geopolitics and italian foreign policy in the age of ...geopolitics and italian foreign policy in...

STATISTICAL FACTSHEETGeopolitics and Italian Foreign Policy in the Age of Renewable Energies

Istituto Affari Internazionali – June 2020A project supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy and Enel Green Power

This project (including leaflets, websites, publications, posters, etc.) has been realised thanks to a contribution by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International

Cooperation of Italy under conditions set by Article 23-bis (DPR 18/1967)

Opinions expressed in this report are exclusively those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with the official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy.

2

SECTION 1GLOBAL RES VALUE CHAINS

AND CRITICAL MATERIALS

71.4%

28.6%

China ROW

3

11.4

7.9 7.67.0 6.9 6.8

4.33.6 3.5

3.1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Solar PV Manufacturing (2018)

Top 10 Manufacturers in 2018

Graphs by IAISources: GWEC, IHS Markit

Market share – China vs ROW (2018)

mill

ion

so

f ki

low

att

4

Solar PV Cell/Module Manufacturing by Country

(historical 2005-2018 and estimate for 2019)

Source: European Commission

5

9.68.8

8.37.4

5.8

4.5

2.1 2.0 1.7 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

1237%

45%

10%

8%

China EU United States Others/N.A.

Market share (2018 est.)

Top 10 Manufacturers in 2019

Graphs by IAISources: BNEF (2019), GWEC (2018)

Wind Turbine Manufacturing (2018/2019)

giga

wat

ts

6

European trade balance in key renewable energy

technologies (2015)

Sources: European Commission based on UN COMTRADE data

7

Polysilicon, PV cell and module net trade in selected

countries (2016)

Source: Sandor, CEMAC

8

Key materials for batteries (2017) – production

Source: CEMAC

9

Chile51%

Australia16%

Argentina10%

China6%

United States4%

Canada2%

Zimbabwe1%

ROW10%

Lithium reserves by country (2019)

Graph by IAIData: USGS

10

DRC51%

Australia17%

Cuba7%

Philippines4%

Russia4%

Canada3%

Madagascar2% ROW

12%

Cobalt reserves by country (2019)


11

Nickel reserves by country (2019)


Indonesia24%

Australia23%

Brazil12%

Russia8%

Cuba6%

Philippines5%

China3%

ROW19%

12

Manganese reserves by country (2018)


South Africa30%

Ukraine18%Brazil

15%

Australia13%

Gabon9%

China7%

India4%

ROW4%

13

Molybdenum reserves by country (2019)


China49%

United States16%

Peru14%

Chile8%

Russia6%

Turkey4%

Mongolia1%

ROW2%

14

Rare earth reserves by country (2019)


China37%

Brazil18%

Vietnam18%

Russia10%

India6%

Australia3% ROW

8%

15

SECTION 2ITALY’S POSITION IN KEY

RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS

CONTENTS

16

❑ Employment

❑ Turnover

❑ Solar PV – capacity and production

❑ Wind – capacity and production

❑ Biofuel

❑ Geothermal

❑ Solar thermal

❑ Hydropower – capacity and production

❑ Biomass

❑ Biogas – total energy and heat

❑ Heat pumps

❑ % of RES in

❑ RES components – trade balance & revealed comparative advantage

Employment distribution by RES sector – Italy (2018)

17

Heat pumps 37600

Biomass 24400Hydro 17300

PV 11400

Biofuels 8500

Biogas8400

Wind8100

Waste 2400 Geothermal 2200Solar thermal 1100

✓ Heat pumps and biomass account for 51% of RES employment in Italy✓ At the moment only 16% of RES jobs in Italy are in the solar PV & wind sectors

Italy’s Ranking in the EU-28 (employment)

Geothermal 1Hydro 1Biogas 2Heat pumps 3Solar PV 4Biomass 5Waste 5Wind 6Solar thermal 7Biofuels 10

Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

18

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

Germany Spain France UK Italy

Total RES jobs in the EU-28: 1.512.900

8%9%

10%11%

17%

Total employment in all RES sectors – Top 5 EU (2018)

X % = % of EU RES jobsGraphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

19

7.33

6.08 5.97

4.68

3.91

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Spain Germany France Italy UK

Relative employment in all RES sectors – Top 5 EU (2018)

‰ of total workforce

EU-28 average: 6.09 ‰

emp

loye

din

RES

as

‰ o

f to

talw

ork

forc

e

Graphs by IAISources: OECD, Eurostat, Eurobserver

20Source: Eurostat

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28RES labour productivity 3

21

Heat pumps4950

Hydro 2250Biomass 1750

PV 1480

Wind 1190

Biogas880

Biofuels 740

Waste 310Geothermal 300 Solar thermal

130

Turnover by RES sector – Italy (2018) in million EUR

Italy’s Ranking in the EU-28 (turnover)

Geothermal 1Hydro 2Biogas 2Heat pumps 3Solar PV 4Waste 5Biomass 6Wind 6Solar thermal 6Biofuels 7


22

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Germany France Spain Italy UK

Total RES turnover in the EU-28: 158.86 billion €

Mill

ion

Eu

ros

22%

12%

9%9% 8%

X % = % of EU turnover

Turnover in all RES sectors – Top 5 EU (2018)


23

45179

20108

13118

9617

47644522398726522075143813861033 998 726 667 562

1850

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

Germany 39%

Italy 18%

UK 11%

France 8%

Spain 4%

Netherlands 4%

Belgium 3%

Greece 2%

Czechia 2%

Austria 1%

Romania 1%Bulgaria 1%

Denmark 1% Hungary 1%

Portugal 1%Others 2%

Installed solar PV capacity in the

EU-28 (2018) in MW

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Solar PV capacity 2


24

Germany 38%

Italy 19%

UK 11%

France 9%

Spain 7%

Belgium 3%

Greece 3%Netherlands 3%

Czechia 2%

Romania 2% Austria 1%Bulgaria 1% Portugal 1%

Others ~0%

45784

22654

1285710569

78773902 3791 3693 2359 1771 1438 1343 1006 393

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

Electricity production from solar PV in the EU-28 (2018)

in TWh

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Solar PV power prod. 2


58843

2340521770

14900

102307300 6120 5766 5172 4393 3676 3261 3133 3032

8059

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

25

Germany 33%

Spain 13%

UK 12%

France 8%

Italy 6%

Sweden 4%

Denmark 3%

Poland 3%

Portugal 3%

Netherlands 2%

Ireland 2%

Belgium 2%

Austria 2% Romania 2% Others 5%Installed wind capacity in

the EU-28 (2018) in MW

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Wind capacity 5


26

Germany 29%

UK 15%

Spain 13%

France 8%

Italy 5%

Sweden 4%

Denmark 4%

Poland 3%

Portugal 3%

Netherlands 3%Ireland 2%

Belgium 2%

Romania 2%

Greece 2% Austria 2%Finland 2%

Others 2%

10

99

51

56

90

4

50

89

6

28

59

9

17

71

6

16

62

3

13

89

9

12

79

9

12

61

7

10

56

4

86

40

74

65

63

22

63

00

60

30

58

39

62

59

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

2018 Electricity production from wind power in the EU (TWh)

Electricity production from wind power in the EU-28 (2018)

in TWhItaly’s ranking in the EU-28

Wind power prod. 5


27

3142

2720

17381500

1324 1250

912

510 472 456

2409

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

France 19%

Germany 16%

Spain 11%

Sweden 9%

UK 8%

Italy 8%

Poland 5%

Netherlands3%

Austria 3%

Belgium 3%Others 15%

Biofuel consumption in the EU-28 (2018)

in toe

toe

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Biofuel consumption 6


28

Italy 767

Germany 36

Portugal 29

France 16 Croatia 10

Others 4

Net usable geothermal capacity in the EU-28 (2018)

in MWe

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Geothermal capacity 1


29

13488

3586 3284 2942 29372253 1703 1281 1026 902

4037

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000M

Wth

Germany 36%

Austria 10%

Greece 9%

Spain 8%

Italy 8%

France 6%

Poland 4%

Denmark 3%

UK 3%

Portugal 2% Others 11%

Thermal solar collectors – cumulated capacity in the EU-28 (2018)

in MWth

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Solar thermal (cap.) 5


30

25793

22499

20080

1643114516

10940

723667014778

340933793287

14355

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

France 17%

Italy 15%

Spain 13%

Sweden 11%

Austria 10%

Germany 7%

Portugal 5%

Romania 4%

UK 3%

Greece 2%

Bulgaria 2%

Finland 2%Others 9%

Total net capacity of hydropower in the EU-28 (2018) in MW

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Hydropower capacity 2

MW


31

France 19%

Sweden 18%

Italy 14%Austria 11%

Spain 10%

Germany 5%

Romania 5%

Finland 4%

Portugal 3%

Croatia 2%

Greece 2%UK 1%

Bulgaria 1%Others 5%

65

28

5

62

21

0

48

78

6

37

63

8

34

33

4

17

97

4

17

66

4

13

30

1

12

39

3

77

01

57

43

54

90

51

47

16

18

1

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000TW

h

Hydropower production in the EU-28 (2018) in TWh

(without pumping)

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Hydropower prod. 3


32

Germany 55%

Italy 14%

UK 9%

Czechia 4%

France 4%

Poland 2%

Belgium 2%

Spain 1%

Others 9%

33416

83005701

2607 2365 1128 945 923

5642

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Electricity production from biomass in the EU-28 (2018) in GWh

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Biomass power prod. 2

GW

h


33

Germany 45%

UK 17%

Italy 11%

France 5%

Czechia 4%

Denmark 3%

Netherlands 2%

Poland 2%

Spain 2%

Austria 1% Belgium 1%

Others7%

7631

2809

1892

877 604 489 326 288 265 234 228

1195

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Total energy production from biogas in the EU-28 (2018) in ktoe

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Biogas energy prod. 3

kto

e


34

Germany 43%

Italy 25%

France 8%

Denmark 6%

Poland 2%

Latvia 2%

Finland 2%

Czechia 2%

Slovakia 2% Croatia 1%

Others7%

367

214

6948

22 21 19 18 14 12

57

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Gross heat production from biogas in the EU-28 (2018) in the

transformation sector – in ktoe

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Biogas heat prod. 2

kto

e


35

Italy 53%

France 17%

Spain 11%

Sweden 5%

Germany 3%

Finland 2%

Portugal 2%Netherlands 1%

Others6%

19583

6336

4145

1742 1061 870 686 5702206

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Heat pumps in operation in the EU-28 (2018) - thousands

tho

usa

nd

s

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Heat pumps no. 1


36

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

EU

-27

EU

-28

Sw

ede

n

Fin

land

Latv

ia

De

nm

ark

Austr

ia

Port

ug

al

Esto

nia

Cro

atia

Lithu

ania

Rom

ania

Slo

ven

ia

Bulg

aria

Gre

ece

(¹)

Italy

Spa

in

Fra

nce

Germ

any

Czechia

Cypru

s

Hung

ary

Slo

vakia

Pola

nd

Ire

land

Belg

ium

Luxe

mb

ou

rg

Ma

lta

Neth

erla

nds

United

Kin

gd

om

Norw

ay

Mo

nte

neg

ro

Alb

an

ia

Serb

ia

No

rth

Mace

don

ia

Tu

rkey

Koso

vo

*

Share of energy from renewable sources, 2018 (% of gross final energy consumption)

2020 target* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999

and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

(¹) Estimate.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_lvho05a)

Source: Eurostat

37

Share of RES in Italy’s TFC and specific sectors

(evolution 2004-2018)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

TFC H&C Transport ElectricityGraph by IAI based on Eurostat data

38

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

TFC H&C Transport Electricity

Share of RES in the EU’s TFC and specific sectors

(evolution 2004-2018) - in %

Graph by IAI based on Eurostat data

Italy’s trade balance and comparative advantage in wind and solar

technologies (2015)

39Source: Energy Union Factsheet 2017

40

Net trade of EU-28 countries in key renewable energy

technologies

Sources: European Commission based on UN COMTRADE data

geopolitics and italian foreign policy in the age of ...geopolitics and italian foreign policy in...

Documents