geosynthetics in forestry application - · pdf filegeosynthetics in forestry application by...
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Geosynthetics in Geosynthetics in Forestry ApplicationForestry Application
ByBy
Donald Lindsay, CEG, PEDonald Lindsay, CEG, PEEngineering Geologist/Civil EngineerEngineering Geologist/Civil Engineer
California Geological SurveyCalifornia Geological Survey
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Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
Background information on Geosynthetics.
Look at examples of geosynthetics in Forestry Applications.
Review currently accepted design standards.
Where applicable, identify simplified design procedures to promote the use of geosynthetics.
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PRACTITIONERSRPFsLTOs
REVIEW TEAM AGENCIESCDFDFG
RWQCBCGS
GEOSYNTHETICSKNOWLEDGE
DESIGN STANDARDS
GOALGOAL
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ASTM, 1994
Geosynthetics DefinedGeosynthetics Defined
““Planar, polymeric material used with soil, Planar, polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geotechnicalrock, earth, or other geotechnical--related related material as an integral part of an material as an integral part of an engineered project, structure, or system.engineered project, structure, or system.””
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Common Geosynthetics in Forest Common Geosynthetics in Forest ApplicationsApplications
Geotextiles Geogrids
Geocomposites Geocells
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Common Geosynthetic functions in Common Geosynthetic functions in Forest ApplicationsForest Applications
►►SeparationSeparation►►FiltrationFiltration►►InIn--plane Drainageplane Drainage►►ReinforcementReinforcement►►Protection/CushionProtection/Cushion►►Fluid BarrierFluid Barrier
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SeparationSeparation
Rock Fill
Geotextile
CMP
Road surface
Tensar
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FiltrationFiltration
Geocomposites
Wrapped aggregate drains
Filter fabric
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InIn--Plane DrainagePlane Drainage
Nonwoven
Geocomposite
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ReinforcementReinforcement
►►Geosynthetics increase soil shear resistance Geosynthetics increase soil shear resistance by increasing by increasing tensionaltensional and and passive resistant passive resistant forcesforces..
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Mechanics of ReinforcementMechanics of Reinforcement
HIGHHIGHLOW LOW ExtensibilityExtensibility of of geosyntheticgeosynthetic
LOW to NALOW to NAHIGHHIGHConfinementConfinement(Dilation)(Dilation)
GEOTEXTILEGEOTEXTILE
LOWLOW
GEOGRIDGEOGRID
HIGHHIGHFrictionFriction between between geosynthetic and geosynthetic and soilsoil
W
F
S
Tmax
Tmax
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Confinement:
Dr. Jie Han, PE
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GEOSYNTHETICS
Geogrids
Geocells
Geotextiles
Geocomposites
FUNCTIONS
Separation
Filtration
In-Plane Drainage
Reinforcement
FOREST APPLICATIONS
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Forest ApplicationsForest Applications
►►Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems
►►Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and
SeparationSeparation
►►Subsurface DrainageSubsurface Drainage
►►Reinforced SlopesReinforced Slopes
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Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems►► Used instead of graded Used instead of graded
granular materials in hard granular materials in hard armor structures such as:armor structures such as:
Beneath rock slope Beneath rock slope protection along stream protection along stream channels and bridge channels and bridge abutments abutments (separation, filtration)(separation, filtration)
Beneath armor stone on cut Beneath armor stone on cut and fill slopesand fill slopes (separation, (separation, filtration)filtration)
Fabric
Without fabric With fabric
hh/2
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Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems
►► Used as scour protection in Used as scour protection in lowlow--water stream water stream
crossingscrossings (separation, reinforcement)(separation, reinforcement)
GeocellClarkin K. et. al., 2006 (USFS)
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Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems
►► Used to temporarily control Used to temporarily control and minimize erosion and and minimize erosion and sediment transport until sediment transport until vegetation can be vegetation can be established. Examples established. Examples include:include:
Erosion control blankets and Erosion control blankets and mats.mats.
Ed Rose, USFS
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Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems
Advantages:Advantages:►►Reduce the use of costly granular aggregate Reduce the use of costly granular aggregate
material.material.►►Expedite construction.Expedite construction.►►Provide protection while promoting Provide protection while promoting
vegetation growth.vegetation growth.
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Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems
DisadvantagesDisadvantages::►►Additional time to place and workaround.Additional time to place and workaround.►►Use of improper geosynthetic for the given Use of improper geosynthetic for the given
function and site conditions (oversight).function and site conditions (oversight).►►Improper installation (oversight).Improper installation (oversight).
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Forest ApplicationsForest Applications
►►Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems
►►Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and
SeparationSeparation
►►Subsurface DrainageSubsurface Drainage
►►Reinforced SlopesReinforced Slopes
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Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and SeparationSeparation
►► The cost to rock roads The cost to rock roads can be substantially can be substantially lowered when the road lowered when the road has a soft, yielding has a soft, yielding subgrade.subgrade.
►► Achieved by providing Achieved by providing three functions: three functions:
Reinforcement Reinforcement SeparationSeparationFiltration Filtration (less common)(less common)
Geosynthetic Materials Association
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Soft Subgrade Soft Subgrade ReinforcementReinforcement
FHWA HI-95-038
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Tensar
Soft Subgrade ReinforcementSoft Subgrade Reinforcement
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Soft Subgrade SeparationSoft Subgrade Separation
Tensar
FHWA HI-95-038
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FHWA HI-95-038
Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and SeparationSoft Subgrade Reinforcement and Separation
Aggregate lost to weak subgrades
Log truck makes ruts
Log truck stuck
Pickup truck makes ruts
Pickup truck stuck
(Relative substrate strength)
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Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and SeparationSeparation
Advantages:Advantages:►► Reduces stresses in subgrade Reduces stresses in subgrade ( reinforcement).( reinforcement).
►► Prevents contamination of surface rock Prevents contamination of surface rock (separation, (separation, filtration).filtration).
►► Reduces excavation of unsuitable subgrade Reduces excavation of unsuitable subgrade materials materials (separation, reinforcement).(separation, reinforcement).
►► Reduces the thickness of aggregate required to Reduces the thickness of aggregate required to stabilize the subgrade stabilize the subgrade (separation, reinforcement).(separation, reinforcement).
►► Aids in compaction of surface rock Aids in compaction of surface rock (separation, reinforcement, (separation, reinforcement, drainage).drainage).
►► Reduces maintenance and extends the life of the Reduces maintenance and extends the life of the road surface road surface (filtration, separation, drainage, reinforcement).(filtration, separation, drainage, reinforcement).
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Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and SeparationSeparation
Disadvantages:Disadvantages:►► Price of geosynthetics? (about $3/ft. road).Price of geosynthetics? (about $3/ft. road).►► Use of improper geosynthetic for the given function and Use of improper geosynthetic for the given function and
site conditions (specifications and/or oversight).site conditions (specifications and/or oversight).
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Forest ApplicationsForest Applications
►►Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems
►►Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and
SeparationSeparation
►►Subsurface DrainageSubsurface Drainage
►►Reinforced SlopesReinforced Slopes
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Subsurface DrainageSubsurface Drainage
►►Geosynthetics can be used as a replacement Geosynthetics can be used as a replacement for, or in conjunction with, conventional for, or in conjunction with, conventional graded granular filters.graded granular filters.
►►Examples:Examples:GeocompositeGeocomposite drainsdrainsWrapped aggregate drains (burrito drains, Wrapped aggregate drains (burrito drains, wrapped wrapped underdrainsunderdrains))
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Ed Rose, USFS
Geocomposite Drain
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Ed Rose, USFS
Geocomposite Drain
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Ed Rose, USFS
Wrapped Aggregate Drain
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Precautions to prevent damage from construction:
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Need to choose appropriate fabric for the soil conditions.
Filter bridge forms
Poorly-graded soils can cause clogging.
Too large an AOS can cause soil piping.
Too small an AOS can cause clogging.
No Filter bridgeNo Filter bridge
AOS < D85
AOS > 3D15
AOS > 3D15AOS < D85
AOS = apparent opening size
Precautions to prevent clogging:
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Subsurface DrainageSubsurface Drainage
Advantages:Advantages:►►Prevents fines from contaminating the drain Prevents fines from contaminating the drain
rock while allowing water to pass rock while allowing water to pass (filtration).(filtration).
►►Allows for the use of lessAllows for the use of less--costly drainage costly drainage aggregate aggregate (separation, filtration).(separation, filtration).
►►Expedites constructionExpedites construction..
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Subsurface DrainageSubsurface Drainage
Disadvantages:Disadvantages:►►Use of improper geosynthetic for the Use of improper geosynthetic for the
given function and site conditions given function and site conditions (specifications and oversight).(specifications and oversight).
►►Poor installation.Poor installation.
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1.1. Evaluate the critical nature of the application.Evaluate the critical nature of the application.2.2. Obtain soil samples and perform necessary tests Obtain soil samples and perform necessary tests
(gradation, hydrometer, (gradation, hydrometer, AtterbergAtterberg limits).limits).3.3. Determine the dimensions of the drain system.Determine the dimensions of the drain system.4.4. Determine geotextile hydraulic Determine geotextile hydraulic requirmentsrequirments
(retention, flow, clogging).(retention, flow, clogging).5.5. Determine geotextile survivability requirements.Determine geotextile survivability requirements.6.6. Prepare Specifications.Prepare Specifications.7.7. Monitor Installation.Monitor Installation.
Adapted from FHWA HI-95-038
Accepted Design ProcedureAccepted Design Procedure
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High permeability High permeability but Percent open but Percent open
area (POS) is more area (POS) is more prone to clogging.prone to clogging.
High porosity +High porosity +High permeabilityHigh permeability= High flow for = High flow for
longer.longer.
WOVENWOVENNONWOVENNONWOVEN
Geofabric
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Forest ApplicationsForest Applications
►►Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems
►►Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and
SeparationSeparation
►►Subsurface DrainageSubsurface Drainage
►►Reinforced SlopesReinforced Slopes……..Finally the good stuff!..Finally the good stuff!
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Reinforced SlopesReinforced Slopes
►►GeosyntheticGeosynthetic--reinforced slopes allow the reinforced slopes allow the ability to construct slopes steeper than ability to construct slopes steeper than those constructed using more traditional those constructed using more traditional means. means.
►►Two common types of reinforcement:Two common types of reinforcement:GeogridGeogridGeotextileGeotextile
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Ed Rose, USFS
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Reinforced SlopesReinforced SlopesAdvantages:Advantages:►► Allows for the use of onAllows for the use of on--site, native material site, native material
rather then importing select material rather then importing select material (reinforcement).(reinforcement).
►► Can eliminate the need for buttress elements such Can eliminate the need for buttress elements such as ripas rip--rap, krap, k--rails, etc. rails, etc. (reinforcement).(reinforcement).
►► Reduces the area and volume of fills Reduces the area and volume of fills (reinforcement).(reinforcement).
►► Aids in compaction during construction Aids in compaction during construction (separation, (separation, reinforcement, drainage).reinforcement, drainage).
►► Can stabilize large landslides by unloading the Can stabilize large landslides by unloading the head, reinforcing the toe, and providing internal head, reinforcing the toe, and providing internal drainage drainage (separation, reinforcement, drainage).(separation, reinforcement, drainage).
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Reinforced SlopesReinforced Slopes
Disadvantages:Disadvantages:►►Consultant fees for design.Consultant fees for design.►►Use of improper geosynthetic for the given Use of improper geosynthetic for the given
function and site conditions.function and site conditions.►►Requires more complex construction Requires more complex construction
techniques (keying, benching) and more techniques (keying, benching) and more stringent construction specifications stringent construction specifications (moisture conditioning, compaction).(moisture conditioning, compaction).
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Accepted Design ProcedureAccepted Design Procedure1.1. Address cause of original failure.Address cause of original failure.2.2. Establish the geometric, loading, and performance Establish the geometric, loading, and performance
requirements for design.requirements for design.3.3. Determine the subsurface Determine the subsurface stratigraphystratigraphy and the and the
engineering properties of the natural soils.engineering properties of the natural soils.4.4. Determine the engineering properties of the available fill Determine the engineering properties of the available fill
soils.soils.5.5. Establish design parameters for the reinforcement Establish design parameters for the reinforcement
(design reinforcement strength, durability criteria, soil(design reinforcement strength, durability criteria, soil--reinforcement interaction).reinforcement interaction).
6.6. Determine the factor of safety of the unreinforced slope. Determine the factor of safety of the unreinforced slope. 7.7. Design reinforcement to provide stable slope.Design reinforcement to provide stable slope.8.8. Check external stability.Check external stability.9.9. Evaluate requirements for subsurface and surface water Evaluate requirements for subsurface and surface water
control. control. FHWA HI-95-038
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FHWA HI-00-043
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Challenges of Simplified DesignChallenges of Simplified Design
►►Assessment of onAssessment of on--site materials.site materials.►►Assessment of Global Stability.Assessment of Global Stability.►►Accountability that the work was performed Accountability that the work was performed
as designed. Needs oversight by designer as designed. Needs oversight by designer or designee.or designee.
►►Evaluating the appropriateness of the Evaluating the appropriateness of the proposed repairs. proposed repairs.
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Developing Soil StrengthsDeveloping Soil Strengths
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TRA#1TRA#1 USCSUSCS►►Sand = Sand = SWSW--SPSP►►Sandy loam = Sandy loam = SCSC--SMSM►►Loam = Loam = SCSC--SMSM►►Silt loam = Silt loam = MLML►►Clay loam = Clay loam = CLCL--MLML►►Clay = Clay = CLCL--CHCH
Forestry Technical Rule Addendum No. 1
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FHWA HI-00-043
Global StabilityGlobal StabilityIssuesIssues
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SummarySummary
►► Erosion Control SystemsErosion Control Systems
Training.Training.
Easy access to available information.Easy access to available information.
►► Soft Subgrade Reinforcement and SeparationSoft Subgrade Reinforcement and Separation
Training.Training.
Easy access to available information.Easy access to available information.
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SummarySummary
►► Subsurface DrainageSubsurface Drainage
Training.Training.
Easy access to available information.Easy access to available information.
Simplified design guidelinesSimplified design guidelines..
►► Reinforced SlopesReinforced Slopes
Training.Training.
Easy access to available information.Easy access to available information.
Simplified design guidelinesSimplified design guidelines..
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