geomorphological methods. systems terminology steady state – a time-invariant condition...
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Geomorphological Methods
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Systems Terminology
• Steady State– A time-invariant condition
• Equilibrium– A balance between form and process
• Dynamic Equilibrium– State changes around a central point
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Systems Terminology
• Threshold– A condition that must be exceeded in order for state to
change within the system
• Feedback– Positive – self-reinforcing; accelerating– Negative – self-regulating; damping
• Equifinality– Similar final states achieved through different mechanisms
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Scale matters…
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GTOPO30
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USGS 30m: Mount St. Helens
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Time and Space in Geomorphology
GEOLOGY
CLIMATE
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Geology
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Rates of Processes
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Magnitude vs. Frequency
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How do geomorphic processes work?
Process studies…
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Force balances
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Force balances
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Force balances
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How fast does this happen?
Process studies and field measurements…
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USGS suspended sediment sampling apparatus, Cowlitz River, Washington (1982)
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Stream gauge on bridge support, Chippewa River, Wisconsin
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GPS Surveying in the Mojave Desert, California
Repeated high-resolution surveys can document landscape change and characterize landform.
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What is this landform made of?
Field studies…
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Trench in floodplain sediments, Richmond, Virginia
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Drilling into floodplain sediments, Williamstown, Massachusetts
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Logging the wall of a trench across the
San Andreas Fault, California
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How old is this rock, surface, or landform?
Geomorphological dating techniques…
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Scarp degradation
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Thermochronometry
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ThermochronometryDifferent minerals have different cooling temperatures and thus reveal erosion rates over different time scales
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Radio carbon dating
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Radio carbon dating
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Dendrochronometry, tree-ring dating
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Lichenometry
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Cesium 137 dating
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Thermoluminescence dating (TL)
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Cosmogenic dating