geospatial semantics -- problems and projects
DESCRIPTION
Talk at UCSB in 2011. Lists some common challenges with respect to geo-semantics and solutions we worked between 2008 and 2011. also includes some ideas for future work.TRANSCRIPT
MOTIVATION LINKING GEO-DATA GEO-ONTOLOGIES NEOGEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS
GEOSPATIAL SEMANTICS
PROBLEMS AND PROJECTS
Krzysztof JanowiczGeoVISTA Center, Pennsylvania State University, USA
March 10, 2011
GEOSPATIAL SEMANTICS – PROBLEMS AND PROJECTS KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ
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RETRIEVAL AND INTEGRATION
RESEARCH STREAMS ANALOGY
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RETRIEVAL AND INTEGRATION
DIGITAL EARTH – RETRIEVAL AND INTEGRATION
Digital Earth
Geo-referencedInterconnectedMulti-thematicMulti-perspectiveMulti-dimensional
Knowledge engine
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INTRODUCTION
GEO-DATA AND SERVICES
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INTRODUCTION
LINKING DATA
Data SilosWeb servicesDatabasesWeb pages
hinder ad-hoc combinationenforce data modelslimit re-usability
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INTRODUCTION
FROM LINKED DOCUMENTS TO LINKED DATA
Use Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) to identify entities, link them to otherentities, encode information about these entities using themachine-understandable RDF, and make them available on the Web.
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INTRODUCTION
LINKED DATA FOR SANTA BARBARA
Browsing information related to Santa Barbara using the LinkedData version of Wikipedia (DBpedia).
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INTRODUCTION
LINKED DATA – CREATING THE GLOBAL GRAPH
Integration by searching equivalent types or same features in data sets.
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PROBLEM – MOST GEO-DATA IS NOT ACCESSIBLE
PROBLEM – MOST GEO-DATA IS NOT ACCESSIBLE
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PROJECT – TRANSPARENT SEMANTIC ENABLEMENT
PROJECT – TRANSPARENT SEMANTIC ENABLEMENT
� Connect both worlds without changing any standards� Encapsulate SW technologies by OGC Web Processing Services (WPS)� Encapsulate OGC services using RESTful proxies (e.g., RESTful SOS)
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PROJECT – TRANSPARENT SEMANTIC ENABLEMENT
USING SEMANTIC WEB REASONING FOR SENSOR DISCOVERY
Ontologies and Semantic Web technologies can assist in discoveringappropriate geo-sensors and observation data (Sensor Plug & Play).
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PROJECT – TRANSPARENT SEMANTIC ENABLEMENT
SEMANTIC SENSOR WEB ONTOLOGIES
W3C XG SSN STIMULUS SENSOR OBSERVATION PATTERN
For semantic integration and retrieval, Linked Data needs to beannotated with ontologies that describe the meaning of the used terms.
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INTRODUCTION
GEO-ONTOLOGIES AND HETEROGENEITY
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INTRODUCTION
ONTOLOGY – RESTRICTING INTERPRETATIONS
STRUCTURE MATTERS
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ONTOLOGY – RESTRICTING INTERPRETATIONS
LOCATION MATTERS
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ONTOLOGY – RESTRICTING INTERPRETATIONS
TIME MATTERS
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INTRODUCTION
ONTOLOGY – RESTRICTING INTERPRETATIONS
SOCIAL STRUCTURE MATTERS
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INTRODUCTION
AN ONTOLOGY OF POTHOLES
Potholes are defined as cracksof more than 30mm depth [North East Somerset, UK]with a width of a ’large dinner plate’ (300mm) and the depth ofa ’golf ball’ (40mm) [Gloucestershire, UK]with a width of a ’dinner plate’ (200mm) and a minimum depth ofa ’fist’ (40mm) [Worcestershire, UK]if their depth is ’a pound coin and a 1p coin side by side’[Coventry]
=⇒Due to a severe winter (T) millions of potholes need to be repaired
by the local councils (S) that are legally responsible for the roads
maintenance (A) within their administrative boundaries (S) .
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ONTOLOGIES CANNOT FIX MEANING
ACCORDING TO OUR ONTOLOGY THIS IS A POTHOLE
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ONTOLOGIES CANNOT FIX MEANING
REASONING: CONSTRUCTING BRIDGES CREATES POTHOLES
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PROBLEM – INTEROPERABILITY VS. HETEROGENEITY
PROBLEM – INTEROPERABILITY VS. HETEROGENEITY
Too generic ontologies fail to restrict meaning; too restrictiveontologies exclude multi-perspective and local definitions.
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PROJECT – MICROTHEORIES
PROJECT – HANDLING SEMANTIC HETEROGENEITY BYMICROTHEORIES
Employ space and time as fundamental structuring principles for thedevelopment of ontologies.Similar to Couclelis’ semantic contraction (without pre-defined levels).
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PROJECT – MICROTHEORIES
INSPIRE EXAMPLE– COMPUTING A COMMON GROUND
� INSPIRE Watercourse: ’A natural or man-made flowing water course orstream.’
� Instead of a top-down ontology for the EU that violates local definitions,compute a top-level based on local definitions of the member states.*)INSPIRE: Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community
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PROJECT – MICROTHEORIES
INSPIRE EXAMPLE– LCS AND SIMILARITY
Germany and Spainare administrativelycontained in Europe.Hence, the Europeandefinition has to satisfythe local definitions.
Least Common Subsumer (LCS) reasoning to compute a common EUdefinition. Similarity reasoning to ensure that the result does not end upas the compromise of nobody.
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PRESERVING LOCAL CONCEPTUALIZATIONS
The INSPIRE definition is too restrictive
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INCORPORATING VGI
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SANTA BARBARA IN VGI
"[Various VGI sources and duplication] make [the] interpretation of asituation more complicated as multiple sources can provide conflictingversions of the built and natural environments." (Zook et al; 2010)
"[...] an important item [...] is the formalization of rules that permitcontributed geographic information to be assessed against itsgeographic context, and [...] tools that would implement these rules."(Goodchild and Glennon; 2010)
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LINKEDGEODATA SCHOOLS IN SANTA BARBARA
School 6≡ University ; ∃x(School(x) ∧ ¬ManMade(x))
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LINKEDGEODATA SCHOOLS IN NEW YORK
∃x(School(x) ∧ University(x))?
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WIKIMAPIA SCHOOLS IN SANTA BARBARA
∃x(School(x) ∧ University(x)); ∃x(University(x) ∧ NightClub(x))
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PROBLEM – INTEGRATION BY CLASS EQUIVALENCE
PROBLEM – INTEGRATION BY CLASS EQUIVALENCE
LGDSB : School ≡ LGDNY : School ≡WikimapiaSB : School?
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PROJECT – SEMANTIC SIGNATURES
PROJECT – SEMANTIC SIGNATURES
Bottom-upontology personalizationby Semantic Signatures
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PROJECT – SEMANTIC SIGNATURES
INTRODUCING SEMANTIC SIGNATURES
Figures by ASTER Spectral Library at http://speclib.jpl.nasa.gov
Combine numerical (statistical) models and data withontologies to derive local (personal) primitives (reifications).Analogy to Spectral Signatures used in Remote SensingMultiple bands→ multiple Semantic Signatures
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PROJECT – SEMANTIC SIGNATURES
SEMANTIC SIGNATURES – LOCATION-BASED SOCIAL NETWORKS
Locations types and log-in patterns from Whrrl, New York, USALocal Reifications: e.g., Weekend and EveningUsed to automatically compute missing types of Whrrl POIs
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PROJECT – SEMANTIC SIGNATURES
SEMANTIC SIGNATURES – SPATIAL-SEMANTIC-PATTERNS
POIs plotted by similarity to bar and recycling in OSM data, London, UK
Reifications: e.g., Uniform and Clumped (local signatures)
Bars (and similar features) tend to clump together
Recycling (and similar features) are rather uniformly distributed
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PROJECT – SEMANTIC SIGNATURES
SEMANTIC SIGNATURES – SPATIAL-SEMANTIC INTERACTION
Dzero measures the likeliness of features of a certain type to co-occurwithin a specific semantic and spatial range.User support: generate recommendations, and clean up data basedon type likelihood. ’How likely is a recycling center directly next to anexisting one?’
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THANKS, QUESTIONS?
THANKS, QUESTIONS?
GEOSPATIAL SEMANTICS – PROBLEMS AND PROJECTS KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ
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THANKS, QUESTIONS?
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF SEMANTIC TECHNOLOGIES
Different conceptualizations of geographic space may lead toconflicts. Can we use semantic technologies such as similarityreasoning to make the hidden differences explicit and guide thenegotiation process.
GEOSPATIAL SEMANTICS – PROBLEMS AND PROJECTS KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ
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THANKS, QUESTIONS?
THANKS TO...
[I am very thankful to the contributors of Wikimedia Commons where the potholepictures were taken from. The icons and clip-arts are based on images fromOpenClipArt.org. The LOD diagram was designed by Richard Cyganiak. The collage ofrivers, forests, and estuaries has been composed by my former student StephanieDuce. The Dzero plots and the Whrll log-in figures have been created by my studentsChristoph Mülligann and Mao Ye.]
GEOSPATIAL SEMANTICS – PROBLEMS AND PROJECTS KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ