georgia institute of technology southern company visit june 11, 2008 gretchen goldman, siv...

Georgia Institute of Technology

Southern Company VisitJune 11, 2008

Gretchen Goldman, Siv Balachandran, Laura Parry, Marcus Trail, Jane Li, Jim

Mulholland, Mei Zheng and Ted RussellGIT


Agenda• 12:30 Greetings: Introduce Georgia Power Fellows

• 12:40 Overview of ASACA Russell

• 1:00 Fire Station Eight: Overview Russell

• 1:15 Fire Station 8: BC-Wind rose analysis Russell/Parry

• 1:25 Fire Station 8: Iron analysis Weber

• 1:40 Fire Station 8: Discussion All

• 1:55 Spatial Analyses Mulholland/Goldman

• 2:20 Break

• 2:30 PAH Analyses: Mulholland/Li

• 2:45 Organic Analyses Zheng

• 3:30 Discussion


Georgia Power Fellows: Air

• Used to attract top students to the graduate program– One in air, one not-air

• Siv Balachandran (2007)– Won Amina Ghosh Award this year– Ph.D. expected 2011– Synthesized ASACA Report– Likely working on EPA Source Apportionment-

Epidemiologic project

• 2008: Laura Parry & Marcus Trail (yes, two)– Both GIT undergrads working on ASACA as seniors,

planning on getting their MS (2010)– Continue to work on ASACA, help on EPD CMAQ project


ASACA Agenda

• ASACA– Overall update

• Ted for Siv Balachandran et al.– Fire Station 8

• Ted for Laura Parry & Marcus Trail– Spatial analyses

• Gretchen Goldman– PAH analyses

• Lane Li– WSOC

• Rodney– On-line metals

• Rodney

• Discussion (throughout)


ASACA Overview• Began 1998 (in the field, 1999)

– Andre Butler in response to needs identified as part of SOPHIA– Measure particle composition on a daily basis

• Metals, ions, EC/OC– Metals abandoned in 2001 as large fraction below detection of

ICP-AES» Done via XRF on special needs basis

•Three original sites• Ft. Mac (TEOM & PCM), S. Dekalb (PCM), Tucker (TEOM & PCM)

•TEOM @ JST•Complement SEARCH

•Ft. Yargo added (1 in 3 sampling)•Tucker moved to Fire Station 8 in 2007


ASACA Updates

• System still ticking– TEOMs down for maintenance and repair for awhile

• Ft. Mac still to be decommissioned– Who knows when

• Fire Station 8– EPD moved from FS 8… moving back to the area.

• Current Students– Siv Balachandran (PhD, 2011)– Hyeon-Kook Kim (MS, 2007) (PT, moving to Florida for

PhD)– Emily Lantrip (MS, 2009)– Marcus Trail (UG, 2008) (Future GP Fellow)– Laura Parry (UG, 2008) (Future GP Fellow)

• Transition: Sangil is on an airplane home


Research Projects Using ASACA Data

• Prescribed and wildfire impact and composition analyses– Very successful

• Source impact at Fire Station 8• Spatial analyses• PAH trend• Source apportionment

– Variety in process

• Health association• …• Most also use SEARCH data… thanks!


2007-2008 Student Projects

• Siv Balachandran– ASACA Synthesis

• MS Project– Hyeong Kook Kim

• FS 8 PCA-Wind speed analysis (two months)

• Undergrad projects– Marcus Trail

• Data quality analysis and representation

– Laura Parry • FS 8 BC-wind speed analysis


Capturing a Forest Fire

• February 28th, 2007– 3000 acre planned burned 70

km SE of Atlanta– Winds shift– PM levels climb from <10g

m-3 to over 150 in two hours– Ozone jumps 20 ppb

• Bad for health, but– Great opportunity to diagnose

forest fire impacts• ASACA composition data

– Fires appear to have greater impact than emissions inventories suggest

– Rich in OC, not EC– Aging increases water

solubility

Simulated PM plume

160

120

80

40

0

2/27/2007 2/28/2007 3/1/2007 3/2/2007

Hourly TEOM Observed PM Concentrations

3

2

1

0

g/m

3

2/27/07 3/1/07 3/3/07

20

15

10

5

0

g

/m3

EC OC K+ (x5) NH4+ NO3- SO42-


Understanding Fire Impacts

• As sulfate, nitrate and mobile source OC/EC come down, fire-derived carbon will become a more dominant PM component– Increased prescribed burning (and possibly wildfires)

• Objective– Extend fire emissions studies to measuring plume composition

• Originally thought about going to prescribed burn sites, but luckily, the plume came to us

• Fire Studies– Measurements

• Prescribed fire, February 28– PM2.5 increase over 100 ug m-3

• Wildfire impacts: May and June – Modeling

• Identification of issues


Hourly PM

160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

Confederate

160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

Walton160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

S. Dekalb

160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

2/27/07 2/28/07 3/1/07 3/2/07

StartTime (EST)

Newnan

160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

McDonough

160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

Gwinnett

160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

Athens

160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

Jefferson St.

160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

Yorkville

160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

Fire Station #8 160

120

80

40

0

g/m

3

Ft. McPherson

34.2

34.0

33.8

33.6

33.4

33.2

33.0

-85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5

ASACA SEARCH SLAMS PM SLAMS O3 urban area boundary primary roads prescribed burning sites

Atlanta

NewnanFayetteville

McDonough

ConyerWalton

Athens

Fort YargoGwinnett

Kennesaw

YorkvilleFS8

South DekalbFort McPherson

Confederate

Jefferson St.

•PM began to increase dramatically at about 4:00 pm

•From about 10 to over 150 ug m-3

•Ozone also increased by 30 ppb•Late afternoon in February

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

ppm

2/27/2007 2/28/2007 3/1/2007 3/2/2007

StartTime (EST)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

ppm

A

BC

CO (left) NOy NO SO2

(c)

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

ppm

YorkvilleGwinnettNewnanFayettevilleDouglasville

(b)

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

ppm

ConfederateConyerMcDonoughSouthDekalbJeffersonKennesaw

(a)


Aethalometer

10

8

6

4

2

0

g/m

3

2/26/2007 2/27/2007 2/28/2007 3/1/2007 3/2/2007

StartTime (EST)

600x10-6

500

400

300

200

100

0

1/m

Yorkville

10

8

6

4

2

0

g/m

3

600x10-6

500

400

300

200

100

0

1/mBC (left) Bsp (right)

Jefferson St.

10

8

6

4

2

0

g/m

3

South Dekalb


Chemical Composition

50

40

30

20

10

0

g/m

3

2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07

FS8

2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07

FT

2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07

SD

2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07

JST

2/26/07 2/28/07 3/2/07

YRK

AmmoniumNitrateSulfateOCEC

GC/MS Analysis

QZ Filter Organic Solvent ExtractSonication

FiltrationCondensate Extract

Evaporation

Blow-down

One Half Extract

One Half Extract

Methylation

Silylation

GC/MS Analysis

GC/MS Analysis

Alkanes

Hopanes and Steranes

PAHs

Resin Acids

Fatty Acids

Others

Levoglucosan

Cholesterol

Methyltetrols

BSTFA (Silylation)

N

Si(CH3)3F3C

O

Si(CH3)3R-OH R-O-Si(CH3)3 (M+73)

R-COOH R-COO-Si(CH3)3 (M+73)

R-COOH + CH2N2 R-COO-CH3 (M+15)

Dizomethane (Methylation)


Levoglucosan in Smoke Samples

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Am

bie

nt

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

ng

/m3)

Before Fire Smoke After Fire


Ambient Data of Fatty Acids in Smoke Samples

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Tet

rade

cano

ic a

cid

Pen

tade

cano

ic a

cid

Hex

adec

anoi

c ac

id

Hep

tade

cano

ic a

cid

Oct

adec

anoi

c ac

id

Non

adec

anoi

c ac

id

Eic

osan

oic

acid

Hen

eico

sano

ic a

cid

Doc

osan

oic

acid

Tric

osan

oic

acid

Tet

raco

sano

ic a

cid

Pen

taco

sano

ic a

cid

Hex

acos

anoi

c ac

id

Hep

taco

sano

ic a

cid

Oct

acos

anoi

c ac

id

Non

acos

anoi

c ac

id

Tria

cont

anoi

c ac

id

9-he

xade

ceno

icac

id9,

12-

Oct

adec

aned

ieno

ic9-

Oct

adec

enoi

cac

id

Pin

onic

aci

d

Pin

ic a

cidA

mb

ien

t C

on

cen

trat

ion

(n

g/m

3)

Before Fire Smoke After Fire

Source Apportionment (CMB-Regular*)

50

40

30

20

10

0

g/m

3

2/27/07 2/28/07 2/27/07 2/28/07 2/27/07 2/28/07

undeterminedmetal prod.dustmotor vehiclesprescribed burningNH4NO3(NH4)2SO4NH4HSO4

SDFTFS8

(a)

25

20

15

10

5

0

g/m

3

2/27/07 2/28/07 2/27/07 2/28/07 2/27/07 2/28/07

undeterminedothersmotor vehiclesprescribed burning

SDFTFS8

(b)

Extra “undetermined” on smoke day suggestive it is from fire, but not captured by traditional CMB modeling• Profile(s) in error• Secondary formation

*CMB-MM underway


CMAQ Results

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

12 15 18 21 24

Hour (EST)

PM

2.5

(µg

m-3

)

(c)

(d)

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

12 15 18 21 24

Hour (EST)O

3 (p

pmV

)PM2.5 Ozone

Predicted w/o added organicPredicted with added organic & improved timing

Contribution from fire

Observed

Shown are peak levels at any monitor in the Atlanta area.

Too little OC and ozone rise without additional biogenic VOC emissions-- Timing is still a bit off.


OC-Potassium Relationship

y = 5551.5x2 - 59.862x + 2.7476

R2 = 0.9964

y = 1922.9x2 + 11.14x + 0.6822

R2 = 0.9979

y = 2197.1x2 - 8.4675x + 1.8351

R2 = 1y = 172.13x + 0.8785

R2 = 0.9934

y = 119.59x - 0.4041

R2 = 0.9465

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.0000 0.0200 0.0400 0.0600 0.0800 0.1000 0.1200

K, g/m3

OC

, g

/m3

FS8

FT

SD


“Forecast”, “Hindcast” and Observed Plumes


Simulated PM2.5 Impact of the Oconee NF and Piedmont NWR Fires


Fire Summary

• ASACA and SEARCH networks captured fire events– Prescribed (mainly pine forest)

• Suggests need for increased terpenoid emissions in inventory

• Able to forecast impacts with accuracy• Developed source profile of aged emissions

– Wild (mixed forest, scrub)• Still analyzing


Fire Station 8

• FS 8 consistently had highest PM2.5 in Atlanta region at EPD sites– Various hypotheses as to why:

• Direct exhaust from fire truck idling, busy road & streetlight with trucks, rail yard

• Only mass sampler, so difficult to assess why

– EPD got permission to move sampler*• Moved in mid 2007

• Moved Tucker samplers (PCM, TEOM) to FS 8 in January of 2007– Added aethalometer and wind station (thanks)

*but…


Site Location

• 1721 Marietta Blvd. Atlanta, GA


FS8 Monitoring Site

EPD Looking to move back

Quarry


ASACA Fire Station 8 Sampler


ASACA Sampler

• Quartz: EC/OC• Nylon: Ions• Teflon: Metals (archived)


Comparison to EPD Sampler*

05

1015

20253035

1/1

2/2

007

1/2

6/2

007

2/9

/2007

2/2

3/2

007

3/9

/2007

3/2

3/2

007

4/6

/2007

4/2

0/2

007

5/4

/2007

EPD

ASACA

SDK

*Before EPD sampler moved


Fire Station 8: PM2.5 Mass

FSE PM2.5 Jan ~ Jun 07

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

ug

/m3)

PCM PM2.5

TEOM PM2.5

Reconstructed (without metals, OC ratio =1.4) vs. TEOM

Fire Station 8 PM2.5 Mass:Composite vs. TEOMF S 8 Material Balance

2/22/07 ~ 5/31/07

y = 1.1378x + 2.8944R 2 = 0.8095

N=880

1020304050607080

0 20 40 60 80

P C M 24 hr P M2.5 avg (ug/m3)

Teo

m 2

4 h

r P

M 2

.5

avg


Cation-Anion Balance


Fire Station 8 PM and BC

Fire Station 8 PM2.5 and BC

0.0000

10.0000

20.0000

30.0000

40.0000

50.0000

3/1/07 3/29/07 4/26/07 5/24/07 6/21/07Date

PM

(ug m

^-3)

.

FS_Teom_PM (ug/m3)

aeth_EC(ug/m3)


ASACA PM2.5 Mass

Speciated PM 2.5 Jan ~ May 07

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07

PM

2.5

(uq/m

3)

FS8FTSDYGJST


Source Impact Assessment

• Data collection– BC – aethalometer: 5 minute readings

• Hourly averages - Igor

– Wind speed, direction - sonic anemometer: 10 sec. • Hourly average direction – Igor

• Data Representation– OC:EC Ratio– Wind rose plots

• Annual average BC by wind rose• BC*WS plots• Temporally-divided plots


ASACA EC:OC

OC:EC averages:FS 8: 4.7SDK: 5.3Ft. Mac: 6.8Yargo: 9.7


Wind Rose Analysis

• Construct circular plot of average BC concentrations associated with each wind direction to identify if high concentrations are associated with specific directions.

• Use hourly averaged aethalometer and wind velocity data


BC Wind Rose Plotavg

wsp

BC

March ’07 – Feb ’08 FS8 BC Concentration

High BC levels from the ESE and North• North: Low wind speeds• ESE: Rail yard or road.


FS8 PM2.5

PM2.5 FS8 2007* *limited data (3/1-5/31)

• Less directional than BC• Still peak from north

avg

wsp

PM2.5


FS8 Monitoring Site

avg

wsp

BC


Concerns

• Are the wind measurements reasonable– Is the wind really that light from the north

• Compared wind roses at other locations

• Are the high levels from the north due to lower winds– Plotted BC * WS

• This assumes an inverse relationship for mass conservation, however there are correlations between wind speed and convection

• Can one distinguish rail yard impacts from Marietta Blvd (they are both to the west)?– Compared night vs. day wind roses

• Rail yard expected to run more continuously– Compared Sunday vs. weekday roses

Other Station Wind Rose Resultsavg

wsp

NOx

CO

S. Dekalb

avg

wsp

BC

avg

wsp

BC

FS 8

JST (daily)

Consistent results-Low winds from north-Higher-concentrations from north

JST has more uniform results


FS8 BC*wind speedavg

wsp

BC*wsp

• Accounts for dilution


JST wsp*BCavg

wsp

BC*wsp• Suggests lack

of local source

Jefferson St. BC*wsp 3/27-2/08* *daily data


FS8 BC: Daytime vs. Nighttimeavg

wsp

BC*wsp

6 AM – 6 PM 6 PM – 6 AM

avg

wsp

BC*wsp


FS8 BC: Weekday vs. Sunday

avg

wsp

BC*wsp

Sundays OnlyWeekdays

avg

wsp

BC*wsp


Fire Station 8 Summary• Site does not appear to have significant artifacts from nearby trees• Continue to find elevated PM2.5

– EC high

• Wind rose analysis suggests rail yard is a major source– Low OC:EC ratio– Major impacts from W to SW

• Normalized for winds• High levels at night and on Sunday indicating more continuous activity

– Still some ambiguity as to whether Marietta Blvd. plays major role.

• EPD study (with M. Bergin) funded by CMAQ money to buy new GenSets to conduct additional analyses– Add monitors around rail yard

• Aethalometers at 2 additional sites• Metals analyses


Site Location

x

xEPD


ASACA: Plans• Use FS 8 in tandem with EPD study

– Thanks for the foresight

• How does ASACA fit in to Southern Company plans?– Lots of data

• Good group of students

• How does it fit in to GIT plans– Undergrad and Grad student training

• Major educational mission• Keep lab skills/capabilities tuned

– Data for air quality modeling, Emory studies and targets of opportunity

• Fires, PAHs, etc.– Ability to assess what other data might mean

• Highway/rooftop/Yorkville study


What else is up?• EPD Study of PM Before/After new GenSets in Switchyard

– Use FS8 data • Source apportionment for EPA (Jaemeen Baek, Yongtao Hu, Bo Yan…)• Satellite study using CMAQ & ICARTT (Burcak Kaynak)

– Mostly done• Climate study for EPA [KJ Liao (off to DoE) and T. Tagaris]

– Almost all done• Mexicali –Imperial Valley Air Quality (Santosh Chandru: off to Trinity)

– Done• EPA Indicator study

– Using ASACA, JST and STN data to develop and assess indicators of automobile air quality and health impact (with Emory: J. Pachon grad student)

• EPA Source-Apportionment linked to Epi– Announced… would start after Oct. 1.

• Higher order aerosol sensitivity analysis (C. Baroncella)• ACC Reactivity Assessment (S. Capps)• EPD Prescribed fire composition (T. Tagaris, S. Lee, et al.)


ASACA-Associated Papers 2007-2008• Lee, S.; Kim, H. K.; Yan, B.; Cobb, C. E.; Hennigan, C.; Nichols, S.; Chamber, M.; Edgerton,

E. S.; Jansen, J. J.; Hu, Y. T.; Zheng, M.; Weber, R. J.; Russell, A. G., (2008) Diagnosis of aged prescribed burning plumes impacting an urban area. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, (5), 1438-1444.

• Sarnat, J. A.; Marmur, A.; Klein, M.; Kim, E.; Russell, A. G.; Sarnat, S. E.; Mulholland, J. A.; Hopke, P. K.; Tolbert, P. E., Fine particle sources and cardiorespiratory morbidity: An application of chemical mass balance and factor analytical source-apportionment methods. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, (4), 459-466.

• Tian, D.; Wang, Y. H.; Bergin, M.; Hu, Y. T.; Liu, Y. Q.; Russell, A. G., (2008) Air quality impacts from prescribed forest fires under different management practices. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, (8), 2767-2772.

• Lee, S., A.G. Russell, and K. Baumann, Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in the southeastern united states, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 57 (9), 1123-1135, 2007.

• Marmur, A., J.A. Mulholland, and A.G. Russell, Optimized variable source-profile approach for source apportionment, Atmospheric Environment, 41 (3), 493-505, 2007.

• Weber, R.J., A.P. Sullivan, R.E. Peltier, A. Russell, B. Yan, M. Zheng, J. de Gouw, C. Warneke, C. Brock, J.S. Holloway, E.L. Atlas, and E. Edgerton, A study of secondary organic aerosol formation in the anthropogenic-influenced southeastern United States, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 112 (D13), 2007.

• Zheng, M., G.R. Cass, L. Ke, F. Wang, J.J. Schauer, E.S. Edgerton, and A.G. Russell, Source apportionment of daily fine particulate matter at Jefferson street, Atlanta, GA, during summer and winter, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 57 (2), 228-242, 2007.

• Yan, B., Zheng, M., Hu, Y.T., Lee, S., Kim, H.K., and Russell A.G., 2007. Organic Composition of Carbonaceous Aerosols in an Aged Prescribed Fire Plume, Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussion, 7, 18015-18042.

• Ivy, D; Mulholland, JA; Russell, AG, 2008, Development of ambient air quality population-weighted metrics for use in time-series health studies AIR & WASTE MANAGE.T ASSOC. Volume: 58 Issue: 5 Pages: 711-720

http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3EIC6M54l4Ipjml4hEJ&page=1&doc=1&colname=WOS

http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3EIC6M54l4Ipjml4hEJ&page=1&doc=1&colname=WOS

georgia institute of technology southern company visit june 11, 2008 gretchen goldman, siv...

Documents

whenfire station

marcus trail ug

asaca dataprescribed

asaca updatessystem

overview of asaca russell

representationlaura

synthesized asaca reportlikely

future gp fellowlaura