot dry rock” or EGS (engineered/enhanced geothermal systems)› Possibility of “universal” geothermal solution
› Need to drill sufficiently deep (hot enough)
› Understanding the reservoir
› Necessary to circulate through a large fracture network (subsurface heat exchanger)
› Future: Extreme temperatures (supercritical fluids)› 400-500 °C, high pressure
› Hot research topic
› A vast resource base is available
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Deep geothermal vs. oil & gas
› Geothermal wells are similar to oil & gas:1. Drilling2. Completion3. Maintenance/ intervention (production)4. Plugging and abandonment
› Technology transfer (oil & gas vs. geothermal)?• Different incentives for cost reduction• Shared markets yield high costs (compete for rigs,
crew etc.)• Geothermal as first mover?
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Cost of geothermal drilling
› Literature: 30-70 % of plant cost on well construction
› IEA (2011): Key R&D priority on cost-effective drilling technology
› EGEC (2016): Target of 25 % well construction cost reduction
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(Augustine et al., 2006)
“Report on geothermal drilling”, GEOELEC (2013)
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Some geothermal drilling cost drivers
› “Uniqueness”/learning curve effect
› Materials (casing/cement)
› Large hole diameters
› High temperatures
› Downhole environment
› Fractured rock
› Hard rock
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Drilling cases and applications
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Shallow
Deep
Soft rock Hard rock
Mining
Deep geothermal
Shallow geothermal
Tunnel construction
Petroleum
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Technology development – deep hard rock (geothermal) drilling
› Rock breaking is the single most important factor• Low penetration rates• Equipment wear and failure
› Fundamental concerns of rock breaking process:• How energy is transferred to the rock (breaking the
rock)• Controlling secondary effects (bit wear, drillstring
dynamics)• Cuttings removal
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Technologies for breaking rock
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Thermal• Flame• Electric spark/arc• Laser• Electromagnetic• …
Fluid-based• Jetting• Cavitation
Chemical• Reactive acids, fluorine etc.• Explosives• …
Mechanical• Impact (axial)• Shearing (torsional)
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Mechanical drilling improvements
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Percussive drilling
Rotary drilling
Drilling process control
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Percussive drilling
› Effective for hard rock• High rock breaking efficiency
› Limited depth• Air drilling for shallow wells• Unconventional for deep wells
› Development for deep drilling• Operation• Hammer• Drillbit• Drilling fluids• Rotary/percussive action
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(Atlas Copco hammer/drillbit)
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Rotary drilling
› Today’s method for deep wells• Efficient shearing mechanism
› Hard rock challenges• Drillbit wear• Dysfunctional vibrations
› Development areas• Drillbits• Other tools in the string• Control/operation
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Geothermal drilling: Short term improvements
› Percussive drilling for deeper wells• Increased applicability (depth)• Potential for step changes
› Rotary drilling for increasingly harder rocks• Shearing (PDC) bits for geothermal• Increased applicability (control, materials…)• Gradual improvements
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Geothermal drilling: Longer term improvements
› Electrical power from surface to downhole• Efficiency and robustness• Powering and direct control of drilling tool• Traction• High bandwidth communication (wired pipe)
› Development of “unproven” methods• High rock breaking potential: Laser, microwaves, plasma, electric
sparks etc.• Performance at depth, e.g. power supply, high pressure
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Summary and conclusions
› Accessing the geothermal energy is a major challenge (cost issue)
› The Norwegian oil & gas drilling expertise gives us a benefit• Close collaboration with drilling industry• From petroleum to geothermal well construction – similarities and
differences
› IRIS wants to contribute to the geothermal community
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