geomorphic investigation of the great bend region, red river

()

n J n n D D

o D

U

D ]

IJ

U J J U n u

m US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report GL-96-October 1996

Geomorphic Investigation of the Great Bend . .

Region, Red River·

by Paul E. Albertson and Maureen K. Corcoran Geotechnical Laboratory

Whitney Autin and John Kruger Louisiana State University

Theresa Foster San Diego State University

Approved For Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited

Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg

WES

- ,

Technical Report GL-96-October 1996

Geomorphic Investigation of the Great Bend Region, Red River

by Paul E. Albertson and Maureen K. Corcoran

Final report

Geotechnical Laboratory U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199

Whitney Autin and John Kruger Louisiana State University

Theresa Foster San Diego State University

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg 4155 Clay Street Vicksburg, MS 39180

, j

Contents

Preface ......................................... vi

I-Introduction .................................... 1

Background and Study Area ......................... . Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Previous Investigations ............................ .

2-Procedure ..................................... .

Approach ..................................... . Geomorphic Mapping ............................. . Field Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Objectives and approach .......................... . Boring logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 1

5

5 6 6 6 7

3-Geology and Geomorphology ......................... 8

Geologic Setting ................................. 8 Geomorphic Surface and Environments ...................8

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Bluff slopes and tertiary sediments .................... 9 Terrace (Pi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Floodplain Geomorphic Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 General ................................. ".... 11 Point bar (PB) ................................. 11 Natural levee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 Abandoned course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14 Abandoned channel .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14 Backswamp (BS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16 Alluvial architecture ............................. 16

4-Soil Geomorphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18

Introduction .................................... 18 Soil Forming Processes ............................. 18 Soil Forming Factors .............................. 19

Climate ..................................... 19 Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19 Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 Parent material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20

iii

iv

Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 Soil Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 Soil Summary ................................. " 21

5-Geomorphic Chronology ............................ 23

Introduction .................................... 23 Pleistocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 Holocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24

Older Meander Belt (Hrm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 Intermediate Meander Belt (Hrml.2) ................... 24 Modern Meander Belt (Hrm1.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25

Historic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 Geomorphic Mapping and Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27 Geomorphic mapping units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28

6-Significance of Geomorphology to Cultural Resources . . . . . . . . .. 30

Introduction .................................... 30 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 Use of geographic information system in cultural

resource assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 Data requirements for cultural resource assessment .......... 33 Archaeological site definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34 Characteristics of an archaeological site ................. 34

Distribution of Known Archaeological Sites ................ 35 Landforms ................................... 35 Distribution of cultural components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35 Paleo sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36 Archaic sites .................................. 36 Fourche Maline sites ............................. 36 Caddo sites ................................... 37

Prediction of Site Occurrence ......................... 37 Site Preservation and Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38

Fluvial sedimentation and site preservation ............... 38 Geomorphic Evidence and Archaeological

Significance of Sedimentation Rates .................... 39 Geomorphic evidence and sedimentation model . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 Discussion ................................... 40

7-Summary and Conclusions ........................... 42

Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42 Archaeological Significance .......................... 43

References ....................................... 44

Appendix A: Red River Boring Log Reference Table . . . . . . . . . . .. Al

Appendix B: Soil Borings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Bl

Appendix C: Radiometric Age Dates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Bl

- )

List of Figures

Figure 1. Levee project map from Fulton, Arkansas to Arkansas-Louisiana State Line with Fulton Quadrangle study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 2. Depositional environments of a meandering river. . . . . . .. 10

Figure 3. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical point bar depositional environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 12

Figure 4. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical natural levee depositional environment .............. 13

Figure 5. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical abandoned course depositional environment ........... 15

Figure 6. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical abandoned channel depositional environment . . . . . . . . . " 15

Figure 7. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical backswamp environment ....................... 17

Figure 8. An artist conception of the Great Raft. Note, the overflow anabranch and distributary channels . . . . . . . .

Figure 9. Location and limits of Raft Lakes (Veatch 1906) ....... .

Figure 10. Distribution of archaeological sites by landform

List of Tables

26

27

36

Table 1. Geomorphology of the Project Area ................. 9

Table 2. Pleistocene Terrace Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11

Table 3. Expected Distribution of Cultural Resources by Meander Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38

Table 4. Geomorphology of the Red River Levee Rehabiliation Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41

v

vi

Preface

The u.s. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station (WES), was authorized by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg (CELMK), to conduct geomorphic investigation of Red River, Fulton Arkansas to Arkansas-Louisiana state line authorized under MIPR CELMKPD-Q-94-5990 dated 10 August 1994. Mr. Erwin Roemer (CELMK-PD-Q) was the program manager for this study.

This report was prepared by Mr. Paul E. Albertson and Ms. Maureen K. Corcoran, Engineering Geology Branch (EGB), Earthquake Engineering and Geosciences Division (EEGD), Geotechnical Laboratory (GL), WES. Mr. Robert Larson is Chief, Geological Environments Analysis Section (GEAS), EGB.

Geomorphic mapping was conducted by Dr. Whitney Autin and Mr. John Kruger of Louisiana State University and revised by Mr. Albertson and Ms. Corcoran.

Ms. Theresa Foster, a contract student at San Diego State, San Diego, California, assisted with compilation of the geographic information system and report revisions.

This investigation was completed under the supervision of Dr. Lillian D. Wakeley, Chief, EGB, Dr. Arley G. Franklin, Chief EEGD, and Dr. William F. Marcuson ill, Director, GL.

At the time of publication of this report, Director of the WES was Dr. Robert W. Whalin. Commander was COL Bruce K. Howard, EN.

The contenlS of this repon are not to be used for advenising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

- ,

- 1

1 Introduction

Background and Study Area

The u.s. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg (CELMK.) is conducting feasibility studies to rehabilitate the levees along the Red River from Fulton, Arkansas, to the Arkansas-Louisiana State Line. The proposed project is designed to raise and strengthen the existing levee system along the Red River below Denison Dam. Rehabilitation between Fulton, Arkansas and the Louisiana state line consists of separate items representing reaches of levee. The geomorphology of the Red River Valley Great Bend Region will be discussed in general while the site-specific detail can be extracted from the geomorphic maps and cross-sections. Figure 1 shows the location of the quadrangles mapped in the Great Bend Region by this study.

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this investigation is to provide a geomorphic framework for cultural resources research in the project area. There are three specific objectives of this investigation, as follows. (1) Identify and map geomorphic features or landforms in the study area on 1 :24,000 scale base maps. (2) Define geomorphic processes that are active in the study area. (3) Reconstruct to the extent possible the geomorphic development of the study area and determine the significance of geomorphic features in terms of locating previously unknown archaeological sites and the potential for discovering buried sites.

Previous Investigations

Several studies relate either directly or indirectly to the project area. The Red River has attracted exploration since early European expansion into North America. Desoto's second expedition may have wandered through the valley in 1542. Documentation is inadequate because the expedition was a disaster and Desoto never returned (fyson 1981). La Salle camped upstream of the

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

........ _._------------_._._------

Figure 1.

2

Levee project map from Fulton, Arkansas, to Arkansas-Louisiana State Line with Fulton Quadrangle study area

Chapter 1 Introduction

- ]

- ";'I

~~_~~~~~~~~~~=uu~~~·--·--·----------------------------.------- .. -- .. --- .. -- .. - ...... - .... ---.

Great Bend on the Red River in 1687 (Santeford 1994). St. Denis, the French explorer and entrepreneur, established the trading post of Natchitoches in 1714 at the toe of the Great Raft (Guardia 1933). In 1719, La Harpe, another French explorer, traveled further up the Red River to the confluence of the Sulphur River and established a trading post in the region from 1719 to 1778 (Santeford 1994).

"Historically, the amount of interest in the ... Red River is directly related to the perceived value of land in question" (Jacobs 1985). The land area later to become Miller Co., Arkansas, became part of United States territory in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. Docwnents Related to the Purchase and Exploration ojLouisiana (Dunbar 1804) is a fine example of our great scientific president Thomas Jefferson's interest in the newly acquired territory. In 1806, Jefferson sent Freeman and Curtis to further explore the Red River Valley but the Spanish repulsed the expedition. Details of the expedition with description of the Miller Co. area of the Red River are found in Flores (1984). Other early 19th century accounts (Stoddard 1812, Darby 1816, and Flint 1833) described the anastomosing flow of the Red River due to the affects of the log jams known as the Great Raft. Captain Henry Shreve removed the raft as far as Coats Bluff (later named Shreveport) in the 1830's. The Corps of Engineers completed removal of the log jam rafts to the Arkansas-Louisiana state line in 1873. Lt. Woodruffs (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (US ACE) reports 1873) report to Congress gives a photographic record of river conditions in the region.

The period of modem investigation may be said to begin with the work of Veatch (Schultz and Krinitzsky 1951). Veatch's (1906) report about the Geology and Groundwater Resources of Nonhern Louisiana and Southern Arkansas described the geological history of the region and focused on raft process and response. Some of the classical geological investigations of the Red River Valley were conducted downstream of the levee rehabilitation reach. Fisk's (1938) The Geology of Grant and La Salle Parishes introduced the fundamentals of differentiating the Holocene alluvium into depgsitional environments and the Pleistocene into a four terrace sequence. Fisk's concepts were extended up the river in Schultz and Krinitzsky (1951) The Geology of Lower Red River which included the alluvial geology, geological history and their geological engineering significance. Harms et al (1963) studied the stratification and sedimentary structure of point bars in the Shreveport, Louisiana, vicinity.

Abington (1973) described and analyzed the Red River's changing meandering morphology. Abington's process-response model concluded that the Red River meandering is reducing its sinuosity and is in transition to braided regime. Smith and Russ (1974) provided geological maps and cross-sections at a scale of 1 :62,500 which provides the most complete geological mapping of the study area until the present geomorphic investigation. Russ's (1975) dissertation is essentially the accompanying text to the Smith and Russ (1974) mapping. Russ (1975) offered a chronology for 5 meander belts in the lower Red River Valley with the youngest belt being less than 600 years B.P.

Chapter 1 Introduction 3

4

Smith (1982) extrapolated Russ's framework to describe the geomorphic development of Bayou Bodcau and its significance to locating archeological sites. Pearson (1982) offered a working hypothesis of the meander belts of the Red River in the great Bend region to archeological site potential and preservation proposing the idea of the modern, intermediate and older meander belts. The Depositional and Quaternary History 0/ the Red River in Nonheast Texas was studied by Jacobs (1981 and 1985). He differentiated five terraces and related archeological potential of each surface. The soils of Miller Co., Arkansas were mapped in 1984 and in adjacent Hempstead Co. in 1979. Harvey et al. (1987) conducted a geomorphic and hydraulic analysis of the Red River above Shreveport. Saucier and Snead's (1989) synoptic 1:1,100,000 scale Quaternary Geology o/The Lower Mississippi Valley Map depicts the latest two meander belts in the Great Bend region, Le., Hrml and Hrm2. Earlier, Saucier (1974) stated that" ... the chronology of the meander belts for this stream is quite tentative. "

Albertson (1992) conducted engineering geology mapping south of the project area for sources of construction material and to provide foundation data for engineering structures associated with the proposed Shreveport to Daingerfield navigation project. Albertson and Dunbar (1993) conducted detailed geomorphic mapping for the proposed navigation project and related it to the archaeological significance of the area. Recent work by Heinrich (1993) and Guccione (1994) describe geomorphology and sedimentation rates in other parts of the river system.

Chapter 1 Introduction

~ 1

C l

.. ,

2 Procedure

Approach

The geomorphic evaluation of the Red River Great Bend study area was approached by:

a. Review of previous literature, including geological and soil maps.

b. Aerial photographic geomorphic interpretation.

c. Conducting field reconnaissance and shallow auger borings.

d. Compiling existing subsurface boring data which includes Corps of Engineers revetments and levee studies, Arkansas Department of Transportation (DOT) borings, and water wells.

e. Construction of geomorphic cross-sections.

f. Synthesizing the data into soil geomorphic maps with inferred age relationship.

g. Inclusion of pertinent data into a geographic information system (GIS).

h. Comparison of temporal landforms to the known archeological record.

The study was conducted in several phases. Following the literature review, a preliminary investigation involved geomorphic mapping based on a field reconnaissance of the project area. Building upon the first three steps of the geomorphic evaluation, site specific stratigraphic and chronological characteristics about the different depositional environments within the study area were determined in steps a, e, and f. Essential information, i.e., soil, geology, and archeological site data, was entered in a GIS database to better maintain and interpret the data. The GIS serves as an analytical tool to examine soil-geomorphic and archeological relationships. The GIS is a dynamic document, that is, it will change with time as additional data are incorporated into it and new attributes are defined. Once a GIS structure is established, it can be modified to meet many purposes of land-use planning and resource management. The GIS as originally created is described in Chapter 6 of this

Chapter 2 Procedure 5

6

report, and its use for relating geomorphic landforms and processes to known and potential cultural resources is explained.

Geomorphic Mapping

The fIrst objective of this study was to map the geomorphic features within the study area. Mapping was done at a scale of 1 :24,000 using a quadrangle as a base map. Delineation and definition of the geomorphic features were accomplished primarily by analysis of topographic data, soil survey information, and aerial photography (Le., black and white photography flown in 1959, 1983, 1989, and 1990). Some information sources such as historic maps were examined but not rigorously analyzed. In addition to these data, the geomorphic mapping was based and guided by previous studies conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES). (Smith and Russ 1974, Smith 1982, Saucier and Snead 1989, Albertson 1992, and Albertson and Dunbar 1993). These studies served as the foundation for the aerial photographic interpretation. The results of the geomorphic mapping are presented as maps in the back of the report.

Field Studies

Objectives and approach

The purpose of the field studies was to evaluate the results of the geomor-' phic mapping and conduct soil sampling of selected geomorphic environments. Soil samples were described to determine specific stratigraphic and chronological properties about the study area. Two separate visits were made to the project area as part of the field work. A general reconnaissance was conducted during this first phase to evaluate the results of previous geomorphic mapping. During the field inveStigation, auger soil sampling was conducted of selected geomorphic environments to determine general soil properties associated with various geomorphic environments. Soils data were used to define sedimentological characteristics of different geomorphic environments to aid in reconstructing the evolution of the study area. Soil samples were visually inspected and logged on-site. Additional soils information was obtained from boring data and published literature. Boring data included existing CELMK borings and borings drilled during the levee rehabilitation project (see Appendix A for reference table). Published soil data consisted of county soil survey bulletins from the Soils Conservation Service (1979 and 1984).

Chapter 2 Procedure

-. l

'·1

Boring logs

Logs of auger borings drilled during this study are presented in Appendix B. Boring logs in Appendix B contain descriptions of soil type, color (Munsell), texture, soil structure, consistency, and stratigraphic thickness. Boring locations are identified on the logs in Appendix B and are shown on the geomorphic maps in the back of the report.

Chapter 2 Procedure 7

8

3 Geology and Geomorphology

Geologic Setting

The Red River headwaters are in the arid High Plains of eastern New Mexico in an area named the Llano Estacado. The Red River flows east and forms the Texas-Oklahoma border. In Arkansas, the river turns south at Fulton and forms the Great Bend. Geomorphic development of the Red River Great Bend Region is the result of geologic processes operating during the last 65 million years. Surface deposits in the study area are Tertiary (2 to 65 million years) to Quaternary (2 million years to present) in age. Tertiary sediments were deposited by fluvial-deltaic processes similar to processes active in present day Louisiana. These sediments were incised by numerous Pleistocene and younger fluvial systems such as Red River meander belts. This study focuses on the geomorphic processes that have been active during the past 10,000 years.

Geomorphic Surfaces and Environments

Introduction

Gross geomorphic evaluation identified three major geomorphic surfaces within the study area. These surfaces are differentiated according to their physical characteristics, their apparent age, and by the types of processes that are active on each of these surfaces. These surfaces are identified in Table 1 as the floodplain, terraces, and bluffs. These three surfaces are further subdivided into depositional environments and/or geologic formations as shown by Table 1 and Figure 2. The approximate age of each surface and the types of geomorphic processes that are active are identified in Table 1.

Chapter 3 Geology and Geomorphology

, J

- , Table 1 Geomorphology of the Project Area

Geomorphic Surface Landform-Formation Age Processes

Roodplain Point Bar H LA

Backswamp (Hbl H VA-BT-SF

Abandoned Course H LA-VA

Abandoned Channel H LA-VA

Natural Levee H VA-SF

Terrace Abandoned Flood Plain (Pi) P E-SF

Deweyville Terrace (Pdl P VA-BT-SF

Prairie Terrace (Ppl P E-SF

Montgomery Terrace (Pi) P E-SF

Bluffs Claiborne Group (Tcl T E-SF

Wilcox Group (Twl T E-SF

Midway Group (Tml T E-SF

AGE: H = Holocene, P = Pleistocene, T = Tertiary PROCESS: VA = Vertical accretion, LA = Lateral accretion, BT = Bioturbation, SF = Soil Forming Processes, E = Erosion

Bluff slopes and tertiary sediments

Surface outcrops of Tertiary sediments in the study area are restricted to the bluff slopes and summits. Tertiary sediments forming the bluff summit and slopes were defined by a sharp break in the topography between the floodplain surface and the bluff slopes. Boundaries separating the Tertiary units are based on Smith and Russ (1974). These Tertiary formations are fluvial-deltaic, near shore, and marine sedimentary sequences. Geologic formations that make up the valley slopes are identified on the geomorphic maps and in Table 1. The Tertiary Claiborne, Wilcox and Midway groups consist of interbedded deposits of sand, clays, lignitic silts, and lignite. Overlying the Tertiary units in the valleys are Pleistocene and Holocene fluvial sediments.

Terrace (Pi)

A terrace is an abandoned floodplain surface that is elevated above the present river's floodplain. A terrace consists of a relatively flat or gently inclined surface that is bounded on one edge by a steeper descending slope and on the other edge by a steeper ascending slope (Bates and Jackson 1980).

Chapter 3 Geology and Geomorphology 9

10

..... ~- .. '-~'-' ..... _-- -- - -..... - ~ --' ..... -... ,--- - - . -- .- .... --- -- -- ---.. -_._ .....

CREVASSE- SPLAY DEPOSIT

Figure 2. Depositional environments of a meandering river

Terraces generally border the present floodplain or may be preserved as topographic islands or remnants within the present floodplain. Terraces are differentiated on previous geomorphic maps (Smith and Russ 1974).

In the Red River Valley five terraces have been differentiated in Texas (Jacobs 1981) and six in Louisiana (Russ 1975). The recognized terraces from Louisiana (Russ 1975 and Smith and Russ 1974) nomenclature are: (from oldest to youngest) Williana or Citronelle Formation, Bentley, Montgomery, Prairie-upper, Prairie-lower and Deweyville. Pleistocene terraces in the study area were identified as Qtm or Montgomery by Smith and Russ (1974). However, this report uses the revised nomenclature developed by Saucier and Snead (1989), and identified the terraces as Pleistocene intermediate (Pi) terraces. Refer to Table 2 for a Pleistocene Terrace Correlation chart.

Terraces mapped in the study area are flat or gently inclined surfaces which occur adjacent to the floodplain. Mapped terraces on the geomorphic maps are interpreted to be depositional terraces. In general, the boundary between the terrace and the floodplain was mapped by noting the sharp scarp between the two surfaces. This boundary was then further refined by incorporating soils data from the available county soil survey bulletins, land use interpreted from aerial photography, and from site investigations conducted in the field. The Pd surface is at about the same level or buried by the Holocene


Table 2 Pleistocene Terrace Correlation Chart

RU88 (1975) Jacobs Used in thi8 Report Saucier Fi8k (1938) Smith and RU8s(1974) (1981) and Snead (1989)

T1

Deweyville (Otd) Deweyville Complex (Pd)

Prairie-Lower Surface (Otp2) Prairie T2 Prairie Complex (Pp)

Prairie-Upper Surface (Otp1)

Montgomery Montgomery (Otm) T3 Intermediate Complex (Pi)

Bentley Bentley T4 Upland Complex (Pu)

Williana Williana (Citronelle) T5

floodplain. The Pp terrace stands approximately 20 ft (6 m) above the floodplain. The Pi terrace surface stands approximately 40 ft (12 m) above the floodplain.

Floodplain Geomorphic Environments

General

The following paragraphs describe the physical appearance and processes . that form individual types of geomorphic features encountered in the study area. This is a summary of information published in textbooks of geomorphology (Le. Chorley, Schumm, and Sugden 1984), and is included here to make this report more useful to non-geologists.

Point bar (PB)

Point bar deposits are lateral accretion deposits formed as a river migrates across its floodplain. River channels migrate across their floodplain by eroding the outside or concave bank and depositing a sand bar on the inside or convex bank (Figure 2 and 3). With time, the convex bar grows in size and the point bar is developed. Associated with the point bar are a series of arcuate ridges and swales. The ridges are formed by lateral channel movement and are relic sandy lateral bars separated by low-lying swales. The swales are locations where fine-grained sediments accumulate.

Point bar deposits are as thick as the total depth of the river that formed them. These deposits fine upward from the maximum size of the river's bed load (coarse sand and/or fine gravel) to fine-grained soils (clay) at the surface.

Chapter 3 Geology and Geomorphology 1 1

12

2OOO ... ....;'cOOO===?O!"'-__ ....... 2000 Ft. ScGle

Figure 3. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical point bar depositional environment

The basal or coarse-grained portion of the point bar sequence (Le. point bar substratum) is deposited primarily by lateral accretion while the fme-gained or upper portion of the point bar sequence (Le., point bar topstratum) is deposited by overbank vertical accretion.

Point bar deposits in the Red River Valley are the dominant and the most dynamic environment within the project area. Point bar limits were defined primarily from interpretation of the photography, boring and topographic data. Older point bar deposits are removed from the zone of active lateral accretion· and are receiving sediment primarily by vertical accretion.

Primary characteristics of the active point environment are the well developed ridge and swale topography and its proximity to the main channel. In the Red River Valley, ridge and swale topography is especially well developed. Another primary characteristic of the point bar environment is the prominent sandy point bars along the main channel. Sandy point bars are easily recognized on aerial photography and on topographic maps.

Sediment types defined by borings identify a typical point bar sequence as grading upward from poorly graded, or uniform sands at the base, to silty sands, silts, and clays near ground surface. These deposits are usually variable horizontally, especially where ridge and swale topography is well developed or relic chutes (high water channel across the point bar neck) are present. Older Red River point bar deposits contain a much thicker and finer topstratum.

Boring data indicates that point bar deposits are separated into two distinct units based on sediment types; a thin predominantly fine-grained upper unit or point bar topstratum (silt and clay) deposited by vertical accretion, and a thick


,- ;1

.t. "

coarse-gained lower unit or point bar substratum (silty sand and sand) deposited by lateral accretion. Point bar topstratum deposits are approximately 15 to 20 ft (5.0 to 7.0 m) thick. The substratum, in comparison to the topstratum, is much thicker, (forming almost the entire thickness for this environment.

Natural levee

Natural levee deposits form by vertical accretion when the river overtops its banks during flood stage and sediment suspended in the flood flow is deposited immediately adjacent to the channel. The resulting landform is a low, wedge-shaped ridge with the greatest thickness adjacent to the river (Figure 2 and 4). Natural levee thickness decreases away from the river until it eventually merges with other floodplain deposits.

I.

2000, __ ..... I;;::OOO===?O~ ____ 2000 Ft.

SCole

Figure 4. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical natural levee depositional environment

Natural levee deposits in the project area are approximately 5 to 20 ft (2 to 6 m) thick and along the Red River may range several miles in width. A reconnaissance investigation identified silt and sand as the predominant soil types associated with natural levee deposits.

Natural levee deposits generally contain a low organic content because oxidation has reduced organic materials to a highly decomposed state. Soils are typically brown to reddish brown. Small calcareous nodules are


14

frequently associated with these deposits as a result of groundwater movement through the permeable levee soils. Natural levee soils are generally well drained, have low water contents, and a stiff to very stiff consistency.

Natural levee deposits were mapped as a separate environment on the geomorphic maps because this environment is present throughout the floodplain to some extent. Natural levee deposits are an important geomorphic process in the study area, especially as a foci for cultural resources. Knowledge about topstratum thickness is helpful in understanding and evaluating buried archaeological sites.

Abandoned course

An abandoned course is a river channel that is abandoned in favor of a more efficient course (Figure 5). A course must contain a minimum of two meander loops for the channel to be classified as an abandoned course on the geomorphic maps. Abandoned courses are abundant throughout the project area. An abandoned course forms when the river's flow path is diverted to a new position on the river's floodplain. This event usually is a gradual process and begins by a break or a "crevasse" in the river's natural levee during flood stage. The crevasse forms a temporary or crevasse channel that may, over time, develop into a more permanent channel. Eventually, the new channel diverts the majority of flow and the old channel progressively fills. Final abandonment begins as coarse sediment fills the abandoned channel segment immediately down stream from the point of diversion. Complete filling of the abandoned course is· a slow process that occurs first by lateral accretion and then later by overbank deposition and vertical accretion. The complete filling. process may take several hundred to several thousand years to complete. In some instances, coniplete filling may not occur as relict and upland drainage preserves partial stream flow through the course.

Abandoned courses and associated abandoned channels collectively form a meander belt on the floodplain of the river. Meander belt deposits consist of a several mile wide, massive point bar sequence, divided by various abandoned channels and courses which collectively form the meander belt. The frequency and location of the meander belt segments are useful for determining the Holocene chronology of floodplain development which will be discussed later.

Abandoned channel

Abandoned channels are relict channel loops that are abandoned when the river cuts across its point bar (Figure 2 and 6). The cutoff produces an oxbow lake. The process by which the river abandons the loop occurs either gradually as a neck cutoff or during a single flood event as a chute cutoff. A chute is a high water channel across the point bar of the channel. Abandoned channels mapped by this study may be either well defined classic "oxbow"


~ 1

- ,

2OOO ___ 1000==::::::;;:~O~ ____ 2000 Ft.

Scale

Figure 5. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical abandoned course depositional environment

2OOO __ 1ii1000==::::::;;:~O~ ___ 2000_. Ft.

Scale

Figure 6. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical abandoned channel depositional environment


16

loops or loop segments. Abandoned channels are abundant throughout the project area.

Channel filling is a gradual process. It occurs initially by lateral accretion, when the channel is still connected to the main course. After the main channel has migrated away from the abandoned segment, then vertical accretion dominates. During times of high water flow, suspended sediment is transported to the abandoned channel. Abandoned channels associated with the present meander belt are generally hydraulically connected to the main channel and are still in the process of filling. In contrast, abandoned channels on the older surfaces are filled or almost completely filled. Thickness of channel fills range from 25 to 30 ft (8 to 10 m). Abandoned channels that are not filled continue to receive sediment by overbank: deposition during the peak: flood season which may occur for only a brief time each year.

Backswamp (BS)

Backswamp deposits form by periodic flooding and vertical accretion of new sediment. The primary geomorphic process occurring in this environment are vertical accretion of new sediment by annual flooding, pedogenisis, and bioturbation. These processes combine to form a characteristic soil profile and lithology. In general, soil types are predominantly gray to dark red gray clay interbedded with silt and decayed roots and wood fragments. Backswamp deposits are 20 to 30 ft (6 to 10 m) thick.

Backswamp deposits in the project area are located in poorly drained forested areas bordering the point bar environments (Figure 2 and 7). This envi~ ronment is approximately 25 percent of the study area. Backswamps are common in the Red River valley and have been covered with lacustrine deposits.

Alluvial architecture

The previous sections described the landscape components or geomorphic depositional environments. This section will portray the landform relationship in the subsurface. Twelve cross-sections (plates 1-12) were compiled with available boring data (located at the back of the report). The source of the boring data is presented by number in Appendix 0B. Location of the crosssection is shown on the geomorphic maps. The horizontal distance in feet represents running distance along the cross-section and not levee stationing. Examination of sections reveal the alluvial sediment incised the Tertiary Sediments (fu). Abandoned channels and point bars are seen in the sections. Backswamps are located away from the active and abandoned channels. Natural levee deposits drape most of the floodplain. Beneath and within the natural levee deposits is an inferred paleo surface. The paleosurface is a suggested level to explore for covered archeological sites.


r 1

:-: J

- l

'. "

2OOO-__ .. liC(XX)====:i0 _____ 2 ... OOO Ft.

SaGle

Figure 7. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical backswamp environment


18

4 Soil Geomorphology

Introduction

An important characteristic that distinguishes landforms is the development of a mature soil profile(s) by pedogenic processes. The presence or absence of a soil profile reflects the types of geomorphic processes that are active in the area and the age of the soil sequence (Birkeland 1984). A definite relationship was established during the study between geomorphic surfaces and soil materials. The understanding of the relationship increases the ability to predict location and probability of archaeological sites and pattern of soil genesis on a given surface. Landscape stability is evident by a well defined soil imprint. Soil data from the soil surveys (SCS 1979 and 1984) were used to infer the degree of stability in Red River landforms. Since burial of sites is important to archeological surveys the recognition of buried soil horizons and surfaces needs to be considered.

Soil-Forming Processes

Soil-forming processes are governed by the physical properties of the soils, the environmental influences of the geomorphic system, and the duration of the geomorphic processes. Soil genesis on each surface "can be viewed as consisting of two steps: (1) the accumulation of parent materials, and (2) the differentiation of horizons in the profile" (Simonson 1959). The primary parent material in this study is alluvium with colluvium and hillslope sediments being secondary sources. Horizon differentiation in the parent material is a result of four basic kinds of changes occurring throughout the system. These are additions, removals, transfers and transformation (Simonson 1959). Physical properties of the underlying soils and the soil profile are variable because of differences in (a) topography and slope, (b) the types of vegetation which are growing on the surface, (c) the land use characteristics of the area (Le. crop land versus timber), (d) variations in climate, (e) composition of the underlying parent materials, and (f) the time involved in which the soil has formed. These variations control the different types of geomorphic and pedogenic processes that are involved in soil formation, and they govern the

Chapter 4 Soil Geomorphology

- 1

, ;

- -;-,

soil profile that will be developed. Changes are brought about by the effects of the soil-forming factors.

Soil-Forming Factors

The five soil-forming factors have been studied and have been put forth in equation form by Hans Jenny (1941). His equation has the form:

s = f (c/, 0, r, p, t .. )

where s denotes any soil property. The soil-forming factors in parentheses, mostly groups of factors, are defined as follows:

cl = climate change o = organisms and their frequencies r = relief or topography

p = parent material, defined as state of soil at soil formation time zero

t = age of soil, absolute period of soil formation ... = additional, unspecified factors (Jenny 1961)

Discussion of the factors independently follows.

Climate

The climatic factor is considered by many to be the most important factor· in the development of soil characteristics. It accounts for the present and historical effects of rainfall, temperature and wind on soil features. A significant point in considering the effect of climate is its cyclic nature, and variance in time and amounts of inputs.

Organisms

The organism factor is comprised of the fauna and flora of the region. As with climate both the past and present influences of plants and animals is visible in the present soil. Plants are involved in the initial development of soils through mechanical and chemical weathering. Throughout the succession of a soil the properties of organic carbon, nitrogen, pH, bulk density, color, and structure are effected by plants. The influence of animal populations can be seen by the mixing brought about by the activities of burrowing species. Grazing species and even man impacts the soil to an extent through cultivation and compaction.

Chapter 4 Soil Geomorphology 19

20

Topography

Topography refers to the surface shape of a landform. It includes the gradient, length and width, slope orientation, and convexity or concavity. It effects soil hydrology, runoff or run-on, erosion or deposition and in conjunction with climate, vegetation. These attributes govern soil properties such as clay distribution, depth of weathering, profIle development and organic matter and chemical variance.

Parent material

Parent material refers to unconsolidated organic and mineral materials in which soils form (Soil Survey Manual 1993). It is the material present when soil genesis is initiated. The nature and original properties of the parent material are important to the development of soil properties. It determines many of the chemical, mineralogical and physical limits of a soil. It influences types of clay developed, structure, texture, color and natural fertility. These properties in tum create variability in drainage, available moisture and vegetation.

Time

"Time here refers to passage of time ... and in itself has no influence on the landscape; rather it records the accomplishments of the system" (Schumm 1977). Time in the above context is important only to help establish a starting and stopping point and to compute process rate (Daniels and Hammer 1992). Weathering of the parent material and development of soil features are aligned with time. Diverse parent materials will vary in the amount of time needed to produce soil material. Soil features will vary in the amount of time needed for development. Determining these times for a given parent material or feature can in some cases assist in ascertaining relative age. For example, the absence of a soil profIle indicates a soil that has been recently deposited and has not had sufficient time to develop a profIle.

Soil Geomorphology

The soil series will be discussed in terms of the geomorphic position and geoarcheological significance. Each of these different soil series has a unique soil profIle characterized by diagnostic physical or chemical properties. The diversity of the soil series for different landforms reflects, in part, differences in mapping conventions between the various counties and differences in soil type due to geography and variations associated with the soil forming variables (Le. time, parent material, climate, biological activity, etc.). Because of the great variety of soil series associated with the different landforms, specific or exact relationships between soil series and landform type are not possible.


" l

C l

Rather, general soil properties and characteristics can be differentiated for the various landforms.

The study area consists of soil classes, ultisols, alfisols, vertisols, mollisols, inceptisols, and entisols. The Tertiary bluff and slopes consist of ultisols such as the Bowie, Briley and Sacul series and alfisols such as the McKamie and Muskogee. These soils reflect long term pedogenesis and thus stability. Numerous Archaic sites have been located on Buzzard Bluff. However, the fact that ultisols are poor agriculture soils may explain the lack of Caddo sites.

Other Alfisols are the Rilla which are associated with natural levee deposits of former Red River channels. The Rilla reflects natural levee deposition along portions of Finn Bayou and Red Chute. The soil profile in a typical Rilla silt loam an argillic horizon at 1.2 ft (0.35 m).

Vertisols such as the Billyhaw series are developed on backswamp surfaces. Another clay soil associated with backswamps is the Perry. The Perry clay is an inceptisol reflecting some weak soil profile development. The proflle of Perry clay reveals a buried B horizon at 1.75 ft (0.5 m). The Billyhaw and Perry clay are associated with the Finn Bayou Meander belt (Heinrich 1994). The clay veneer masked the meander belt features and probably buried site associated with settlement along the Finn Bayou course.

Other soils have mollic epidons and are classified as mollisols, such as the Latanier and Caspiana. Discussions with Louisiana SCS staff suggest that the organic enrichment of these mollisols is possibly associated with the Great Raft which accelerated organic and overbank deposition in the Red River Valley. The Caspiana is found on the flanks or distal portions of natural levees, The soil proflle of the Caspiana shows a discontinuity at 2.2 ft (0.66 m). The Latanier contains a contrasting texture at approximately 3.3 ft (1 m).

Entisols exhibit the least amount of soil development and are, therefore, considered the most recent in age. Included in the entisol class are the Severn silt loam, Kiomatia loamy fine sand, and Oklared fine sandy loam. The Severn is associated with natural levee while the Kiomatia and Oklared series seem associated with historic and modern meander point bars. The Severn's profile reflects cumulative sedimentation which outfaced pedogenisis. Lithologic and color discontinuities at approximately 0.75 ft (0.25 m) indicate a possible buried surface in the Severn. The Kiomatia also reflects a change in deposition but deeper at 4 ft (1.3 m). The Oklared's profile reveals a depositional break at 3.8 ft (1.2 m). Considering the lack of soil development and thus relative recent age of these soils only historic and proto-historic sites are possible.

Soil Summary

The principal soil geomorphic processes are vertical accretion of new sediment from annual flooding, pedogenesis (soil formation), and bioturbation.

Chapter 4 Soil Geomorphology 21

22

These processes combine to produce a characteristic soil profile and lithology . in each landform. In general, soil profiles are better developed in older deposits than in the active point bar setting. Classification of soils by the SCS indicates inceptisols, mollisols and alfisols are the major soil groups for the older surface, while entisols are associated with the younger environment. The geomorphic importance associated with argillic and mollic soil horizons in the Finn Bayou area is that these soil horizons represent a stable surface and require a certain amount of time to develop. Exactly how much time is needed to develop either of these characteristics is unknown as it relates to the complex interchange between the different soil forming variables. Geomorphic significance of soil horizons in terms of this study is that the Finn Bayou surfaces have been stable long enough for pedogenic processes to imprint and alter the underlying fluvial deposits.


r 1

_ J

_________ . ___________ .. __ .• _ .............. ".n,·,·,_ ".'" " ......... --- ~.---- - - - ------ -- --- - - -" -- --- -- - -- - - - ... .

.. ~

5 Geomorphic Chronology

Introduction

Another objective of this study was to define the geomorphic chronology of the project area to the extent possible with the known data. The chronology is based on the available soils and geological data, results of the geomorphic mapping and boring and radiometric age data (Appendix C) from this study, and comparison of archeological site records. The geomorphic history of the area is defined by the distribution and extent of the underlying geologic units, the floodplain sediments which overlie these formations, and the soils that have formed and modified these different landscape elements.

Pleistocene

The Red River was not directly affected by continental glaciation during the Pleistocene. Therefore, the fluvial system did not directly receive glacial meltwater or related sediments. Instead, geomorphic processes operating in the study area were controlled by climatic variations associated with Pleistocene glaciation. Climatic changes influenced the base level on the Red River and its tributaries. Since the outlet for the Red River during the latter part of the Pleistocene was by way of the Mississippi River Valley, indirect effects of glaciation (Le. glacial melt water, glacial sediment, and sea level changes) would have influenced the Red River's discharge to the Mississippi River and its link to the Gulf of Mexico. The end result of this complex interchange between Pleistocene climate changes and associated base level response has been the creation and incision of a well-defined drainage basin into the underlying Tertiary sediments. At the beginning of the Holocene, the Red River alluvial valley and its larger tributaries had developed a series of descending stepped terraces, formed as a result of aggrading and degrading fluvial cycles, and a well-defined flood plain with associated environments of deposition. Within the boundaries of the study area, the mapped terraces are the Pleistocene Deweyville (Pd), Praire (Pp), and Montgomery (pm) Intermediate (Pi) (Saucier and Snead 1989).

Chapter 5 Geomorphic Chronology 23

24

Holocene

During the Holocene, the Mississippi River built five meander belt courses in its alluvial valley (Saucier 1974 and Saucier and Snead 1989). In the Red River valley, six remanent meander belts are preserved (Smith and Russ 1974, Russ 1975, Saucier 1974, Saucier and Snead 1989). The most recent Red River course to the Mississippi River may have formed some time between 500 and 1,000 years BP through Moncla Gap (Russ 1975). Pearson (1986) suggests this change may have occurred even earlier, perhaps as early as 1,800 years BP based on archaeological data. Hall (1990) indicates that approximately 1,000 years BP, a regional climate change occurred from moist to dry in the southern Great Plains. The response by the Red River to this climate change may have led to channel incision which helped to promote increased bank: erosion. Floodplain incision, bank: erosion, and valley-wide lateral migration may have introduced a large influx of sediment and trees into the lower Red River Valley to form the Red River Raft.

Saucier and Snead (1989) compiled previous mapping of the Lower Mississippi Valley and its tributaries. This synoptic view of the region indicates two meander belt deposits, Le., Hrml and Hrm2. These meander belts are the youngest two of the six recognized belts (Saucier and Snead 1989). A preliminary geomorphic study relating the distribution of prehistory archaeological record was conducted by Pearson (1982). The work is part of a multihypothesis in the valley's evolution and prehistoric landscape adaption. Pearson infers three meander belts, Le., modem, intermediate age and older belts.

Older Meander Belt (Hrm2)

Saucier and Snead (1989) mapped the Finn Bayou abandoned channels and course as Hrm2. The age of the Finn Bayou meander belt (pearson 1982) is tentative but is associated with his older meander projected to be older than 3,000 years BP. A radiometric date of 4610 ± 60 years BP was recorded from an Hrm2 over bank: deposit (Appendix C). Archaeological data indicate Late Archaic (5,000-2,500 BP) and Fourche Maline (2,500 - 1,000 BP) sites adjacent to Finn Bayou. Based on Jacobs (1981) work Heinrich (1994) suggested that Hrm2 could have flowed from 4,000 to 6,000 years BP. Until additional investigations produce radiometric dates, the presumed dates are plausible. The geomorphic features along Hrm2 are mashed with overbank: clay deposits. It is inferred that the affect of the Great Raft added additional vertical accretion deposits. Archeological sites are expected to be buried along this meander belt.

Intermediate Meander Belt (Hrm1.1 and 1.2)

Pearson's (1982) intermediate belt is part of Saucier and Snead's Hrm1. Geomorphic analysis during this study concurs that based on oxbow filling the Hrrnl can be differentiated into Hrm1.1 and Hrm1.2. Pearson's (1982)

Chapter 5 Geomorphic Chronology

- 1

J

-,

- 1

chronology suggests that the intermediate belt was formed 200 to 2,000 years BP. Additional data for this study suggest that the age of Hrm1.2 is 4,000 to 1,200 years B.P. Hrm1.1 is tentatively estimated at 1,200 to 200 years B.P. Hrml.2 oxbows are recognized by their partial fIlling. The Hrml.2 abandoned channels usually are flooded part of year and contain cypress swamps. Pearson (1982) included Red Lake on the eastern valley wall as part of the intermediate belt. An alternative hypothesis is that Red Lake and other eastern wall abandoned channels could be remnants of a Little River meander flowing during the time of Hrm2 deposition.

Modern Meander Belt (Hrm1.0)

The modem meander belt has been active for the last 200 years (pearson 1982). Review of historic maps show the present meander belt to be very active. For example, Old River Lake, Adam's Cut-<>ff and First Old River Lake were part of the channel in the 1840s. Willow Lake and Scott Lake were abandoned before 1840. The oxbow lakes or abandoned channels in Hrml.0 are open with only partial filling. Examination of the Fulton Quadrangle topographic map also reveals the active meandering of the Red River. For example, the Miller-Hempstead Co. line represents the 1876 channel. Even comparison of the 1951 quad to the photo-revised 1970 and 1975 maps show areas of 2,000 ft migration in approximately 20 years. Thus, the modem meander belt is not likely to contain prehistoric sites.

Historic

The southern portion of the study area was affected by the Red River Raft. By the early 1800's, the lower Red River was blocked by a series of log-jams known as the "Great Raft." The Red River Raft was a series of log jams nearly 100 miles long which had accumulated on the point bars of the river and formed numerous interconnected river channels in the upper Red River Valley (Figures). An account of rafting described by Timothy Flint (1833) is presented in Smith (1982). .

The Red River Raft led to the formation of numerous valley margin lakes within the Red River Valley and alluvial valleys of. its tributaries (Flint 1833). The raft was an important mechanism for the formation of the large lakes that covered the southern part of the study area during historic time. This study will not examine in detail the history of the raft other than its significance to lake formation as it is beyond the scope of this investigation. Further information about the raft is available from numerous historic accounts and papers (Darby 1816, Flint 1833, Veatch 1906, Caldwell 1941, and Mills 1978).

Poston Lake covered much of the lower study area by the early 1800's as shown by Figure 9 (from Veatch 1906). It is judged that the maximum lake limits for Poston, Lake were established during historic time, near the levels indicated by Figure 9. Beneath the limits of raft lakes, lacustrine deposits


N m

() ~ III

"S ~ 0'1

G'l CD o 3 o -a ~ o· () ~

g Figure 8. An artist conception of the Great Raft. Note, the overflow anabranch and distributary channels £. o

co -<

cJ

= ]

••••••••••• ' ................... co ...... • "." -----------------

buried the former floodplain of the Red River. The thickness of these lacustrine sediments was identified about 3.2 ft (0.98 m) (Albertson and Dunbar 1993). Lacustrine deposits may be even thicker, depending on distance from sediment source areas.

After 40 years of intermittent action, removal of the Great Raft was completed in 1873 by the USACE, to make the Red River navigable. Removal of the Great Raft caused the Red River to degrade its channel headward and drained the large lakes such as Poston Lake that had formed behind the raft (Figure 9).

.... .~!----~------~ .. ----~ .. -

Figure 9. Location and limits of Raft Lake (Veatch 1906)

Formation of raft lakes would have flooded the existing floodplain. The Hrm2 former floodplain with its abandoned courses and channels would have been buried and masked with a veneer of lacustrine sediments. Therefore, this study suggests that existing archaeological sites would have been buried by lake formation, where they are present.

Geomorphic Mapping and Chronology

A geomorphic map (back of the report) was prepared to reflect the geomorphic chronology. The Holocene map units follow the general designations of Saucier and Snead (1989) and Pearson (1982) with addition of detail


28

appropriate to 1:24,000 flood plain mapping for geoarchaeological site prediction. The Holocene flood plain consists of Red River meander belts (Hrm), natural levees (Hrl), and backswamps (Hb). Two meander belts Hrml and Hrm2 are identified (Saucier and Snead 1989). Modifying Pearson's (1982) model subunits of Hrml are delineated as Hrm1.0, Hrm1.1, and 1.2. The abandoned Hrm2 has surficial expression, but is covered by a mappable thickness of abandonment phase backswamp clay. The Little River has also produced two meander belts (HIm) and associated natural levees (Hll). Pleistocene deposits Pm (pd, Pp and Pi) and Tertiary Groups (Tc, Tw and Tm) are delineated but not investigated during this project.

Geomorphic mapping units

HRm. Present and former channel and point bar deposits of Red River meander belts. Surficial deposits range from fine sand to silt loam to clay depending on landscape position in the meander belt topography. Meander belt deposits may be veneered by fine-grained overbank deposits of natural levee, channel fill, swale fill, and backswamp origin. Multiple meander belts are identified. Meander belt 1 has discrete subunits 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2, with locally mappable cross-cutting or accretionary phases. Hrm2 is covered by backswamp clay.

HR.!. Natural levee deposits of the Red River associated with overbank deposition near channels. Local crevasse splay and crevasse channel deposits are included within the unit. Sediment textures range from sandy and silty adjacent to channels and grade to silty and clayey in distal areas. Individual natural levees are locally associated with meander belt 1 subunits.

Hb. Backswamp sediments deposited in distal areas of the Red River flood plain. Sediments range from clay to silty clay loam.

HR.cc. Crevasse channels deposit of major premonient flood basin channels. Sediment texture ranges from sandy to silty.

HR.c1. Natural levee associated with crevasse channels (Hcc). Sediment . texture are silty to clayey.

HaC. Alluvial fans associated with small tributaries along the valley wall. Sediment texture varys with sediment supply of the tributary basin.

HLm. Present and former meander belt deposits of the Little River.

HSm. Present and former meander belt deposits of the Sulphur River.

Hu. Undifferentiated alluvium of small streams.

HLm. Present and former meander belt deposits of the Little River. Surficial deposits range from fine sand to silt loam to clay depending on

Chapter 5 Geomorphic Chronology

- ;

- ,

_ 0

landscape position in the meander belt topography. Meander belt deposits may be veneered by fine-grained overbank deposits. Two meander belts are identified.

Pm. Pleistocene Montgomery Terrace.

Pd. Pleistocene Deweyville Complex.

Pp. Pleistocene Prairie Complex.

Pi. Pleistocene Intermediate Complex.

Te. Tertiary Claiborne Group.

Tw. Tertiary Wilcox Group.

Tm. Tertiary Midway Group.


30

6 Significance of Geomorphology to Cultural Resources

Introduction

Objectives

The most important objective of this study was to determine the archaeological significance of the geomorphic features, especially in terms of locating previously undiscovered sites. The major goals of this objective are as follows: identify and defme the principal archaeological site/landform associations and classify the landforms according to their site potential; provide guidance for locating sites that are of specific ages or cultural components; and identify areas that have high potential for site destruction or preservation· by natural geomorphic processes.

The approach that was used to define the relationships between known archaeological sites and geomorphic features involved identifying the known archaeological sites, evaluating geomorphic site data from the recorded sites, and identifying important characteristics that relate the archaeological sites to geomorphic features. These characteristics were then evaluated to predict locations of undiscovered sites according to their geomorphic context.

It is important to emphasize that the primary purpose of this analysis is to show general relationships between the various landforms that comprise the study area and archaeological sites contained within this area. This study is not meant to be an archaeological analysis, but rather to reveal trends of geoarcheologic preservation.

Procedure

Archaeological site data were obtained from the Environmental Resources Branch (PD-Q), CELMK, Coastal Environments Inc., and published reports

Chapter 6 Significance of Geomorphology to Cultural Resources

r 1

c 1

.".'"" ................... _., ••• ,. '.' ......... , .. " ',",>' •• ,_',J'..J _ ...... ·J'd .. ,.'J .1'>'J',p,' .. >~'., .......... , _.' ~"" ~ •• - - - _ ... - -.- _ ... -- - ......... - .... ~. "'_'"_'L'~''--'''_'_'''''-''_·''''-'~.''_''''' '

c 1

for Arkansas Archeological Survey. There are 324 known archaeological sites in the Great Bend region. The database of all known sites includes characteristics that were compiled from the geomorphic maps and site descriptions. These characteristics are site number, site name, quadrangle map, cultural components, diagnostic artifacts, site description type (Le. surface scatter, ceramics, historic debris, etc.), and size. Because of their sensitivity, the locations for the known archeological sites are not individually identified on the geomorphic maps. The sites locations along with the previous characteristics were entered into the GIS database for analysis. Using overlay comparisons, relationship of sites to landforms and meander belts were analyzed spatially and temporally by cultural component. The GIS analysis treats sites which occur on two or more landforms as two or more sites.

Use of geographic information system in cultural resource assessment

A geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful tool used to manage and manipulate geographically referenced data and information. Software and hardware GIS packages vary in analytical capabilities and database structure. The decision of which one to use is based on the type and amount of data, the desired product, and the GIS format. To construct the Red River GIS and database, ARCnNFO 7.0.2 was used. The interchangeable format between ARCnNFO Unix and ARCnNFO PC was considered essential in view of the fact that the GIS will be used as a management tool.

The framework for the GIS consists of various coverages that can best supply answers to proposed queries. Coverages refer to a GIS map and represent only one of them. Each theme must be assigned attributes or information that pertain to a particular feature. For example, an archeological site is digitized into the database as a polygon. Attributes, such as cultural affiliation, occupation, and chronology, can then be assigned to form a data structure. Until this information is added, the coverage has little value in the GIS.

The intent of the GIS is to provide support both in interpretation and maintenance of pertinent data concerning cultural resource assessment. The major analysis technique will be the combination or linkage of data layers to analyze or display spatial queries. For example, archeological sites, elevation, and geomorphology may be combined to locate sites situated on a selected landform occurring at a determined elevation. Predictive modeling based on established facts can then aid in future cultural resource investigations and management. By understanding the environment, i.e. geology, geomorphology, and soils, of known sites, the GIS is able to locate potential areas containing these same parameters.

Data in the GIS exists in either raster or vector format. Raster data is a cellular data structure composed of rows and columns whereas vector data is a coordinate-based data structure used to represent linear map features (ESRI 1994). In raster data, attributes are associated with each grid cell but in vector data, attributes are assigned to each feature. Both played an important role in construction of the Red River GIS.

Chapter 6 Significanca of Geomorphology to Cultural Resources 31

32

The following is a list of digital databases assembled for the project:

Q. Raster maps.

(1) Topography.

(2) Aerial photography.

b. Vector maps.

(1) Geomorphology .

(2) Geology.

(3) Soils.

(4) Elevation.

(5) Levees.

(6) Archeological sites.

(7) Geochronology .

(8) Borings.

(9) Surface water.

The GIS can be queried based only on attributes assigned to the above coverages and linkage between the coverages. When planning a GIS, the purpose of the project supports the queries and is considered when constructing a GIS. It is possible, however, that future projects may require additional information to support different objectives. Additional attributes for existing coverages can be added or new links between coverages can be established. New coverages can also be added if needed. The following questions are just a few examples the Red River GIS is capable of answering at this time:

Q. On what type of landform is a particular archeological site situated?

b. What is the minimum and maximum elevation of an archeological site?

c. What is the lithology of a particular geologic formation?

d. What is the chronology and area of a particular archeological site?

e. What percentage of archeological sites are situated a given distance from a levee?


- 1

Data requirements for cultural resource assessment

Many factors contribute to preservation or destruction of archeological sites and each must be considered for proper management of these resources. Fortunately, the scope of the project included field interpretation as well as analyses from available data. An initial reconnaissance of the study area determined that the management system needed to be based on geomorphology, geology, soils, elevation, levees, and mapped archeological sites. Interpretation of aerial photography and further field investigations provided verification of previous data. In the following paragraphs, these data are discussed in terms of their source and characteristics.

Geomorphology. Field investigations and aerial photography provided the interpretation for the geomorphology theme. A soil auger was used to retrieve samples at various depths throughout the study area. Sampling locations were chosen to confirm previous interpretations and to clarify conflicting analyses. A boring log was then constructed from soil sample descriptions. Each feature was digitized as a separate polygon and then assigned attributes. Previous geomorphological mapping by Smith and Russ (1974) and existing boring data were considered in this interpretation. Geomorphologic interpretation was discussed in Chapter 3.

Geology. This data coverage consists of the geology. The 1 :62,500 scale map was scanned using a Tangent Drum Scanner to ensure a more accurate digitization of features. Geologic age, formation name, and feature type were included in the data structure.

Soils. Soil information was taken directly from existing 1:20,000 county soil maps generated by the U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service (1984 and 1979) for Miller and Hempstead Counties. In order to provide an accurate overlay of this map to other coverages, the soil information was referenced using the Red River course from the topographic map discussed below.

Elevation. Elevation was digitized from the 7.5 min (1 :24,000) USGS topographic quadrangles. The area covered by the terrace (Pi) was not considered essential in the interpretations and, therefore, was not included in the data.

Levees. The levees were included in the database as a significant feature. In addition, a buffer reflecting the right-a-way was included. In this way, project specific queries relating to engineering impacts can be made.

Archeological sites. Coastal Environments Inc. provided location and descriptive data on archeological sites in the southern portion of the quadrangle. Additional locations can be added to the database as they are acquired.

Chapter 6 Significance of Geomorphology to Cultural Resources 33

34

Archaeological site definition

An archaeological site was defined as a location where artifacts have been found. This definition of a site does not differentiate sites of settlements. That is, a site can be a location where settlement has occurred, or it can be a location that was occupied only once and artifacts were left. This nonrestrictive definition is used because of the nature of archaeological site data. For some sites, exact locations or other important information in the site descriptions are missing or the data are wrong. In addition, it is possible for a single large site to be represented in the record as multiple sites that were recorded at different times by different individuals or organizations.

The primary objective of using the archaeological site data is to show the general relationships between the prehistoric sites and the landforms. It will be left to the archaeologists to interpret information about the site beyond its geomorphic characteristics. It is important to emphasize that the site catalogue has not been field checked. Basic trends are defined about the landforIl1!i by the archaeological site data in this section of the report.

Characteristics of an archaeological site

Artifacts that make up the archaeological site have by their distribution and position within the site certain temporal and spatial qUalities. These qualities are defined by geographic, stratigraphic, and ethnographic characteristics of the artifacts (Gould 1987).

The stratigraphic and geographic characteristics describe physical qualities .. about the site itself. Geographic characteristics describe the spatial context between artifacts and their relationships to other artifacts and their environment. Stratigraphic characteristics define the temporal or chronological order of the artifacts and relate these characteristics to the site occupation. Defining the geomorphic setting of the site is an important first step in evaluating geographic and stratigraphic characteristics of the site.

This study describes mainly the geographic (environmental or geomorphic) characteristics of the known archaeological sites. The identification of the site geomorphology is important to understanding the overall site archaeology, since the different landforms are dominated by certain types of geomorphic processes. These different kinds of processes will affect or control the distribution of the archaeological sites and the associated artifacts.

Stratigraphic or chronological characteristics of individual archaeological sites are not fully addressed by this study. The geomorphic analysis provided by this investigation will provide a general stratigraphic or chronological framework to evaluate the individual sites. A more detailed evaluation of individual sites will require the acquisition and analysis of further soil borings from the landforms on which individual sites are located. Soil borings will


_ J

- 1

- 1

: l

identify important sedimentological and soil forming characteristics and may provide datable materials for further determining chronological boundaries.

The last major criteria of an archaeological site are the ethnographic characteristics. These characteristics are determined by the archaeologist. The ethnographic characteristics of the artifacts and the site are concerned with human qualities of the site. Ethnographic characteristics relate human occupation to their associated activities and to the different types of cultures. However, before ethnographic characteristics can be fully understood, the geographic and stratigraphic characteristics must be fully defmed and evaluated.

Distribution of Known Archaeological Sites

Landforms

The distribution of prehistoric sites as a function of the different landforms in the study area on which the sites are located is presented in FigurelO~ Approximately 6 percent of the known archeological sites are located above the floodplain on valley slopes or bluffs. The remaining 94 percent of the sites are associated with the floodplain of the various fluvial components which form the study area. Many (46 percent) of floodplain sites are located adjacent to crevasse channels. Other known archaeological sites are primarily located upon natural levee or point bars adjacent to the Hrml.l and Hrml.2 channels or on the Hrm2 surface. Additional sites on the Hrm2 surface in this river reach may be buried by vertical accretion of sediment.

Distribution of cultural components

Available archaeological site data for the purpose of this study were divided into cultural component types: Paleo, Archaic, Fourche Maline, and Caddo. Figure 10 displays the distribution of the culture component across the landscape. Historic sites were not evaluated in this study as prehistoric sites are the primary focus of this investigation and because other factors may govern the distribution and occurrence of historic sites. Historic sites are best defined and evaluated by conducting a detailed historic assessment and inventory of the study area. The Caddo culture ranges from approximately 1,000 to 150 years BP. Fourche Maline culture ranged from 2,500 to 1,000 years BP. Archaic sites in the southeastern United States generally range from approximately 9,000 to 2,500 years BP. Paleo Indian sites are older than 9,000 years BP. The table in Appendix B indicates that some sites contain multiple occupations. Sites that are identified as multiple occupations (i.e. Paleo, Archaic, Fourche Maine andlor a Caddo) are located along Finn Bayou and Red Chute (Hrm2).


36

100

80

60

~ '0 ><!! 0

40

20 +---111-----

Paleo Arch FM CuHuraJ Affiliation

Caddo

ffitl IlIli III II

Legend

AbanChan

AbanCourse

PoInt Bar Teltiary

UnklPrehls

Figure 10. Distribution of archaeological sites by landform

Paleo sites

Four sites contain Paleoindian artifacts. These sites are located primarily on Buzzard Bluff (fw). Three PaleoIndian sites are located on Tertiary deposits (Figure 10), and the other is located along a crevasse channel.

Archaic sites

One hundred eighty sites or 55 percent (GIS) contained Archaic artifacts. Approximately 8 percent of the known Archaic sites are located upon the summit or slopes (Figure 10). The remaining sites (92 percent) are located on the floodplain. Archaic sites are primarily found on crevasse channels (lice) and the Hrm2 meander belt. Apparently, the entire landscape was utilized by the Archaic cultures. Additional archaic sites may be concealed in the older floodplain (lIcm2) due burial by vertical accretion.

Fourche Maline Sites

One hundred fifteen of the known sites or 35 percent (GIS) contained Fourche Maline artifacts. Fourche Maline sites (5 percent) have been located on Tertiary units. The other 95 percent of sites are primarily located on the


~l

~-,

r- 1

r l

r l

flood plain. Sixty-six percent are along meander belts; Hrm2 (8 percent), Hrm1.2 (30 percent) and Hrm1.1 (22 percent). Other sites are located along crevasse channels (31 percent) (Figure 10). Fourche Maline culture seems to have habituated across the landscape, using both upland and floodplain sites. The potential of additional sites existing beneath vertical accretion deposits is very real. For example, a Fourche Maline site (3LA25) was buried to 1.5 m (Schambach 1982).

Caddo sites

One hundred twenty-four known sites (Appendix B) or 38 percent (GIS) contain Caddo culture components. The sites located along Hrm1.2 meander belt features comprise 45 percent. Caddo sites are located along Hrm1.2 and comprise 33 percent in the Great Bend region. Late Caddo sites also exist along the modern meander belt Hrm1.0 (pearson 1982).

Prediction of Site Occurrence

The distribution of the known archaeological sites as identified in the preceding illustrations indicates that sites are not random, but are clearly associated with specific landforms in the project area. Geomorphic relationships identified for the known sites can be used to locate and interpret previously undiscovered sites and guide the subsequent archaeological analysis of the individual sites and the entire study area. Geomorphic relationships identified by this study should help to improve the efficiency of later cultural resource investigations in the project area and maximize the results obtained. In addition to locating undiscovered sites, geomorphic relationships will aid the archaeologist in defining the ethnographic site characteristics. Considering the distribution of known sites, expected site distribution is presented in Table 3.

Artifacts are most likely to be encountered on the natural levees of abandoned channels associated with the Hrm2, Hrm1.2 and Hrm1.1 courses. Artifacts may be located either on these landform surfaces or as part of the sediments that form these landforms. Lack of sites upon the older floodplain surfaces may be due to vertical accretion of sediment. Further investigations on the Hrm2 surface in the Finn Bayou segment is probably needed. Geomorphic data indicates that possible some abandoned channels and courses comprising this surface may possibly have formed during the early Holocene. Archaeological site data may provide additional evidence to the age of the various floodplain components. Backswamp veneers over older meander belts have possible potential for buried sites.

Summits (Tc, Tw and Tm) and terraces (Pp and Pi) have the high potential for surface sites. Because Tertiary summits and slopes, and Pleistocene terraces are stable to erosive landforms, buried sites are not to be expected.


38

Table 3 Expected Distribution of Cultural Resources by Meander Belts

Map Unit Surface Culture Buried Culture, < 2m Buried Culture, > 2m

Hrm1.0 No No No

Hrm1.1 Yes Possible Doubtful

Hrm1.2 Yes Probable Possible

Hrm2 Yes Probable Possible

Hrl1.1 Yes Possible Doubtful

Hr11.2 Yes Probable Possible

Hb Possible Doubtful Doubtful

Hc Yes Probable Possible

Hlm1 Yes Yes Possible

Hlm2 Yes Yes Possible

Pm, Pd, Pp, Pi Yes Doubtful No

Tc, Tw, Tm Yes Doubtful No

Site Preservation and Destruction

In the project area, a number of processes are or have been at work either preserving or destroying the evidence of prehistoric groups. Most evidence of these processes are the result of historic man, such as cultivation of the soil, timbering, construction of roads, buildings, and levees, and removal of the Red River Raft. However, natural processes have also played a key role in the preservation or destruction of the archeological record. Some geomorphic processes, such as lacustrine sedimentation or fluvial sedimentation, may serve to preserve the record through burial. Erosional processes may destroy sites by redistribution or destruction of the surfaces where sites occur. In the following paragraphs, the archeological significance of several processes is discussed, including fluvial sedimentation, chemical weathering, and fluvial scouring.

Fluvial sedimentation and site preservation

An understanding of fluvial sedimentation rates is important in evaluating artifact decay and preservation characteristics. Knowledge about sedimentation rates is also important in understanding the stratigraphic or chronological significance of the archaeological record. Rapid sedimentation will promote the preservation and superposition of artifacts and features that result from serial occupation of sites (Ferring 1986). In contrast, slow sedimentation rates


- 1

_ J

- ;

, " ••• ~~ .... " ........ ,.~. rO' " •• " ... ~. ,J .. ":"" ........ " ,.,

will result in the accumulation of archaeological debris as mixed assemblages and increase the potential for artifact decay by chemical and physical causes.

It is therefore important to understand, at least in general terms, local sedimentation rates to address the potential for site preservation and the types of sites that will be preserved. Sedimentation rates in the project area were interpreted from geomorphic evidence and are based on field observations and analysis of the available data. Guccione (1994) published sediment rates for the Item 2 and 3 area. She found 3 cm per year in a decade scale for proximal natural levee, 0.3 cm per year on a decade to century scale for distal natural levees, and .003 cm year on a century to millennium scale for backswamp. Careful application of sediment rates requires thinking about both the temporal and spatial location of the site. Sedimentation is a function of distance to the active channel and episodic overbank deposition.

Geomorphic Evidence and Archaeological Significance of Sedimentation Rates

Geomorphic evidence and sedimentation model

Geomorphic mapping and published data were the principal means of determining sedimentation rates in the study area. Types of evidence include sedimentary structure, soil profile development, bioturbation, and fossil preservation. The types of evidence and a general knowledge of the different processes operating within each landform make it possible to estimate sedimentation rates for the landforms identified in Table 3.

Sedimentation rates in the study area must be considered in terms of the present day and when the landform was formed. Erosion and sediment transport are occurring throughout the project area. Sedimentation rates on the Red River floodplain area also considered to be high, estimated at approximately 3 ft (1 m) per 1,000 years (Smith 1982). In addition, sedimentation because of the Red River Raft accelerated the aggrading of the Red River in the southern portion of the project area by adding 3 to 4 ft (0.91 to 1.22 m) of lacustrine sediment during the past 500 years (Albertson and Dunbar 1993). In contrast, the lowest sedimentation rates occur on the terraces and backswamp areas removed from semiannual flooding. Valley slopes and summits are mainly locations of weathering and erosional processes.

The site preservation and destruction characteristics of the different landforms, as a function of sedimentation, are evaluated for different types of archaeological artifacts in Table 3. The artifacts examined in Table 3 are animal bones, shell, charcoal, ceramics, crystalline lithics, and granular lithics. The different landforms were evaluated according to their ability to enhance preservation or accelerate decay. The interpretations made in Table 3 are based on the deterioration of archaeological sites primarily by chemical


40

weathering in a humid environment with the main preservation influence by burial from fluvial sedimentation.

Discussion

Preservation and destruction qualities of landforms are site dependent and are based on a number of interdependent variables. These variable include soil pH, soil moisture, wet aerobic or anaerobic environments, types of microorganisms and macroorganisms present, sediment movement, and soil loading. The relationships between these variables are very complex. They can vary slightly and result in different decay properties for the different artifact types. Hamilton (1987), Steele (1987), Vaughn (1987) and Mathewson and Gonzales (1989), describe the effects that each of these variables has on artifact deterioration in archaeological sites. The majority of artifacts identified in the archaeological site descriptions are lithics. These artifacts are least affected by chemical and physical weathering as shown by Table 4.

Chemical weathering promotes the decay of bone, shell, charcoal, and pottery. Stone artifacts are not affected. With increasing sedimentation and burial, artifact preservation is greatly enhanced as burial reduces the rate at which chemical weathering occurs. Archaeological sites are most threatened on the summits and on the side slopes where sedimentation rates are very low or where erosion is the dominant process.

Archaeological sites are more likely to be protected adjacent to or near the main channel where maximum sedimentation and burial occurs. Sites that are in close proximity to the main channel and not in the direct path of lateral migration by the river are buried by vertical accretion. Other factors to be considered in a discussion of artifact preservation and decay for geomorphic systems include flooding effects, groundwater movements, and fluvial scouring. Flooding can accelerate artifact decay by altering the chemical and physical processes normally operating. Artifacts may be affected by groundwater movements and associated chemical reactions between the groundwater. Terraces are especially affected by groundwater movements as they are composed primarily of unconsolidated sediments and are hydraulically connected to the main channel. Other indirect and potentially adverse effects of flooding on archaeological sites include riverbank caving following a rapid river drawdown.

There are no strict rules governing archaeological site preservation or destruction as a function of the respective landforms and associated geomorphic processes. Various trends or generalizations that have been identified above can be used as guidelines in evaluating the archaeological significance of the different landforms. Specific areas or individual archaeological sites should be examined and evaluated on the merits of each site.


: J _

~ l

() ;;r Il)

.~ ~ Ol

(J)

cO· ~ 0· Il) :l o CD o -Cl CD o 3 o -3 ;;r o 0"

IC < S () c ;::; c ~ :0 CD r/)

o c ;:; CD r/)

.p.

......

Table 4 Geomorphology of the Red River Levee Rehabilitation Project Area

Archaeological Artifact84

Geomorphic Surface Landform· Formation Age' Processz Rate3 AB SH CH CE CL GL

Floodplain Point bar (Hrm1) H LA M·R B B B B N N

Point bar (Hrm2) H LA·VA·BT·SF M B B B B N B

Raft Lake/Backswamp H VA M·R E E A E N N

Abandoned course H LA·VA M E E A E N N

Abandoned channel H LA·VA M E E A E N N

Natural levee (HrI1) H VA M·R A A A A N N

Natural levee (HrI2) H VA·BT·SF M-R A A A A N N

Terrace Abandoned floodplain (Pi) P E-SF L A A A A N N

Bluffs and Tertiary geology, (Tw) T E·SF L A A A A N N slopes Wilcox group

1 Age: H = Holocene, P = Pleistocene, T = Tertiary. 2 Geomorphic process: VA = Vertical accretion, LA = Lateral accretion, SF = Soil forming processes (Pedogenesis), BT = Bioturbation (organic mixing by vegetation and organisms), E = Erosion. 3 Rate of deposition: L = Low, M = Medium, R = Rapid. 4 Archaeological artifact: AB = animal bones, SH = shell, CH = charcoal, CE = ceramics, CL = crystalline lithics, GL = granular lithics, A = accelerates decay, E = enhances preservation, B = both; may accelerate decay or enhance preservation, N = neutral or no effect •

42

7 Summary and Conclusions

Geomorphology

Geomorphic mapping has identified three primary landform surfaces (Le. bluffs, terraces, and the floodplain) which are further subdivided according to environments of deposition or underlying parent geology. Bordering the floodplain of the different fluvial systems in the study area are topographically higher Pleistocene terrace and valley slopes composed of Tertiary age sediments. Three Pleistocene age terraces were identified and mapped adjacent to the main Red River Valley. The major floodplain environments of deposition, point bar, abandoned channel, abandoned course, backswamp, and natural levees, were identified or mapped as a separate environments of deposition.

The development of the study area began during the late Tertiary and early Pleistocene. Fluvial downcutting and lateral migration by the various stream courses have created a well-defined alluvial valley and floodplain. Terraces.· are situated along the valley walls, midway between the Tertiary uplands and the floodplain. Geomorphic data and published works (Russ 1975, Pearson . 1982, and Saucier and Snead 1989) indicate two to three meander belts in the study area. The older meander belt Hrm2 surface may extend in age from approximately 4,000 years BP to possibly the middle Holocene. The intermediate meanders (pearson 1982), designated Hrm1.2 in this report, are possible 4,000 to 1,200 years BP. Meander belt Hrm1. 1 is estimated to represent 1,200 to 200 years BP. The modern meander belt (Hrm1.0) is approximately 200 years BP to present.

Formation of the Red River Raft during the late prehistoric and early historic time blocked channel flow on the Red River and created a series of large lakes. Poston (see on Figure 11) and Swan lakes were formed as a result of the raft. Historic and geomorphic data indicates that the lakes were formed less than 500 years ago.

Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusions

: ~

- ,

_ J

Archaeological Significance

Historic archaeological sites were not evaluated by this study. The majority of prehistoric archaeological sites are located on terraces and valley slopes and former abandoned channels adjacent to Finn Bayou.

It is probable that sites may be buried beneath vertical accretion. Vertical accretion processes operation throughout the Holocene could have buried site to 10 ft (3.05 m) based on similar sites reported for the Red River Valley (Smith 1982).

Caddo sites generally correlate with natural levee deposits associated with the meander belts. These sites are located upon natural levees of abandoned channels and courses connected to the Hrml.l and Hrm2 meander belts.

Archaic sites are concentrated mainly along crevasse channels and the Finn Bayou course. Additional Archaic sites within the floodplain may be buried by vertical accretion of sediment andlor the landforms which comprise the floodplain may be younger at some locations. The potential for archaeological sites at the surface and in the subsurface in the Finn Bayou area is considered to be very favorable. Surface and buried sites are highly probable for Hrm2 and Hrml.2 surfaces. Other locations occur in close proximity to crevasse channels.

Existing data suggest that the different floodplain components may extend into the late Holocene. Exact chronological boundaries are not possible with the limited data presently available. The archaeological record may provide . additional evidence to determine more specific chronological boundaries and ages for the various floodplain features.

Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusions 43

44

References

Abington, O. D. (1973). Changing Meander Morphology and Hydraulics, Red River Arkansas and Louisiana, Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

Albertson, P. E. (1992). "Geologic reconnaissance of the Shreveport, Louisiana, to Daingerfield, Texas Reach, Red River Waterway," Technical Report GL-92-1, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Albertson, P. E. and Dunbar, J. B. (1993). "Geomorphic investigation of the Shreveport, Louisiana, to Daingerfield, Texas Reach, Red River Waterway," Technical Report GL-93-31, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Autin, W. J., Burns, S. F., Miller, B. J., Saucier, R. T., and Snead, J. I. (1991). Quaternary geology o/the Lower Mississippi Valley, Quaternary Nonglacial Geology Conterminous US, Geological Society of America, Golden, CO, Vol. K-2.

Bagur, J. D. (1992a). "The Indian version of Caddo Lake origins," letter report by Gulf Engineers and Consultants, Inc., Baton Rouge, LA. (Copies can be requested from Gulf Engineers and Consultants, Inc., Baton Rouge, LA.).

Bates, R. L., and Jackson, J. A. (1980). Glossary 0/ geology, American Geologic Institute, Falls Church, VA.

Birkeland, P. W. (1984). Soils and geomorphology, Oxford University Press, New York.

Caldwell, N. W. (1941). "The Red River Raft," Chronicles o/Oklahoma 19, 253-68.

Chorley, R. J., S. A. Schumm and D. E. Sugden. (1984). Geormorphology, Methuen & Co., New York, NY.

= J

References

- 1

•. J

References

Daniels, R. B., and Hammer, R. D. (1992). Soil Geomorphology. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, 254.

Darby, W. (1816). "A geographical description of the state of Louisiana," John Melish, Philadelphia, PA.

Dunbar, William. (1804). Documents relating to the purchase and exploration of Louisiana. Houghton Mifflin, New York.

Fairbridge, R. W. (1968). The encyclopedia of geomorphology. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, PA.

Ferring, C. R. (1986). "Rates of fluvial sedimentation: implications for archaeological variability," Geoarcheology, 1, (3), 259-74, Wiley, New York.

Fisk, H. N. (1938). "Geology of Grant and LaSalle Parishes," Louisiana Geological Survey Bulletin No. 10, Baton Rouge, LA.

Fisk, H. N. (1940). "Geology of Avoyelles and Rapides Parishes," Louisiana Geological Survey Bulletin No. 18, Baton Rouge, LA.

Flint, T. (1833). "The history and geography of the Mississippi Valley," E. H. Flint, Cincinnati, OH .

Harms, J. C., MacKenzie, D. B. and McCubbin, D. G. (1963). Stratification in modern sands of the Red River Louisiana, Journal of Geology, 71, 566-580.

Guardia, J. E. (1933). "Some results of the log james) in the Red River," Geographical Society of Philadelphia, 31, (3), 103-14.

Gould, R. A. (1987). "Part II: archaeological frameworks for evaluation site-formation processes," Interdisciplinary Workshop on the PhysicalChemical-Biological Processes Affecting Archaeological Sites, C. C. Mathewson, ed., Texas A & M University, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Guccione, M. J. (1995). Geomorphology of the Red River near Fulton, Arkansas in archeological investigations in the Great Bend Region, Miller County, Arkansas, Levee Item 2 and 3. Mid-Continental Research Associates .

Hall, S. A. (1990). "Channel trenching and climatic change in the southern U.S. Great Plains," Geology 18, 342-45.

Hamilton, D. L. (1987). "Part IV: Archaeological conservation and processes of artifact deterioration." Interdisciplinary workshop on the physical-chemical-biological processes affecting archaeological sites.

45

46

C. C. Mathewson, ed., workshop at Texas A & M University, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Harvey, M. D., Watson, C. C., Schumm, S. A., Pranger, H. S., and Schug, J. S. (1987). "Geomorphic and hydraulic analysis of the Red River from Shreveport, Louisiana, to Denison Dam, Texas," Project No. 76-106-87, prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg, Water Engineering and Technology, Inc., Fort Collins, CO.

Heinrich, P. V. (1994). Natural settings Chapter 2 in cultural resources survey at Red River below Denison Dam, Levee RehabilitationlRestoration Item 1, Miller County, Arkansas. Goodwin & Associates, New Orleans, LA.

Jacobs, J. A. (1981). Depositional and Quaternary history of the Red River in northeast, Texas. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Department of Geology, University of Texas, Austin, TX.

Jacobs, J. A. (1985). Fluvial responses to hydrologic changes on the Red River in northeast Texas. Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 35, 409414.

Jenny, H. (1941). Derivation of state factor equations of soils and ecosystems. Soil Science Society American Proceedings 25: 385-388.

Kidder, A. D. (1914). "General report, examination of Ferry Lake, Caddo Parish, Louisiana, T.20 N., R. 16 W., LA, Mer.,' report of 14 October 1914 to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, Washington, DC ..

Leverett, F. (1913). "Summary statement concerning the geological and drainage features of Ferry Lake and vicinity," report of 14 October 1914 by Arthur D. Kidder, Supervisor of Surveys, to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, Washington, DC.

Martin, C. W. (1992). "Late Holocene alluvial chronology and climate change in the central Great Plains," Quaternary Research 37, 315-322.

Mathewson, C. C., and Gonzalez, T. (1988). "Burial of archaeological sites for protection and preservation." Proceedings on 24th Annual Sy11lposium on Engineering Geology and Soils Engineering, Coeur d'Alene, ID.

Mills, G. B. (1978). "Of men and rivers," U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg, Vicksburg, MS.

Pearson, C. E. (1982). Geomorphology and prehistory settlement patterns in the Great Bend Region. In Contributions of the Archeology of the Great Bend Region, edited by Schambach, F. F., pp 12-29, Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series 22, Fayetteville, AR.

r,

References

- l

- 1

References

Pearson, C. E. (1986). "Dating the course of the lower Red River in Louisiana: the archaeological evidence," Geoarchaeology 1, (39), 39-42 ..

Russ, D. P. (1975). "The quaternary geomorphology of the lower Red River Valley, Louisiana," PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.

Santeford, L. G. (1994). European and American settlement in Miller County, chapter 5 in A cultural resources assessment of proposed Interstate 71 corridors between Texarkana and Louisiana, Miller County, Arkansas SPEARS Project Report 71, West Fork, AR.

Saucier, R. T. (1974). "Quaternary geology of the lower Mississippi Valley," Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series, No.6, Little Rock, AR.

Saucier, R. T., and Snead, J. I. (1989). "Quaternary geology map of the lower Mississippi Valley, scale: 1:1,000,000," Geological Society of America, Decade of North American Geology Series, Boulder, CO.

Schambach, F. F. (1982). The archeology of the Great Bend Region in Arkansas. In Contributions to the Archeology of the Great Bend Region, edited by Schambach, F. F., pp 1-11, Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series 22, Fayetteville, AR.

Schultz, J. R. and Krinitzsky, E. L. (1950). Geology of the Lower Red River. Technical Memorandum 3-319, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Schumm, S. A. (1977). The Fluvial System. New York: Wiley.

Simonson, R. W. (1959). Outline of a generalized theory of soil genesis. Soil Science Society American Proceedings 23: 152-156.

Smith, F. L., and Russ, D. P. (1974). "Geological investigation of the lower Red River-Atchafalaya Basin area," Technical Report S-74-5, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Smith, L. M. (1982). "Geomorphic investigation of the Bayou Bodcau and Tributaries Project Area, Louisiana," Miscellaneous Paper GL-82-12, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Soil Conservation Service. (1984). "Soil survey of Lafayette, Miller and Little River counties, Arkansas," U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.

____ . (1979). "Soil survey of Hempstead County, Arkansas," U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.

47

48

Soil Survey Staff. (1993). Soil survey manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 18, Revised, Washington, DC.

Stearns, R. G., and Wilson, C. W. (1972). "Relationships of earthquakes and geology in west Tennessee and adjacent areas," Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, TN.

Steele, B. G. (1987). "Part V: zoo archaeology, taphonomy, and preservation of the fossil faunal assemblage." Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Physical-Chemical-Biological Processes Affecting Archaeological Sites, C. C. Mathewson, ed., workshop at Texas A & M University, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Stoddard, Major Amos. (1812). Sketches, historical and descriptions of Louisiana. Mathew Carey, Philadelphia, PA.

Tyson, C. N. (1981). The Red River in Southwestern History. University of Oklahoma Press.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1873). "History of the raft obstruction of Red River," annual report to the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lower Mississippi Valley Division, Vicksburg, MS.

____ . (1893). "Annual report of the Secretary of War for the year 1893," report of the Chief of Engineers, Lower Mississippi Valley Division, Vicksburg, MS.

_____ . (1968). "Comprehensive basin study, Red River below Deni-: son Dam," Vol. 2, App. I, II, ill, IV, U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg, Vicksburg, MS.

Veatch, A. C. (1906). "Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas," U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 44.

Willey, G. R., and Phillips, P. (1958). Method and theory in American archaeology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

_ J

r "1

,. ,

- 1

'. ;

References

A r

260

250

240

230 ............ a > ~

220 z '-'"

~ w 210 l.J....

z z 200 0

~ 190 ---l w

180

170

160

150

o 2000

BOYD HILL, AR KAN SAS Hrmlnl Hrm Pb 1.1 '1 Hrm M' 1 Hmr 1.1 Pb 1 aol.1 I' Hrm I~rml

Pb 1.0 .0 Pb Pb

I·H~I

............................. :- ...... : :.: .. :.««<~·:::~:~«:~~~:~~~:~~~:~~HH~:~~~:~~~:~~~:~~~:~~~:~~~::~~: ~:::U~ ::U: >:>:>1 !!!!'·i!!i'!!i •••••••• i.' ••• i!ii!!iiIilll!,.liliiIii •.. ilili

.:-:.:-: .:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.:-:.: .. :-:.:-:. -:.:-: ': ;':.': ... '" ',::;',:::::::::::::::'.:::::::::::'.:::',:::'.:::'.:::'.:::'.:::'.:::'.:::',:::',:::'.:::::::'.:::',::;'.:::::::',:::'.:::'.:::',:::::::',:::::::',;::::::'.:: ',:::::::', :::.:':" .: .... , .. :Y}:~l::::l:«<:~l::::l:<:>}:~l::}U:JJ<:::l:J:}CJC:>}:~/:«/:l:U:::::::::·.:: :<:,/ :~. '::.~.:.:' .::. : :< ~/J ~:~ /.: ~:: \ :.::: ~l:: ~:::?: ~::: ~l::?:?: ~::: ~:::?:?:?:?: ~:::? :~l:: ~l:: ~l::?:?: ~:::?:?: ~::: ~l:: ~.~ ~ ~::: :~.: ~ ~:::::

~~::::.~.: i~:\: i ~::::~.: i~::::./(~~~.~;.\!?:~l~!?~>/}~::!/:!~~:~?j?\J)~/.!:::~?~}C!~l~!.:(:?:.~.:· ~~:::.~.:~'.

~~1:lIj:illjIjIlrIIII:jIjij::j

..... ~ ... ~.-..

!ii·!·!i.i!i.ii.·i!. . ':\/\>~:\ ·C:

:~:::~.: :~.~:··~l :~.::'. ?.'::'::-:I:'·:-

.,':.' ... ,:.' . ',.: .... ,':.' .. ,':.' . ' .. :.' .... ::" . ',:" ... . . '::<\~:'~':~/~\::~:'~<:~:<":-i":" .. , ... . Tu ~?~ VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 200X

11 ,_--.d

A'

(e;) LEGEND yBORING

m NAlURAL LEVEE

EBII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

I'Z2I POINT BAR

[SSjBACK SWAMP

4000 6000 - ~ ABANDONED CHANNEL

8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 280001 ~~.,~"'

o I STAN eEl N FEET lEi!] PlEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENnATED

!Iill TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED

1 ,d

Plate 1

B 260

250

240

230 ,........ o > ~ z 220 '-../

CJ ~ 210

z

z 200 o

~ ~ 1J10 w

180

170

160

150

BOYD HILL, AR KAN SAS B' Hrm nI I ac I HRM 1.1 Pb IHjHRllI "l

1.1 1.1 ac I HRM I HRM I HRM I HRM IHRMI HRL 1 Hb 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1

Pb ao Pb ac ao

~ &

.:',,--;-;0."

I~\T~5W\T\~\~l{L ....... )\\~\\l~\\\~

., .••••••••.•••. : •••••••••• ~ •••• !.: ••• ·i •• !!· ••• j •••••.•• !i ... !i ..••• :j •••• !I •... !I.li!.!~.II~ •.••••••••••. 0 •• j ••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• : •.. . ':~ .::~ ::: ~~. ;}~: \:: \ ::l: j :::: \ \1:: \\: j \j: j ~:: j \\: j \j: j \r \ \\: \ \\: \ ~\: \ \j: j \\:: ~\:: \\: .. \:: ~1: \ \1: j \1: \ \\: j \j: j ~\: \ \j: j \j: j \j~ j\j:: \j: j \1: \ ::1: ~ ~;: = \\: j ~\:::.: \ ~\: \ \;:: \\: \1:: \\: \ \\: \ ~j: \\: j \\~ j \\: j \): j \\: \ \\: j \\: \ \\: j \j: j \\: \ \~: 1;\:.\:::: :.~.:. · .:> .:":>~. ~~:::~ ... :~.::;~ ... ~~.:\:.?>~ :.:;) \ ?\:.~: ):.\ ::~ \~\: \? \:<? \ \: \? \/.: /;/.~::: ):.\?\? \?\? \:\: \? \? \ :\~ \ :::: ~\~ \:\~ \:U/ :.~:.: :.:~ :.)~::~ ).: > =./! :;;:~ ~.:=~.:< .. « .. :~:\:. ;~::~. :"::'.~ . '1: T;:J:::::;;l?;:(:;: •• nn::n '?%:'::n. i::h T:::nn T;n c· \ ... ,., 1.;.iJili~o~.liB!i.t; : •.• : •• ::;:;.::.: •• :.:; •. : •• ::.;: •• ::.;: •• :: •• ::::.;: •• ,;' To

"':-:::":»;::~:;~'::.~.:~ .. ~ .•..

VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 200X

(s;) LEGEND yBORING

B NATURAL LEVEE

Iiill PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

rza POINT BAR

lSSI BACK SWAMP

5Q;I ABANDONED CHANNEL

o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I EJSAND & GRAVEL

DISTANCE IN FEET (EYJ PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED

ITill TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED

Plate 2 " , ~

A

240

230

220

,-...., 0 210 > <..? Z '--"

~ 200 w l..L.

z 190

z 0 I-

~ 180

.-I w

170

160

150

140

130

l 0

Hnn 1.0 Pb

I ~

. ···'';'fo.:,'

....

.... . ' .

........

........

........

........ :.:-:.:' ........ ",,, ..

I-~

CANFIELD, ARKANSAS A' -,

HR!.II nl Hnn nl Hb GO Hb 1-:2

I

.···.·:'::·:·::1:::::,> ..................................................... .

':: '::::: :,':>:: ~,::-:: :,',:.'., Tu


r;') LEGEND yBORING

8 NATURAL LEVEE

HIll PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

rza POINT BAR

lSSI BACK SWAMP

--,,-----,------.---1 5Q;I ABANDONED CHANNEL 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 IIIJSAND & GRAVEL

DISTANCE IN FEET . IEillPLElSTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED

IIW TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED

Plate 3

,,-..... 0 > 0 Z '-../

ti w lL.

z z 0

~ GJ -.l w

B

240

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

CANFIELD, ARKANSAS

I. HRMI "I 1 Hltll HRMI "I Hrm 1 Hrm IH~ HRMI "I 1 1.1 1.1 1: UMM 00 ~ GC

••• - ••• - •••• AJ. ••••• - ••• - ••• -.u; •••••••••••••••• . : ..... ::: ......................... ::: ......... .

Tu Tu

B'

(;) LEGEND yBORING

8 NATURAL LEVEE

EBIl PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

IZ2I POINT BAR

VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 200X tssJ BACK SWAMP

f----,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....---,.....--( f2QjABANDONED CHANNEL

o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 ~~D&GRAVEL

DISTANCE IN FEET [EY] PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED

IIYJ TIERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATIED

Plate 4 , ~

...--.. o > '-' Z '-../

~ W lL.

Z

z o t{ Gj -l W

A Hri 1

220

Hnn 1.0 Pb

DODRIDGE NE,

~ ~

I I

Hnn Pb 1.0

J"

ARKANSAS A' Hnn 1 Hri 1 Hb

~~/;lU!::::" .. ::~;J~+~i1:~t~\~~j·r>~:( ,'!!i!!i!i!.I •• :t.i .• ,........ . .... ,.:!::i.:t:i.!i::: •• :i:!i.li.i::.·.i:II.:·I.i.

. :-:::;::;;:~·./~>~JJJJ~I~/:<~~:~~;!::::.; ...... :<.;<.::!:~>~JJJUU:~~»>~:~~~:~~::~\\/

,:iilillilliiiilliililiillillilli:liiililll:liliiii. li:iiillllilliiiiil:I!!iliiii.ill!liliii:iliiiii

d

1301'·:, C· C,; .• :;'.;. Tu . ' .•. ';;":'::F::::: /;;: ::';: • ':;:;:;>. Tu (;) LEGEND ...

120

110

o 2000 4000 6000

..• ;; t. c.:::; ;j:;>;' yBORING

8 NATURAL LEVEE

Ifill PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

rza POINT BAR


.. ~:.~.:. :~} .,. [SS1BACK SWAMP

-,..-----r----I 5QI ABANDONED CHANNa 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I EJSAND & GRAVEL

DISTANCE IN FEET IE!!] Pl.EISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED

IIY] TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED

Plate 5

,.......... 0 > 0 Z '-'

tJ w l..L

z z 0 f-

~ .-J w

B DODRIDGE NE, ARKANSAS B'

240

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

Pd Hb Hrm I Hrll 11.21 Hrm 1.1 ac 1.2 Pb Pb

I' Hrml l1:rn1"1 Hrm I nl • acac 1.0 Pb Pb

~ Hrll ~ ., ~y "

Tu Tu


(;) LEGEND yBORING

8 NATURAL LEVEE

E!ID PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

rza POINT BAR

[S.'S) BACK SWt>N.P

I I 5Q;l ABANDONED CHANNEL

o 20'00 40'00 60'00 80'00 10000 12000 1 4000 1 6000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 ~ SAND'" GRAVEL

DISTANCE IN FEET IEYl PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED

ITYJ TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED

Plate 6 "

.......... 0 > '-' Z '-"

t:i w l.J....

z z 0

~ GJ -' w

A

230

220 ~ a:

a a:

210

200 I Tu

190

180

170

160

I Tu

150

140

130

120

DODRIDGE SE, ARKANSAS

" ,.

A'

Ittl Hrmll Hrll 'I~I' Hrm 1.1 ~Hrmll ac, I, Hrml . ~ ., I Hrll I' lib ,I . nl . Pb • nl 1.1 nl . n 1. Pb

I..ewe ~ I..ewe

/MX~.:::. )\~~~I~(~/~/~ \~~~\~(((\)~\J\~~~\~~~ ............. yy

.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·.:·.·.· ... • ••• •• •• • •• I:.i •• :.............::.:· ••••. ': .•. : .•. :., ..•...•...•. : .• ' .

:~.:: .. > ~~:::-.~.:. {: .. > t>.> ~~: ::.> {>. Tu :~::::.> :~:::-.~:. t::~: >\. {\: ~.:::~.: t:~: >\. >::~.: .~~:::::: ;~:::~>.:::/«\::<? .::~: :>:1: ·:~~:.I: :::~~:::?:~~d~:::·.:·: ~~·::.~rj}:::·.:.: ~~::: .. :.:-L

Tu


, ,

(;) LEGEND yBORING

8 NATURAL LEVEE

EllII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

IZa POINT BAR

lSSI BACK SWAMP

1----.----..,...------r---...,....------,r--lL-....... ---..-----r----r---L..,----...,....----:...L.r---:-~:--::-::-"!""":'-:-tI ~ ABANDONED CHANNEL

o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I [[JSAND '" GRAYa

DISTANCE IN FEET [eillPLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED

[!ill TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED

Plate 7

.......... 0 > '-' z .......,

ti W I.J....

z

z 0

~ ~ -l W

A

Tu 270

S?

Pu

240

230 I'-... --7

2201 Tu

210

200

I I 190

180

170

160

FOUKE NE, ARKANSAS A'

I Tu

-.

Hrco 110

... : .:::'.~: ~ '.:~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~: . ~~! ~~~ ~ :l~! ::l~ ~::: l ::~:: ~l:! ::~: ~ ~l:! ~l: ~::! ~l:! ::1: 1 ~l:! ::l:! ~l:! ~l:! :l:! ~l'~ [~:; ~ :~:: ":"

~i.ii.;ij!!J!j:.:IJ it ::i:~: !:;[i.!!.;illl!i!!!\iliiliililillllli!iil! i:!II: . ·'·I'~·'j .• / ... , ........•. :;: .:;:i?;r:::';::...; ..

Tu \: ~~::: <~:::'.~.: >:.~?::.,>';~:: :, .. :.' .... Tu

~ LEGEND yBORING

B NATURAL LEVEE

EBII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

rza POINT BAR

VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 200X ISSlBACK SWAMP i' I ~ ABANDONED CHANNEL o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I IE]SAND '" GRAVEL

DISTANCE IN FEET lEYJ PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATEO

[]!I TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED

Plate 8

,,--.... 0 > C> z "--'

~ w u... z z 0

~ (;j ...-J w

A r

FULTON, ARKANSAS 300 Hrm

~J

290

280

270

260

250

240

230 /<:~II>:<\::::... ..: ~~.~.:-i?]: :~?\y .>.

,:~i~:~~~ T:~~~:J:I~: :1}I~i~:~ ~~}~~~~ :. .~~i~~~ } irl~iIrl~:~iII~i~L. 220

210

200

Tu 190

Tu

" .,,; -~

At Tw

BUZZARD BLUFF

(;) LEGEND yBORING

8 NATURAL LEVEE

E!JII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

IZa POINT BAR

lS'Sl BACK SWAMP

180 6 20'00 40'00 60'00 80'00 10000 12000 14060 1~600 1 RnOO 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I rg=D:N::~NEL DISTANCE IN FEET

170 lEYl Pl.E1STOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED

IIi!l TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED

Plate 9

B r

290

280

270

260 .......... 0 > 0

250 z '-"

tJ w 240 u... z z 230 0 I-

~ 220 -1 w

210

200

190

180

1700 2000 4000

FULTON, ARKANSAS

Hb 11.~ Hnn 1 1.2 '1 Hb GO "I GO 1.1 1.2 '1 1.1 '1 1.0 Pb GO Pb Pb 1~ 1 Pb •

C7

: ......... ; .. >: . .:.:.::::.::::.:::;.:::~.:

. ;::[[ tl.)~ ;:i[ll:~[~ ;:i[ [l:i[ll:'[l ~:~ }:;:;:i:·:.~·:'.)·m~;:;'l: .,:.'.~

Tu

i ~

...........

:.,:i·:,......... i'.:': :>:::;.: ::.:::~.:::\::~(}·l:~r~ll:~l}l~ lYl} l:~l}l}~::. ../}l~ ~l~~:f ~l~?~

. iii :1;;:;i ••• 1:;( I·i ill; i.,': ii .• l!@: ••• : ••• :,. ..[·il[i l);. iii]. ':?~':-:':'.~>~.:::.~.: ~.'::~.::~. ::.~.::~:'.~:'< .. : .':: : :~'>~.::~.:::'~?)\::. /:::~: ~:::~.: ~.::'~.:

'" Tu

Tu

B' -,

(e;) LEGEND yBORING

8 NATURAL LEVEE

EBlI PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

rza POINT BAR

VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 200X I [SSI BACK SWAMP

6000 --.----.----.--1 5Q;I ABANDONED CHANNEL 8000 1 0000 12000 1 4000 1 6000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I ['[J SAND & GRAVEl

DISTANCE IN FEET !EYl PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTlATED

!IYJ TERTlARY UNDIFFEREN1lATED

Plate 10 11

I j r ..J

-----0 > '-' z '-"

t:i w l.i...

Z

z a ~ Gj ....J w

A

250

240

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

GAR LAN D, AR KAN SAS

,. ~ + ~~ ., - -Hrm ., , Hill ,GO , 1.1 ~ .. ... ~ y

C7n

.. /l~i l~l:lll\

1111:!il!III:!ili\i!!!ili1i!}iilii!II[li!i~!I\!l!:ii~i]i:liilll!i\i!:lllllilil Bi!I!:ll.l!:I!. ?\?\?\~\:\?\~\~\~\~\~\~\?\~~~\}/!~:::.~:.':~.::/:~?/~\:.\~\~\~\?\~\~\?\?\?\~\~\?\?\?\?\~~~\?\ ~~\?\~\~ ?\~ ~\?\~\~\?\~ ~\?\~\~~):.:;?~ :~~::)<:~':?:::~: {:;.~::.::'=:>./:::~: ;~:::-~.: (::.> :~.::> :;i.:::/}/)CCCC~~/:\l~~:»T~ ~~// '.:.? ::;:. :~.::/.:: ~:.;':.?:::~~. t·::~

~?~, ........... : .• :··~··::t~~i:li'l~ •• ii:f;:iIIlil~l: Tu

II

u

A' --,

(e;) LEGEND yBORING

8 NATURAL LEVEE

BIll PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

1221 POINT BAR

VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 200X ~ BACK SWAMP

I 1----.----.----.----.----.----.----.----.----,.....---..---..---..---..---..--1 5Q;jABANDONED CHANNa

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 EJ~D&GRAva

DISTANCE IN FEET lEY! PlEISTOCENE UNOIFFERENTIATED

IIYJ TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED

Plate 11

B

250

240

230

.--... 0 220 > C> Z '-'"

W 210 w l.i...

Z 200 z 0 I-

~ 190

-I w

180

170

160

150

140

o 2000 4000 6000

GARLAND, ARKANSAS

1 Hrm • 1.1 Pb

Hrm .1 Hrml I H:rI,FJ Hrml 1.0 nl l.. nl Pb Pb

~

.":]:." Tu


8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000

DISTANCE IN FEET

B'

(e;) LEGEND yBORING

8 NAlURAL LEVEE

BJII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE

I'ZLI POINT BAR

lS:Sl BACK SWAMP

~ ABANDONED CHANNEL

lEI SAND '" GRAVEL

!EYl PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED

ITYl TlERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATIED

Plate 12 ,< 1

lJ ,..J

, (

I !

I I ~ ~ , £ ,

:: J

.••••• _ .• ~ .... <...o~~'.)(J"'~>" _'r."""J" ........... ," .... , ...... , .. ,·, .• • ........ ·.·:.· ..... " .• ·" ......... " ..... ·'·."a ...... ,·,' •. , ...• ~ .... , .. .... J.,.

Appendix A Red River Boring Log Reference Table

Appendix A Red River Boring Log Reference Table A1

A2

Red River Boring Reference Logs Table of Contents

Boyd Hill Quadrangle ................................ A2

Canfield Quadrangle ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A6

Doddridge Northeast Quadrangle ......................... AS

Doddridge Southeast Quadrangle ......................... A9

Fouke Northeast Quadrangle ............................ AlO

Fulton Quadrangle .................................. AlO

Garland Quadrangle ................................. A14

Spring Hill Quadrangle ............................... A15

Appendix A Red River Boring Log Reference Table

r 1

- ,

, 1

Usage - , Boring Reference Boring

No. No. Report Name Mile No. Quadrangle

1 374 L-5 Kenny Revetment 374 Boyd Hill

2 374 L-6 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 374 Boyd Hill


- 1 4 374 L-8 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 374 Boyd Hill


6 374 L-l0 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 374 Boyd Hill

7 380 R-l Mays Lake Realinement 381.5-377. Boyd Hill

8 380 R-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 381.5-377. Boyd Hill

9 380 R-3 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 381.5-377. Boyd Hill

10 380 R-4 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 381.5-377. Boyd Hill .-

11 384 R-l Red Lake Revetment 384 Boyd Hill

12 384 R-l U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 384 Boyd Hill

13 384 R-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 384 Boyd Hill


15 384 R-2U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 384 Boyd Hill


17 373 R-3 Kenny Revetment 374 Boyd .HiII






23 380 R-2 Beck Revetment 380 Boyd Hill








31 383 L-l Boyd Revetment 383.1 Boyd Hill

I {Sheet 1 of 13} I


Usage Boring Reference Boring No. No. Report Name Mile No. Quadrangle

32 383 L-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 383.1 Boyd Hill



35 383 L-5 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 383.1 Boyd Hill r- 1


37 708 Arkansas Ugnite Invastigations 1-82 Boyd Hill

38 709 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 1·82 Boyd Hill

39 258 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 Rt.29 Boyd Hill

40 257 Info. Cir. 28·C 1985 Rt.29 Boyd Hill

41 Bridge No. 5617 Arkansas State Highway Commission Rt.29 Boyd Hill ..

42 W-7 Geological Investigation Map nla Boyd Hill

43 W-8 USGS 1 :62500 Lewisville nla Boyd Hill

44 W-18 USGS 1 :62500 Lewisville nla Boyd Hill

45 B5 Item 5 nla Boyd Hill

46 B9 Itam 5 nla Boyd Hill











57 B20 Itam 5 nla Boyd Hill






(Sheat 2 of 13)

A4 Appendix A Red River Boring Log Reference Table


63 B26 Item 5 n/a Boyd Hill















78 B1 Item 9 Below Dension Dam n/a Boyd Hill

·79 B2 Item 9 Below Dension Dam n/a Boyd, Hill






85 B8 Item 9 Below Dension Dem n/a Boyd Hill


87 Bl0 Item 9 Below Dension Dam n/a Boyd Hill

88 R23 Whitney Autin Soil Borings n/a Boyd Hill

89 R44 Louisiana State University n/a Boyd Hill





(Sh_t 3 of 13)



94 R40 Louisiana State University nla Boyd Hill









1 352 L-1 Maniece Bayou Revetment 352.5 Canfield

2 352 L-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 352.5 Canfield





7 350 R-4 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 350 Canfield








15 Bridge No. 2450 Arkansas Highway Comm.-Dooley Creek Rt.29 Canfield

16 355.5 L-1 Swan Lake Revetment 355.5 Canfield

17 355.5 L-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 355.5 Canfield



20 SL-1-83U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 355.5 Canfield

21 SL-2-83U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 355.5 Canfield

22 788 Arkansas Lignite Investigation nla Canfield

(Sheet 4 of 13)


- 1

Usage

- , Boring Reference Boring No. No. Report Name Mile No. Quadrangle

23 787 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 nla Canfield

24 786/1154 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 rila Canfield

25 W-13 Geological Investigation Map nla Canfield I

26 W-4 USGS 1 :62500 Bradley nla Canfield

27 W-8 USGS 1 :62500 Bradley nla Canfield

28 B35 Item 9 Below Dension Dam nla Canfield






38 GL-l0-84 Goose Lake Realignment 348 Canfield

39 GL-1-84U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 348 Canfield

40 GL-11-84 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 348 Canfield



43 GL-12-84 Corps of Engineers New orleans 348 Canfield





48 GL-6-84U Corps of Engineers New OrlEians 348 Canfield







55 R69 Whitney Autin Soil Boring 348 Canfield

56 R70 Louisiana State University 348 Canfield


I (Sheet 5 of 13) I






61 R75 Louisiana State. University 348 Canfield


63 R85 Louisiana State University 348 Canfield ,- 1

1 DR-1-94U Dickson Revetment 343-346 Doddridge NE

2 DR-2-94U Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 343-346 Doddridge NE


4 DR-4094U Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 343-346 Doddridge NE





9 DR-9-94fU Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 343-346 Doddridge NE-.



12 BBR-1-88 Brown Bend Realignment 339-342 DoddridgeNE

13 BBR-2-88 Brown Bend Realignment 339-342 Doddridge NE

14 BBR-3-88 Brown Bend Realignment 339-342 Doddridge. NE

15 BBR-4088 Brown .Bend Realignment 339-342 Doddridge NE



18 OR-1-85 Oak Revetment Extention 348-346 Doddridge NE

- 19 OR-2-85 Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 348-346 Doddridge NE

20 OR-3-85 Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 348-346 Doddridge NE

21 OR-4085 Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 348-346 Doddridge NE

22 803 Arkansas Ugnite Investigations nla Doddridge NE

23 804 Info. Cir. 28C 1985 nla Doddridge NE

24 W-1 Geological Investigation Map nla Doddridge NE

25 W-9 USGS 1 :62500-Doddridge nla Doddridge NE

(Sheet 6 of 13)

AS Appendix A Red River Boring Log Reference Table

Ueage Boring Reference Boring No. No. ReportName Mile No. Quadrangle





30 R54 Whitney Autin Soil Borings nla Doddridge NE

31 R55 Louisiana State University nla Doddridge NE









40 R78 Louisiana State Univ!'rsity nla Doddridge NE


.1 805 Arkansas Ugnite Investigation nla Doddridge SE

2 1164 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 nla Doddridge SE



5 225A Info. Cir 28-C 1985 nla Doddridge SE

6 328 R-7 Missionary Revetment 326.4 Doddridge SE

7 328 R-8 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 326.4 Doddridge SE

8 328 R-9 October 1977 326.4 Doddridge SE



11 328 R-1 Halfmoon Revetment 329-325 Doddridge SE

12 328 R-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 329-325 Doddridge SE



15 335 R-5 Spring Bank Revetment 335.5 Doddridge SE

(Sheet 7 of 13)


Uaage Boring Reference Boring No. No. Report Name Mile No. Quadrangle

16 335 R-6 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 335.5 Doddridge SE

17 335 R-7 August 1979 335.5 Doddridge SE

18 335 R-8 August 1979 335.5 Doddridge SE

19 W-3 Geological Investigation Map n/a Doddridge SE - 1

20 W-2 USGS 1 :62500 Doddridge n/a Doddridge SE

1 701 Arkansas Lignite Investigation n/a Fouke NE - -,

2 702 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 n/a Fouke NE






8 Bridge No. 3860 Arkansas Highway Comm.-Mckinney Bay Rt.82 Fouke NE

9 R25 Whitney Autin Soil Borings n/a Fouke NE

10 R26 Louisiana State University n/a Fouke NE

11 W-6 Geological Investigation Map USGS 1 :62500 FouKe

n/a Fouke NE

12 W-3 Geological Investigation Map n/a FoukEl'NE USGS 1 :62500 Fouke

13 W-4 Geological Investigation Map n/a Fouke NE USGS 1 :62500 Fouke

14 W-9 Geological Investigation Map n/a Fouke NE USGS 1 :62500 Fouke

15 R28 Whitney Autin Soil Borings n/a Fouke NE




1 FR-1 RR Waterway - Fulton Revetment 401.7-402.3 Fulton

2 FR-2 Corps of Engineers - April 1987 401.7-402.3 Fulton

3 OR-1 RR Waterway-Mo Pac 30 Revetment 403 Fulton

4 OR-2 Corps of Engineers Soils Report 403 Fulton

5 OR-3 August 1983 403 Fulton


(Sheet 8 of 13)



7 OR-S August 1983 403 Fulton




11 397L-1 RR Waterway - Bushy Revetment 397 Fulton

12 397L-2 Corps of Engineers Soils Report 397 Fulton

13 397L-3 November 1978 397 Fulton


1S 397L-S November 1978 397 Fulton




19 398.2 R-1 RR Waterway - Kuykendall Revetment 397 to 399 Fulton

20 398.2 R-2 Corps ot"Engineers Soils Report 397 to 399 Fulton

21 398.2 R-3 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton

22 398.2 R-4 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton

_ - "!l. 23· 398.2 R-S July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton

24 398.2 R-6 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton.

2S 398.2 R-7 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton

26 398.2 R-8 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton

27 398.2 R-9 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton

28 BDD4-1-94U RR Below Dension Dam nla Fulton

29 BDD4-2-94U Corps or Engineers Vicksburg nla Fulton

30 BDD4-3-94U Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton


32 BDD4-S-94U Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton



3S BDD4-8-94U Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton

36 BDD4-1-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton

37 BDD4-2-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton

I (Sheet 9 of 73J I


Usage Boring Reference Boring No. No. ReportName Mile No. Quadrangle

38 BOO4-3-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton




42 BOO4-6A-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton

43 BOO4-7-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 n/a Fulton




47 8004-11-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton




51 BOO4-1 5-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton

52 BR3797A Arkansas State Highway Int. 30 1-30 Fulton

53 BR3797B pp 122-123, 8-27-63 GiII.Oitch Fulton

54 R-1 Whitney Autin - Soil Borings nla Fulton

55 R-2 Louisiana State University nla Fulton





60 R·7 Louisiana State University nla Fulton









I (Sheet f 0 of f 3) I


U.age Boring Reference Boring No. No. Report Name Mile No. Quadrangle




- 1 72 R-19 Louisiana State University nla Fulton



7S R-22 Louisiana State University nla Fulton

76 AH-2 Geological Investigation Map nla Fulton

77 AH-4 USGS Scale 1 = 62500 nla Fulton

78 AH-S USGS Scale 1 = 62500 nla Fulton

79 GS-8 USGS Scale 1 = 62500 nla Fulton

80 BOOS-1-9SG RR Waterway Below Oension nla Fulton

81 BOO5-2-9SG Oam -Item 5 nla Fulton

82 ... BOOS-3-9SG Corps of Engineers Soils Report nla Fulton

83 BOOS-4-9SG March 8, 1995 nla Fulton

84 BOOS-S-9SG March 8, 1995 nla Fulton ..

8S BOOS-6-9SG March 8, 1995 nla Fulton

86 BOOS-7-9SG March 8, 1995 nla Fulton

87 BOOS-8-9SG March 8, 1995 n/a Fulton

88 B003-S-94U RR Waterway Below Oension n/a Fulton

89 B003-6-94U Oam -Item 3 n/a Fulton

90 B003-7-94U Corps of Engineers Soils Report n/a Fulton

91 B003-14-94B October 1994 n/a Fulton

92 B003-1S-94B October 1994 n/a Fulton



9S B003-18-94B October 1994 n/a Fulton





(Sheet



100 R30 Whitney Autin - Soil Borings nla Fulton

101 R31 Louisiana State University nla Fulton '::'.J

102 R29 Louisiana State University nla Fulton



42 CL-1-87U Candler Lake Revetment Extension 365-364 Garland

43 CL-2-87U Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 365-364 Garland



46 B41 Item 5 nla Garland




" J


51 B11 Item 9 Below Oension Dam nla Garland




55 Item 9 Below Oension Dam nla Garland













(Sheet f2 of f3)



68 B27 Item 9 Below Dension Oem n/a Garland

69 B28 Item 9 Below Dension Dam n/a Garland






75 R48 Whitney Autin LSU Soil Borings n/a Garland









84 ... R66 Whitney Autin LSU Soil Borings n/a Garland



1 252 Arkansas Lignite Investigation n/a Spring Hill

2 1168 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 n/a Spring Hill





7 SA·1 Geological Investigation Map-Hop n/a Spring Hill

8 390 R-3 Hervey Revetment 389.2 Spring Hill

9 390 R-4 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 389.2 Spring Hill

10 390 R-5 March 1977 389.2 Spring Hill

11 Bridge No. 6127 Arkansas State Highway Comm.-Goss Creek Rt.174 Spring Hill

(Sheet 73 of 73)


- :r

~ l

, J

--,

- ,

Appendix B Soil Borings


.- _. - -- -- -~-~-- .. - -... - . . .. _.- ,. . .. -. . ---

81

· _ J

r -,

R-Ol

Sec 2 T14S R27W Fulton

11-14-1994 G.S.E. 264.1

TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0 0-

"t ~zjBf ~8~ ~~~5H FR Br FR 2Cl SILTY LOAM f 5YR5/8 FR

2C2 SANDY LO.AM Y8.R 5YR5/6 FR If)

I- 2C3

~ LOAMY SAND i 5YR5/6 L 0::: W 11-14-1994

2C4 LOAMY SAND R8<Br 5YR5/4 L,S W W ---I.-2C5 ~ii:1~ [om Yl!Br lOYR5/4 ~~RS I-10 I-- - 3.048 LL 2C6 W 2C7 M SANDY LOAM brGr STK,SIS L Z

~ SMlIlY LOAM STK

1--1 2C8 CLAY R!.Br 5YR5/3 STK,SlS,St,cc

CLAY R8<Gr 5YR412 F Z 247.4 1--1

:r I- 20 - - 6.096 :r 0.... I-W 0.... 0 W

0

30 '-- - 9.144

RED RIVER FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE

82 Appendix B Soil Borings

• ............. ~ ...... ,~ •• ' •••• " .,." .......... • J ..... ...... . .~'".~ ..•. r'"."_'.~' .. ' , .. , '~""''''<'''''''' ''''.~, .... , ........ '04'~"""""''''<'<'' ""'~_

R-02

Sec1 T14S R27W Fulton

11-14-1994 G.S.E. 254.9

Or- TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0

APg

~ ClAY dGr&Br !oYR~/2 PL,Rt.CH

8g1 CLAY Gr !OYRS/l PL,cc 8g2 ct:Ar RI<Br 5YR5/4 11-14-1994 Cl ClAY I 5YR6/6 (J) I- ~

~ Ri<Y 0:: W C2 ClAY I 5YR6/6 PL,cc,CAA

W C3 CLAY Y8<R 5YR5/6 W

10 - - 3.048 l-LL 244.4 w z :2 I--i

Z :r: I--i

I- 20 f-- - 6.096 0.- :r: w I-0 0.-

W 0

30 L- - 9.144

RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE

Appendix B Soil Borings 83

· - ,

R-03

Sec36 T13S R27W r 1

Fulton

11-14-1994 G.S.E. 250.0

0-TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0

/>Pg

~ !J.Ar dGr8.8r 10YR412 PL

8g CLAY Gr 10YRS/l PL

Cgl CLAY R8<Y 5YR6/6 PL,cc

I- SYR6/6 VJ

Cg2 CLAY PL,CAR 0::: W w 242.1 w LL 10 f-- - 3.048 I-:-

W 2:

Z t-t Z

t-t

:r: I- 20 - - 6.096 0....

I I-

W 0.... 0 W

0

30 - - 9.144

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LO~ISIANA STATE LINE

B4 Appendix B Soil Borings

R-04


11-14-1994 G.S.E. 252.0

0.--TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS

-0 If' ::.IL RI!.Br 5YR4/3 fR B 5YR5/6

Cl LaMeY SAND R&Y 5YR6/6

C2 CoMlY SMD 5YR6/6 L (/)

r- 11-14-1994 W ~ C3 SAMlY LOMe R&Y 5YR6/6 L,CH,Slf 0::

W C4 SAMlY LOMe rd 5YR6/6 L,SlS W

LL 10 f-- C5 SANDY LOMe t 5YR6/6 L,CS - 3.048 r-

T w

Z SANDY LOMe 5YR6/6 L 2

t--t ~ ~ R8.Cr ~m~~ ~~.St

236.5 Z >-<

I r- 20 f--- - 6.096 I D- r-W D-O W

0

30 '-- - 9.144

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE


• ._..J

" -;

:'.J

R-05


11-14-1994 G.S.E. 262.1

0-TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS

-0 />P SII OAM FR Cl ~~~c~ rt

L C2 FR C3 SNIO L C4 SNlOY LOAM , VFR

I- C5 LOAMY SNID L (./)

W 2Cl SILTY CLAY Pl 0:::

W 2C2 t SILTY LOAM t FR W

10 3Cl SNlOY LOAM L 3.048 LL

f-- 3C2 7~ ~NlO r( - I-4C ~ LTY CLAY LOAM Pl W 5C LOAMY SmJ L :2 z 249.0

I--f z I--f

I I- 20 - - 6.096 0-

I I-

W 0-0 W

0

30 - - 9.144

RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOU[SIANA STATE LINE


c ,

R-06

c J Sec11 T14S R26W Fulton

11-14-1994 G.S.E. 248.0

TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS

0 5YR~/3 FR,CH 0

/>P SILTY LOAM RI<Br

Cl SILTY ClAY I 5YR4-/6 PL Y8.R

C2 CLAY I 5YR4/6 PL

2C CLAY Gr 5YR5/1 PL,CAR,cc,SlS

10 3Cl CLAY f 5YR4-/6 PL,CH 3.048 c.J)

l- n::: w 3C2 CLAY

Yl<R 5YR<V6 PL,CAR W W 11-14-1995 ! I-U.- ~ 3C3 ClAY 5YR4/6 PL,SIS W

4C SmDY LONA Rl<Y 5YR6/6 L,SIS 2: Z 231. 0 . t--I 20 6.096 Z

t--I

I l- I

0..... I-W 0..... 0

30 9.144 W 0

40 12.192

RED R[VER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LDU[SIANA STATE LINE

Appendix B Soil Borings B7

B8

IW W LL

z

I I-0.... W o

0

10

20

30

N'

2C

3Cl 3C2

11-14-1994 ~Cl

~ 4C2 4C3

5C

R-07


11-14-1994 G.S.E.242.1

TEXTURE

SILlY ClAY LOMf R8.Br

smo SILTY LOMf SILTY ClAY LOMf

CLAY Y8.R

CLAY CLAY

SHlDY LOMf

225.1

COLOR REI.4AAKS 0

5YR~/4 PL

5YR5/6 L,CS

5YR5/6 FR (f) 5YR5/6 PL 0:::

5YR5/6 F W 3.048 I-

5YR5/6 STK W 5YR5/6 STK,SIS 2:

5YR5/6 L,S Z 1--1

6.096 I I-0.... W 0

9.144



~ 1

.. ... J.' .J'../' ... _'.J _ • _ . " ....... , .r."_'~", .' ~ ....... -,,~,,_,~_, .... , ,'.' ......... ,,:..1. ..... ~,~u'"'·.K.o ...... ·~ __ . ..J •••• .J~, .. -'._.- ... J ... - ....... ~~.~" ..... ~ ....... ~' ~ ... ,~ ... ,. ~ " ".~... ...... • •••••••••• '"., - ........................ '

- 1

=.3

- 1

R-08


11-15-1994 G.S.E. 247.0

TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0 0.- w

~ SILTY CLAY R&Br 5YR4/3 PL,Rt

2Pl SILTY CLAY LOAM dGr 5YR3/1 PL,O 2Cl CLAY

f 5YR3/3 PL

I- ~ (/)

2C2 CLAY Rr SYR4/4 Pl,CAA,SL 0:::: W W W 10 f-- - 3.048 l-LL 237.2 w

L z o--t z

.......... :r: I- 20 - - 6.096 :r: D- I-W D-o W

0

30 '-- - 9.144

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE L[NE


- 1

, 1

R-09

SeeS T14S R26W Fulton

11-15-1994 G.S.E. 245.1


0- p.p

~ SILTY CLAY LOM! R&Br 5YR4/3 rn,Wd,Rt -0

Cl [O)II;lY SIIJ'lD Y&R 5YR5/S L

. . f C2 SP SN-lO R&Y 5YRS/S L

11-15-1994 . . 1 -1- C3 if SN-lOY LOM! 5YR6/6 PL lJ)

10 - 2Cl Sill T CLAY RIIBr 5YR4/4 PL - 3.048 0::

I- 2C2 -bl- SILTY CLAY 5YR4/4 PL,SS W 3C 5YRS/6 L

W 232.6 I-w W LL 2

Z Z 0---< 20 - - 6.096· 0---<

I I l- I-0..... 0..... W W 0

30 9.144 0 f-- -

40 - - 12.192



IW W LL

z

:r: I-0.W o

0...--

10 f-

20 -

30 L-


A B

2C

R-IO


11-15-1994 G.S.E.245.1

TEXTURE

~ 1m au,,,. M H CLAY

238.5

COLOR REMARKS SYRS/3 SYR4/4 ~t:~~~~,CC

5YR4/6 PL,Sl,CAR

-0

- 3.048

V1 0:: W IW 2

Z

- 6.096 :r:

- 9.144

I-0.W o


B11

~ 1

R-ll


11-15-1994 G.S.E. 245.1

0-TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS

-0 />P 10YR3/2 FR,Rt,CH C

~ SUY CLAY LOAM IBr8.Gr 10YR6/2 FR,St,cc

2A SILTY CLAY LOAM dBr 10YR4/3 FR,RKF 2Cl

c~ CLAY Y8cR

5YR4/6 PL

f- 2C2 CLAY 5YR4/6 PL,CAR (/)

W 238.5 n:: w w

l.L 10 - - 3.048 f-W :2

Z - Z 1--1

:r: f- 20 - - 6.096 :r: 0- f-w 0-0 W

0

30 - -.-:.... 9.144



0 Cl

1 -15-1994 C2

----1- 2Cl I-

3C W W 4Cl

LL 10 4C2

Z t--i 4C3

:r: I- 20 D-W 0

30

R-12

Sec11 114S R26W Fulton

11 -1 5 -1 994 G.S.E. 242.1

TEXTURE

SANOY LOAM

SILTY LOAM

CLAY

SILTY LOAM

eLAI

CLAY GnGr

CLAY

227.0

COLOR REMARKS 0

L,SIS

FR,S

PL,SIS

STK

PL 3.048

PL,SlS

PL

6.096

9.144



(/)

0::: W I-W 2

Z

I I-D-W 0

813

c ,

C l

- l

R-13


11-16-1994 G.S.E. 254.9

o~ TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS - 0

A U §A'NKy ~MZ:; Y&Br ~%~%4 FR

f FR,Rt

l(t LOAMY SAND 7.5YR6/6 L

I-R&Y if)

,sp. SAND

I 5YR6/6 L,SlS n::: w 11-16-1994 1;[ W ~ I QAMY Sm:l 5YR6/6 L W

l.L 10 it SANDY LOAM s~~s~~ [,S - 3.048 I-

SILTY LOAM W Ys.R

Z SILTY LOAM i

5YR5/6 L 2: I--t n SILTY LOAM R\Br 5YR5/4 PL,cc Z

:r I--t

I- 20 I---236.9 6.096

(L - :r

I-w (L 0 w

0

30 '-- - 9.144



.~ __ ~ _______ ~"'"' .- ___ ~ _____ ~. __ . _____ - ---··--___ ·_._._.~L_.~ __ ~ __ ·_ ------------

- 1

R-14


11-16-1994 G.S.E; 252.0

TEXTURE COLOR REMAAKS

0 gm~g L 0 L

5YRS/6 L

5YR5/6 L,SIS

10 5YR4/4 STK 3.048 If)

I- 0::: W RltBr 5YR4/3 W W 1 -16-1994 I-

~hl~Y (MAM LOM! ~YR4/3 F LL ~ YRS/4 L W

smD 5YR5/4 L 2 :z 233.9 6.096 20 :z

I--t

I l- I 0.- I-W 0.-0

30 9.144 W 0

40 12. 192

RED RIVER. FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE


R-15


11-16-1994 G.S.E. 250.0


0.-----

~ -0

CLAY YllcR SYR4/6 PL

f I-

CLAY RIIBr SYR4H H,cc,CAR U)

W 11-16-1994 1~ t 0::

W ~ sANDy LOAM SYRS/8 VFR W

10 I- - 3.048 l-LL 11 LOMtY SAND yr SYRS/6 L,SIS W

Z .sf> SANO SYRS/6 L 2:

.......... 235.9 z ..........

I I- 20 - - 6.096 I D- I-W D-o W

0

30 L.- - 9.144

RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOU1SIANA STATE LINE


· . . ·· ... 1 . " .. ',. : .~' •. :~'._' .• '~·"·'.r ... '~'~'.,<,· .... ~''''''U~.·''':·~ :.' ,,",. " ............ .

R-16


11 -16-1994 G.S.E. 245.1

0-TEXTlRE COLOR REMARKS -0

~

f SANDY OAM I'<&or 5YR4/4 ¥~R,Rt

~DY~ nR 5YR4/6 Cl2 5YR4/6 VFR,SlS

• 2C CLAY R~Br 5YR4/4 F

j~ t

,.' 3C SANDY LOAM YLR 5YR5/6 FR,SIS

10 - 4C SAND R8cY 5YR6/6 L - 3.048 (/)

I- 234.3 0:::

w W

W l-

LL W 2

z t---t 20 - - 6.096 Z

t---t

I l- I

D- I-

W D-

o W 30 - - 9.144 0

40 - - 12.192



~ l

R-17

Sec -- T--N R--W Fulton

11-16-1994 G.S.E. 254.9

TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0

(J)

0.-

rtt dt 0:::

l- N' SILTY LOM4 7.5YR4/4 FR,Rt,CH

W W

Cl SNlJY LOM4 t 7.5YRS/6 VFR I-W W LL C2 ill LOM4Y SNlD ,Y

7.5YR6/6 L 2: C3 Sf' SOO 7.SYR6/6 L

Z 246.7 z t-t 10 f--- - 3.048

..........

:r: :r: I-D..-

I-

W D..-

o W 20 - 6.096 0



.,~~~~-.-----------~,,",."'-""",",,-,---~.-~.~. -- --~--~-~ .. -.~---~------.--

R-18


11-16-1994 G.S.E. 259.8


0 ~ sm~~ ~E,Rt 0

C2·2A 5YR3/3 F,St,cc 2A 5YR312 f ,St,cc,CAR

2C 5YR4/4 f,CAR

38 5YR5/8 FR,CAR,SIS

10 3Cl 5YR5/8 FR,CAR 3.048 t/).

I- 3C2 5YR5/8 L,CAR 0::: W 4Cl 5YR4/6 F,CAR,St,cc W W l-LL 4C2 5YR4/6 fR,St,cc W

2 z 5C 5YR5/6 fR

t--t 20 6C 5YR4/6 6.096 Z

I l- I 0... I-W 0... 0

30 9.144 W 0

40 12.192

RED R[VER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE


R-19

Sec19 T--N R--W Fulton

11-16-1994 G.S.E. 252.0

Or--TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS

-0 If'

~ 7.5YR5/4 VFR

C SN-lD I3r 7.5YR6/4 L

2Cl CLAY I 5YR414 F RS<Sr

f- 2C2 SILlY !J.AX LQA'>! l 5VR4f-1. FR (/)

W 0:: 3C f~ LOAMY SN-lD R;V 5VR6/6 L,SIS W W

10 - 3.048 f-LL f-- 242.1 w z :2 ..........

Z .......... :r:

f- 20 - - 6.096 :r: 0.-w f-

0 0.-W 0

30 '-- - 9.144



R-20


11-17-1994 G.S.E. 250.0


Oc-- A !7';tt,. S~DY LOM( 5YR5/4 VFR.CH -0

2A SILTY CLAY. LOM( R!.Br 5YR4J3 FR

2Cl ~ SILTY LOM( t 5YR5/6 FR

I- 2C2 bY: S~DY LOM( Ys.R 5YR5/6 VFR.SIS

tf)

W 3C 5~!3 pt 5YR7/6 L 0:::: W

W LL 10 - 241. 8 - 3.048 I-

W 2: z

t--t Z t--t

I I- 20 - - 6.096 I CL I-W CL 0 W

0

30 - - 9.144

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUlSIANA STATE LINE


R-21

5ec29 T145 R26W Fulton

11-17-1994 G.S.E. 252.0

Or- TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0

A

~ a~i dGr

nil;} ~ B Ri<Br B silty [oi'M f FR

(f) f- SftNOY LOMl 5YR61B VFR

W 11-17-1994 ill- Rr n:::

w -----I..-LOMlY SftNO SYR61B VFR,SIS W

10 - <:AlIJI'l 5YR6/6 L - 3.048 f-LL 242.1 w z 2 I--i Z

I--i

:r: f- 20 f-- - 6.096 :r: D- f-W D-o W

0

30 '-- - 9.144



- )

IW W LL

z

I r-0.W o

o M' Cl

C2

28

2C

1011-17-'-19943Cl ~

3C2

20

30

40

R-22


11-17-1994 G.S.E. 250.0

TEXTURE SILTY LaM! dGr CLAY dBr

CLAY R8<8r

SILTY LaM! I R&.Y

S,oI/IIOY LaM!

f CLAY

Y8.R

COLOR 7.5YR4/1

7.SYR4/2

5YR414

5YR6/6 5YR6/6

5YR4/6

CLAY , 5YR5/6

234.3

REMARKS FR

F,St,tt

F ,St,tt,CAR

FR,CAR

FR

F,St,tt,slf

STK,SIS

o

3.048 (j) 0::: W IW :2

6.096· Z

9.144

12. 192

I I-0.W o



R-24


06-26-1995 G.S.E. 249.0


0 "" r r 5YR5/2 F,Rt 0 Bt1 SILTY CLAY LOAM 5YR5/6 PL

Bt2 SILTY CLAY LOAM 5YR4/6 FR,S~

C SILTy LOAM Yi<R SYR5/6 FR,St,Rt,SlS

2Bw SILTY LOAM 5YR4/6 FR,Rt,St

10 2Cl SILTY CLAY LOAM 5YR5/4 PL,Rt,SIS 3.048

rd~Br V)

l- 2C2 SILTY CLAY LOAM SYR5/6 FR,St,Rt,SIS 0::: W -26-1995 W W

20 6.096 l-LL 3Ct LOM! 5YR5/6 FR W

3C2 SAMlY LOAM 5YR5/6 FR :2 Z Y&R

Z 3C3 LOAMY S.4ND 5Y5/6 VFR

1---1

:c 221.1 I- 30 9.144 :c D- I-W 0-0 W

0

40 12.192

/

50 15.240



~~ .......... _~~_' __ --------................... ',..· ..... ""',"'-u ................. -<"'.._---------

- ,

R-25

Sec2 T14S R26W Fouke NE

06-26-1995 G.S.E. 245.1

TEXTURE COLOR REMMKS

0 N' SANDY LOAM dBr 10YR4/3 VFR,Rt

0 Bwl SILTY LoAM yr IOYR5/4 FR

Bw2 SILTY LOAM 5YR5/6 fR,S

2C LOAMY SAND 5YR5/6 VFR,SIS

3C SILTY LOAM Y8cR

5YR5/6 FR,St,SD

I 10 4C LOAMY SAND 5YR5/6 fR 3.048

SBw SILTY CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL,Rt,St,SL

f If)

I-0:::

W W

W 5C SILTY CLAY Y8cR SYR4/6 PL,CM,cc,St,SD l-

LL 20

,+, 6.096. W

-26-1995 :2

Z ---1- 6C SANDy CLAY LoAM 5YR5/4 PL,St Z . .

7C Sp SAND rd 5YR7/4 L,CS t--I

:r: . . I- 30 216.2 9.144 :r: D...

I-

W D...

0 W 0

40 12. 192

50 15.240

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LlNE


R-26

Sec 3 T14S R26W Fouke NW

06-26-1995 G.S.E. 243.1

0 TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS

0 /JP SNIDY lOM! Sr IOYRS/4 FR,CH

Bwl SILTY laM! rd 5YR5/6 FR

Bw2 SILTY LaM!

f 5YRS/8 FR

C'2B 5YR5/8 FR,S1S,St R

10 2Bw ! SYR4/4 PL,SL 3.048 Vl I- 0::: W W W 2C SYR4/4 Pl,cc,CAR l-LL • 2.SYS/S PL,TNG,St

W 3Bw 2 -26-1995 Yl

Z ---I...- Jet t 5Y7I2 Pl,St I--t 20 Y l,St 6.096- Z

4C IOYR7I4 I--t

I l- I 0.- I-W 0.-0 W

30 9.144 0

40 12.192

RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE ,


R-27

Sec 3 T15S R26W Fouke NE

06-26-1995 G.S.E. 235.9

o~ TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0

/>P

~, SILTY CLAY rd 5YR412 f,Rt

2A SILTY CLAY Bk 5YR312 PL,Rt,CH

2Bg SILTY CLAY R 2.5Y7I6 PL,St

2C I SILTY LOAM Gr lOYR612 fR,St

O~-26-1995 3C S.ANDY CLAY LOAM R 5YR5/8 PL

1 (j) 10 ~ 4C S.AND ~

5YR5/6 L - 3.048 0:: I-w 224.1 w w l-

W LL 2:

Z .......... 20 - - 6.096" Z

..........

I l-

I

0.-I-

W 0.-

0 W

30 - - 9.144 0

40 - - 12."192



R-28


06-26-1995 G.S.E. 236.9

Or-TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0

/>P

~ SILTY LOAM ~r IOYR4/2 F

Bw SILTY CLAY LOAM

f

7.SYR312 F

2Bll SILTY LOAM 7.SYRS/6 FR

06-26-1995 2812 LOAM 7.5YR5/6 FR

----I.- 2C S,6NOY LOAM

J 7.SYRS/6 VFR,SI . V)

10 - 3C ·sp· S,6ND 7.SYR6/6 L,SIS - 3.048 f- • n::: w 224.7

w w f-

LL W 2:

z .......... 20 I-- - 6.096 Z

1--1

:r: f- I

(L f-

W (L

0 W 30 I-- - 9.144 0

40 - - 12. 192



- j

" ,

R-29


06-27-1995 G.S.E. 248.0


0 Pi' CLAY 5YR312 F,Rt 0

8g CLAY Bk 5YR3/1 F,Rt,SL

Cl CLAY 5YR4t+ F,SL

-27-1995 C2 CLAY 5YR4/6 F,St,CAR

10 ~ 3.048

2Ct SILTY LOAM R 5YR5/6 FR, SIS,St,Rt

<.J)

0:::: W

2C2 SIL TV CLAY LONA 5YRS/6 FR,SIS.St f-20 6.096 W

f- L w • w · . Z li- · . Z 3C • s~ • SAND Gr 5YR5/2 L

I 1--1 30 9.144 f-· . . 0-I · . W f-0-

213.9 0

W 0

40 12.192

50 15.240

60



R-30


06-27-1995 G.S.E. 251.0


0 If' 5YR3/1 F,Rt

Bg dBr 5YR312 F,SL,St

Cl 5YR4/4 F,St,cc,CAR

2Bt1 5YR4/6 FR,Tr-Rt

2Bt2 5YR4/6

-27-1995 2BC 5YR4/6

10 3.048 (/)

I- ---1- 2C 5YR5/6 VFR,St,SIS, WET 0:: W rd W W l-LL. W

Z 3C 2,5YR4/6 PL,St,SlS,SL,CAA

2:.

I---t 20 6.096· Z 4C 5" SAND 5YR7/4 L,WET

I 228.0 l- I 0.- f-W 0.-0

30 W 9.144 0

40



R-31

Sec23 T14N R27W Fulton

06-27-1995 G.S.E. 253.0

0 COLOR REMAAKS

0 Pi' SYR312 H,Rt

B9 dBr SYR312 H,Rt,SL

t Cl R SYR4/4 H,SL,St,CAA

10 ! 3.048 (/)

I- 0:::

W W

W C2 rd SYR4/S PL,SIS,SL,St,CAA l-

LL I w 2

z 0 -27-1995 1--1 20 6.096. Z

2C GyBr SYRSI2 PL,SIS 1--1

:::c 3C rd SYR7/3 L,WET l- I

D-I-

W D-

o W 30 9.144 0

40 12.192



r ,

R-32

Sec31 t15S R25W Boyd H i I I

06-27-1995 G.S.E. 233.9

TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0 0..-- If'

~ SN-IDY LOAM YL 10YR6/4- H,Rt

Bwl LOAM rd 7.5YR4/4 FR Bw2 511 I:i IOlild 5YR5/6

. C ~...,27-1995 2C SILTY CLAY LOM{ R 5YR4/4- F,St,cc (f) ---Y--I- 3C SILlY LOAM t 10YR5/6 FR 0:::

W Y.L L,WET W W 4C f1 SN-ID 5YR6/4

10 f-- - 3.048 l-LL 223.8 w

2: z I--i Z

I--i

:r: I- 20 f-- - 6.096 :r: 0.- I-W 0.... 0 W

0

30 '-- - 9.144

, . .'



- , . .,. " ".~ .. ,' .." ~ " " ...... ,'

R-33

Sec36 T15S R26W Boyd Hi I I

06-27-1995 G.S.E. 232.9


0 SII IY I o All rd 0

N' 5YR5/4 FR,Rt 2kj SILTY CLAY LOAM t 5YR312

28g SILTY CLAY LOAM dBr 5YR312 PL,RI,SL

i 3C SILTY LOAM rd 5YR5/6 FR, T r-RI,SI

10 f 3.048 R

4Cl CLAY i 2.5YR5/6 PL,SL,Sl,cc,CAR

4C2 SILTY CLAY R&Gr 2.5YR5/6 If) f- f w cr:: W 4C3 SILTY CLAY LOAM dGr 5YR5/2 PL.T r-RI,SI,SlS W

LL 20 - 7-1995 l 6.096 f-----I- W

2: z 5C S/oND 5YR511 L,WET,SIS Z

.......... :r: f- 30 204.1 9.144 D....

I f-

W 0

D.... W 0

40 12.192

50 15.240

RED RIVER, FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE


R-34


06-27-1995 G. S.L 227.0

0;--TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS

I>P

~ 5YR312 H -0

8g SILTY CLAY LOAM d~r 10YRS/l PL,St I

Cl J; C[7iY [[l)IIJ R SYR4/4

C2 CLAY LOAM

f 5YR5/6 PL

10 C 16-27-1995 2C ~ LOAM 5YR5/6 VFR,St,cc (f) =I- 1fT r

- 3.048 I- 0::

W 3C [1 SI'I'lO SYR6/4 L,WET W

W l-

LL 211. 9 w 2

z I--t 20 - - 6.096 Z

I--t

I l- I

0..- I-

W 0..-

0 W 30 I-- - 9.144 0

40 '- 12. 192



','",',

" ,

R-35


06-28-1995 C.S.E. 228.0


M'

~ ~t~Y ~ LUIIM

dt

10YR312 H,RI,CH Blgl lOYR5/1 F,RI,S!

Blg2 CLAY LaM! lOYR412 F,S!,cc

06-28-1995 BC ~ SNIDY ClAY LaM! 5YR5/8 FR, Tr-RI,SI --'L- C SNIDY ClAY LO~ 5YR5/8 FR,Tr-RI,cc

10 f-- . . rd - 3.048 (f)

l- • 0::::.

W 2C .SP. SNID 5YR5/6 L,WET W

W . l-. .

LL w

211. 9 2 z I--( 20 I- - 6.096 Z

I--(

I l- I

n... I-

W n... 0 w

30 f-- - 9.144 0

40 - - 12.192

RED R1VER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOU1S1ANA STATE L1NE


R-36

Sec3 T16S R25W c 1

Boyd Hi I I

06-28-1995 G.S.E. 230;0


0 0 c 1

Pi' LOAMY SAND YL 7.5YR6/3 F,Rt,CH C LOAMY SAND 7.5YR6/6 FR,Rt,St,SIS

2Bw SANDY LOAM rd SYRS/6 FR,Tr-Rt

28g CLAY brGr SYR412 PL,St,cc

• 2C CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL,St,cc,SL,CAR

10 -28-1995 3Bw SILTY CLAY LOAM l 5YR5/6 PL, T r-Rt,St 3.048 ~ rd

3C SANDY LOAM

f

7.SYR7I2 L,SIS,WET .,

4C CLAY SYRS/6 PL,St,cc,SL If) f- R 0:::: W 5Cl SILTY LOAM

j 5YR5/6 VFR,WET W

W 20 6.096 f-LL W

Z :2

o-'-t 5C2 SAND rd 5YR6/4 L,WET

Z 1--1

:r: f- 30 201.1 9.144 :r: D.... f-W D.... 0 W

0

40 12.192

50 15.240



R-37


06-28-1995 G.S.E. 230.0


0 pp CLAY 5YR3/2 H.Rt 0 rd

89 CLAY I 5YR312 PL.Rt.SL

Cl CLAY 5YR4/4

R 10 C2 CLAY 5YR4/4 PL.SL.St.CAR.S1 3.048

o -28-1995 l/)

I- ~ 2Cl LOAM 5YR5/8 FR 0:::

W W

W 20 rd 6.096

l-LL 2C2 LOAMY SAND

1 5YR5/6 VFR.S1S. WET W

2: Z

3C SILTY CLAY R 5YR4/4 PL Z

204.1 1---1

:r: I- 30 9.144 :r: 0.- I-

W 0.-

0 W 0

40 12. 192

50 15.240



. _ J

R-38

Sec26 T15N R25W Boyd Hi I I

06-28-1995 G.S.E. 234.9

0 COLOR REMAAKS

0 N' 5YR7/4 H,RI,CH rd

Bw 5YR5/6 FR,Rt Be 5YR5/6 C I 5YR6/6 VFR,SIS

C+2C rd 5YR5/6 FR I

10 -28-1995 2C R 5YR4/6 Pl,Tr-Rt,CAA 3.048 V)

l- I 0:: W ~ W W 3C rd 5YR5/6 STK,WET

l-LL t w

2 z 4C 5YR7I4 L,WET 6.096' 20 Z

I l- I 0.- I-W 0.-0

30 9.144 W 0

40 12.192



" .:., ..... , .. ,.; .. :' ..... ,., .J·.,,:,·;~~;·.r..J·:'·.'·. ~'J'.J";".,'.;".J~"_"" "" " , .... _.; "~~."'., •. ' ,,' ,_ ' ...... ,.".",.I~<'.<f"·'''\J'''' ..I ••••• Jv....,.._-.,~~;o!~~~,.,!.<:.\l\J~·."~ ... : ... (..~/~r ... :;/\;.;/\J.

_ J

R-39


06-28-1995 G.S.E. 232.0

0 TEXTURE COLOR REMAAKS 0

N' CLAY dBr

5YR312 H,Rt,CH

8g CLAY I 5YR3/1 H,Rt,St

2C CLAY LOAM rd 5YR5/3 FR, Tr-Rt,St 3A SILly CLAY da[ 5YR4-12 PL,St,cc

3C CLAY R 2.5YR5/6 PL,SL,St,cc

4Cl LOAM . 1 5YR5/6 PL, Tr-Rt,SIS <.J) 10 rd 3.048

f- 4C2 SILTY LOAM , 5YR5/6 PL,St,SIS 0::

W W

W 5C SILTY CLAY LOAM R 5YR4-/6 PL,St,cc,CAA f-

LL W

GCI SILTY LOAM 5YR6/6 FR, Tr-Rt,St,CAA L

Z I---t 20 6C2 SN'lOY LOAM 5YR6/6 VFR,WET 6.096 Z

rd I---t

:c 7C SN'lO 5YR6/6 L,WET

f- I

0... 206.0 f-

w 0...

0 W 30 9.144 0

40 12.192



R-40

Sec27 T15S R25W - ,

Boyd H i I I 06-28-1995

G. S.L 237.9

0 TEXTURE COLOR REMNlKS 0

If' SANDY LOAM dBr 7.SYR3/2 FR.Rt

Bw SILTY LOAM

f

5YR5/6 FR.Tr-Rt

-28-1995 Be SILTY LOAM 5YRS/6 FR -1- rd

Cl LOAMY SAND 5YR6/4 VFR.SIS.WET

10 3.048

If)

0:::: I- W W W 2C SILTY CLAY R 5YR4/3 PL.SIS

l-

LL 20 6.096 W 2:

z Z I---<

3C 5YR4/3 L.WET I 210.3 I l-0...

30 9.144 I-0...

W W 0 0

40 12. 192

50 15.240



IW W LL

z

:r: I-0.... W o

Or--

(16-29-1995 ~

10 f-

20 -

30 L-


N' Bw C

2Bw 39~ 4Cl

4C2

R-41


06-29-1995 G.S.E. 242.1

~ TEXTURE ~ tH~' ::'/'j~U

. S.4NO

M r~ ~9Aii 17 ". LOAM S.4NO

rd

SM S.4NO

225.1

COLOR REMAAKS

~v~r1i3 FR,Rt -0

I.: L

~: <.f)

7.5YR7/6 L,SIS .0:::: W

- 3.048 I-W

7.5YR6/4 L,wEr 2:

z t-t

- 6.096 :r: l-n.. W 0

- 9.144


841

R-42

5eeB T155 R25W Boyd Hi I I

06-29-1995 G.S.E. 240.2

Or--TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS

-0 c~ !~J~~: r~ l~~~H ~~~t

2Cl I 7.5YRS/6 VFR 2C2 ~DY LaM! R 7.SYR7/4- L,SIS 2C3 LO.M4Y S~D

r 7.5YR5/6 L

3Cl SILTY LO.M4 7.SYR4/6 fR

3C2 S~OY LaM! 7.SYRS/6 L

10 f-- - 3.048 (f)

I-4Cl SILTY LO.M4

r 7.SYR4/6 fR,SIS 0:::

W C~-29-1995 4-C2

~ LO.M4Y s~o 7.SYR7I4 L,SIS W

W ~ 5C SILTY CLAY LO.M4 7.SYRS/6 FR l-LL 6C S~O 7.5YRS/6 L,WET W

224.1 2: z 1--1 20 '-- - 6.096 Z

1--1

I l- I 0.- I-W 0.-0

30 9.144 W f-- - 0

40 '-- - 12.192

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUlSIANA STATE LINE


- >

IW W LL

z

:r: ln... W o

0

o -29-1995 --Y...-

10

20

30

40

50


r., 2C 3C

4C

5C

6C

7C

BC

.. ,·r".€,·,':'~.,,, ...•... · ...•..• ""~· .. · .... '.;.· ... · •. v ... ··.,..,'~·~··~ .. ,·····'·~··

R-43


06-29-1995 G. S.L 237.9

COLOR

HmH 5YR3/3 5YR5/4

5YR4/4

5YR3/3

5YR4/6

5YR4I4

5YRS/4

REMARKS

~rf.t~t,SIS ~hl.StRt,St,SIS

o

PL

PL,St,SlS 3.048

PL,SlS

PL,St

6.096 L,SlS

9.144

12.192

15.240

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISlANA STATE LINE

(/)

0::: W I-W :2

Z

:r: l-n... W 0

843

844

IW W l..L

z

I ICL W o

0- r., 2B~

05-29-1995 2C ~ 3C

4C

10 -

5C

20 -

30 f-

40 -

R-44


06-29-1995 G.S.E.243.1

TEXTURE

11 ~;~L~! 51.( SN-lO

SN-lOY LOAM SILTY LOM!

51.( SN-lO

221.1

rd

COLOR 7.5YR5/4 11Wf/4 5YR5/6 7.5YR6/6

5YR4/6 5YR4/6

REMARKS

~:f~-Rt FR,Tr-Rt L

FR,Wn FR,Tr-Rt

5YR6/4 L,SIS,WET

-0

(/)

0:: - 3.048

W f-W 2:

- 6.096 Z ..........

I f-CL W 0 - 9.144

12.192



- ,

., ," •..•.• ~.<..' ••• ' .' .•.•• , •• ' .......... "" ....... • <.oJ __ V'.' ..,., .... ~ ......... , ...... ..,.

~ l R-45

SeeLlO T15S R25W Boyd Hi I I

06-29-1995 G.S.E. 242.1

TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS 0 0

N' SILTY LaM! rd

7.5YR6/4 FR,Rt

Bwl SILTY LaM! 5YR5/6 Bw2 SILTY LaM! i 5YR4/6 FR,Tr-Rt

2Bw SILTY CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL,SL,St

3C SILTY CLAY LaM! rd 5YR4/6 FR,St,SIS

10 4Cl SILTY CLAY

f 2.5YR4/6 PL,CAR,S1S 3.048

(/)

I- 0::

W 4C2 SILTY CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL, T r-RI,SIS W

W -29-1995 ! l-

LL W

~ 4C3 CLAY 2.5YR4/6 PL, T r-RI,SL :2 Z 5C rd 5YR5/6 PL,WET

20 • 6.096 Z 6C SAND R 5YR5/4 L,WET o--t

I 219.2 l- I

0...- I-

W 0...-

0 W

30 9.144 0

40 12.192



R-46


06-29-1995 G.S.E. 242.1

0-TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0

N' SANOY LOAM Y H~~g~g H,Rt Bw SANOY LOAM FR C LOAMY SAND 5YR6/4 VFR

(6-29-1995 ~

2C SANOY LOAM 5YR5/6 FR,Tr-Rt

10 - - 3.048

rd Slot If)

I- 3Cl SAND 5YR6/4 L,WEr,SlS 0::: W W W 20 - - 6.096 l-LL W

2: z

Z

3C2 LOAMY SAND R 5YR5/3 VFR,WET,SIS I--t

I I- 30 - 213.3 - 9.144 I 0.- I-W 0.-0 W

0

40 - - 12.192

50 - - 15.240



•. '., , ... ~ •• ~.VV'oJ""v ... ·,.-,·.~ ..... • J ••• , •••• • 'C."" •. _ .................... ,..-" .•.•. ·.· .• L ....... .1<. •••• -..... ,,, ......... , ••••• , ,"-" " ,.,.. .~, ... ~".' , ••••• '-"'~ -- •• - -- - • .. ······'.,,· ... ·-' ......... ,~ ..... ·.,~ .... L .... -' ....

- ,

R-47

Sec14 t15S R25W Boyd Hi I I

06'-29-1995 G.S.E. 242.1

0 - TEXTUlE COLOR REMARKS -0 If' SANDY LOM4 L 7.5YR6/4 FR,Rt,CH

Bw SILTY LOM4 5YR5/6 FR

05-29-1995 BC SILTY LOM4 1 5YR5/6 FR,Rt,St

f- 2c9 f be~Y SAND 5YR~6 ~ WET (J)

-1- R BY t~~ [St,cc 0::: W 2C2 511 IX 1:1 AX

W f W

LL 10 - - 3.048 f-

3C soo r[ 7.5YR5/6 L,WEr W

Z r 2:

I--t Z 226.0 I--f

I f- 20 - - 6.096 I 0.- f-W 0.-0 W

0

30 - --' 9.144



848

fW W l.L

Z

:::r:: I-0-W o

0

10 - 0-1995 -----I-

20

30

40

ftP Bw

C

2Bw

3C

R-48

Sec30 T16S R25W Gar-land

06-30-1995 G.S.E. 220.1

TEXTURE r

CLAY f R

CLAY I LOAM rd

• . t SP SAND YL . •

203.1

COLOR REMAAKS 5YR3/2 H,RI 5YR4/4 PL, Tr-Rt,SL

5YR4/4 PL, Tr-Rt,SL,cc

5YR5/6 PL, Tr-RI,SI

5YR6/3 L,WET,SIS,SI

o

3.048 <J)

0::: W IW :2

6.096· Z

9.144

12. 192

:::r:: f-0-W o



- '":,

f-W W LL

Z

:r: f-il W o

o

10

20

30

40

7-17-1995 ~


Bw

2Bw 2C

3Cl

3C2

4C

5C

••••• ,' ........ ~., ,.,' ..... ~~ •• ~ ..••• J'.'<" '-~"~"'<"".'

R-49

Sec29 T16S R25W Garland

07-17-1995 G.S.E. 227.0

COLOR' REMARKS 7.5YR4/4 H,Rt

7.5YR5f4. Pl,Rt,SL

5YR5/6 FR,Rt,SL 5YR4/6 FR,SL,CAR

5YR5/6 Pl,SL, T r-Rt,St

5YR5/6 PL,CAR,cc,Tr-Tr-

St,CAR,SIS,St

5YR5f8 L,WET

o

3.048 V)

0::: W f-W 2:

6.096 Z

9.144

12.192

:r: f-II W o


849

850

fW W LL

Z

:r f-0.W o

0

o -17-1995 ----I..-

10

20

30

40

fw 2Bw

2C

.:IC

4C

R-50

Sec29 T15S R25W Gar-land

07-17-1995 G.S.E. 225.1

rd

R

I rd

COLOR

~vk\Rt¥3 5YR4/3

5YR4/6

5YR6/6

5YR6/6

REMARKS H,Rt

FR,Tr-Rt

P,SL,CAR,St,cc

FR,WET,SIS

PL,Tr-Rt,CAR,SL

o

3.048 If)

0:: W fW :2

6.096" Z

:r f-0.W

9.144 0

12.192

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LfNE


- 1

= J

IW W LL

z

:::r:: I-0.W o

0.----

10 -

C7-17-1995 ~

20 -

30 -

40 -


. ..; ......... ,.~._', >.~~ .. ;..,~;~ . ..:.. .. >:.. ..... &(:.~~;:;;.i:::.~, " ,'":''' "L"~ rl''''~l· .. ··., ... ,,'. ,_ .. ,'. ,.' .

N'

Bwl Bw2

Cl 2C

3C

4C

R-51

5ec28 T155 R25W Garland

07-17-1995 G.S.E. 227.0

TEXTURE

rv SILTY LOM( ~ 7- 511 TY a AY I DAM

~ J

SANDY LOM( SiLl r [OMI

f

[ SAND

•

rd

I ·SP· SAND . ~

209.0

COLOR REMARKS lOYRS/4 H,G

5YR4/4 FR,Rt 5YR4/3 5YR5/8 VFR 5YR4/6 FR,Tr-Rt

5YRS/4 L,SIS

5YR5/4 L,WET

.. ....... .• '.1' ...•••. :~' ............ " ... -:, · ... ··.L.~~~·.( .1,- ',-',_.' ,_. ,_ • .,. ..• ~,.

-0

CJ) - 3.048 0::: W I-W 2:

- 6.096 Z

:::r:: I-0.-W

- 9.144 0

- 12.192


851

852

fW W LL

Z

:r: fDW o

0

10

20

30

40

M' Bw

C1 C2 C3

- 7-1995 2C1

~

2C2

3Cg

R-52

Sec18 T17N R25W Garland

07-17-1995 G.S.E.220.1

rd

COLOR 7.5YR5/3 7.SYRS/3

7.SYRS/S SYRS/6 7.SYRS/S

5YRS/6

SYRS/6

7.5YR412

REMARKS H,Rt FR,Rt,St

FR,Tr-Rt FR,Tr-Rt,St FR, Tr-Rt,SIS

FR,SlS

STK,SIS,WET

PL,SIS,Wd

o

3.048

6.096·

VJ 0:::: W f-W 2:

Z

:r: fD·w

9,144 0

12.192



- l

- 1

0

7-17-1995 .--1L-

f-10

W W LL

Z t--< 20

::r: f-0.... W 0

30

40


N' Ag

Bt CI

C2

2CI

2C2 3C

R-53

Sec13 T17N R24W Gar-land

07-17-1995 G.S.E. 217.8

R

rd

COLOR 7.5YR4/3 7.5YRJI2 5YR5/6 5YR5/6

5YR5/6

5YR5/6

7.5YR5/6

7.5YR5/6

REMARKS 0 H,G

FR,CH

FR

STK,St,SlS

Pl.,51,CAR 3.048

Pl., T r-Rt,SIS

STK,WET

6.096

9.144

12. 192


<.J)

0:: W f-W 2:

Z t--<

::r: f-0.... W 0

853

o

f--10

W W LL

Z 20

:r: f--0-W 0

30

40

854

N' /vJ Bt

2Cl

2C2

2C3

3C

R-54

Sec11 T18S R26W Doddridge NE 07-17-1995

G.S.E. 215.9

TEXTURE SILTY CLAY LOAM SILTY CLAY LOAM R SILTY CLAY LOAM ,

rd

CLAY

t CLAY R

CLAY LOAM ! SILTY CLAY LOAM rd

199.8

COLOR REMARKS 0 7.5YR312 H,Rt 7.5YRJI2 H,Rt,SL SYR4/4 H,St,cc

SYR4/6 PL,SL,CAR,St,cc

3.048 V)

2.5YR4/6 0:::

SYR4/4 PL,St,cc, Tr-Rt W'· I-

7.SYRS/8 PL,St,SS W 2:

6.096· Z

:r: I-0-

9.144 W 0

12.192

RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOU[SIANA STATE LINE


IW W LL

z

I

o

10

I- 20 0.-W o

30

/>P

Bg

Cgl

C2

2Cl

7-17-1995 2C2 --I- 3C

R-55

Sec11 T18S R26W Doddridge NE

07-17-1995 G.S.E. 213.9

TEXTURE

dBr

t R

I-rd

COLOR REMARKS

7.SYR3/2 H,Rt,SL

7.SYR412 H,SL

5YR4/4 H,SL,CAR

2.5YR4/6 PL,CM,SL

5YRS/6 FR,SIS

5YR5/6 VFR,SlS

5YR6/6 L,WEr

0

3.048

6.096

9.144



V)

0::: W I-W 2

Z

I I-0.-W 0

855

R-56


07-18-1995 G.S.E. 214.9


0 If' SILTY CLAY 7.5YR312 H,Rt

89 SILTY CLAY dBr 7.5YR312 H,Rt,SL

Cl SILTY CLAY LOAM 2.SYR4/4 PL,Rt,SL

C2 CLAY 2.5YR4/4 PL,CAR,SL

10 R 3.048 V)

l-

I 0::: - ;

W C3 CLAY 2.5YR4/4 PL,CAR,cc,SL W

W l-LL W

2: Z C4 CLAY rd 2.SYR5/6 PL,St,cc,CAR,SL

t-< 20 194.9 6.096' z

I l- I

0..- I-W 0..-0

30 W

9.144 0

40 12.192



o-

C 7-18-1995 10 _ ...

I-W W 20 LL -

z >--<.

:r: I- 30 -0.-W 0

40 f--

50 -


N' Bw C

2Cl

2C2

2C2

R-57


07-18-1995 G.S.E. 215.9

TEXTURE

SAND

rd

COLOR

7.5YR6/3 5YR5/6 5YR6/6

5YR7I8

5YR6/6

SI! SAND 5YR5/6

191 .9

REMARKS -0

FR,Rt

L,SIS

- 3.048

L,WEr,St

- 6.19E?

- 9.144

- 12. 192

- 15.240


(/)

0::: W l-w 2:

z >--<

:r: I-0.-W 0

857

- l

R-58

Sec 22 T18-N R26W Doddridge NE

07-18-1995 G.S.E. 210.0

0..-TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS

-0 />P

~ 5YR412 H,Rt

Bg SILTY CLAY dBr 5YR312 PL,Rt

2Bt SILly I tlMt cd 5YR5/6 fR,Tr-Rt

3Bw SILTY CLAY R 5YR4/4 PL,St,SL

l-f

V1

(7-18-1995 'c"i ~Im t8~ 5YR5/6 fR,St 0:::: W

K+ 5YR5/6 W

~ W 10 4C2 SILTY LOMl

'[ 5YR5/6 STK,WET,CAR _ 3.048 l-

I--LL W

5C 1'1

SIl'lD 5YR6/6 L,WET 2 Z t-i 195.9 z

.......... I I- 20 I-- - 6.196 I (L I-W D-o W

0

30 ~ - 9.144



- "1

- 1

_ J

- 1

0-

10C 17=18-1995 f--~ W

W LL

Z 1--1 20 -

I l-D-W o

30 f--

LlO -


2Cl

2C2

R-59


07-18-1995 G.S.E. 211.9

TEXTURE

R

~ LONAY S#-lO

. rd

• · . · ·Sf· S,4flO · . · · . 190.0

.... " •• ~~t.:o.;..r~~"~<~'~'.,.~ . .i'." .".·v.'·" '~'.~'j~"".'~~"":"'" .' .... " .... " " .~.' - ......... - .. ,~ .. "

. COLOR REMARKS

I~YJlJl4 H,Rt • gY~5/6 FR.Tr-Rt

5YR6/6 VFR,S1S

5YR6/6 L,WET

-0

- 3.048 (f)

0::: W f--W 2:

- 6.196 Z 1--1

I I-D-

- 9.144 W 0

- 12.192


859

R-60

Sec 30 T18N R26W Doddridge NE

07-18-1995 G.S.E. 211. 9


0 N' SILTY LOM4 7.5YR5/4 H,Rt Cl LOM4 7.5YR5/4 FR,Rt

C2 LOM4Y SIoNO rd 7.5YR6/4 L,SIS

C3 LOM4Y SIoNO 7.5YR5/4 L,SIS,WET

2B~ SILTY CLAY 5YR412 PL,St,Tr-Rt,Wd 2Cg SILTY CLAY 5YR412

2C2 CLAY 5YR414 PL,SL,Wd

10 3.048

R

j V)

2C3 CLAY 2.5YR4/6 PL,SL, T r-Rt,CAR 0::: W - 1

f-20 6.096 W ' J

f-W

3C SILTY LOM4 rd 5YR5/6 FR,St,WET 2

W t

4C CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL, Tr-RI,SIS,CAR Z LL

f z t--t 30 4C2 CLAY BIGn 5YR5/6 PL,St,cc 9.144 :r:

I f-

:r: D-

f-W

D-o

4C3 CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL,cc,T r-Rt,CAR W 0

40 171.9 12. 192

50 15.240

60



~ 1

R-61

Sec30 T18N R26W Doddridge NE

07-18-1995 G. S.L 210.0


0 ~ H~~M~ ~£kt C SYR4/6 PL,SlS

2Bg SYR412 PL,Sl 2Cl SYR4/4 PL,SL,cc

2C2 SYR3/4 PL,SL,St,CAR

10 3.048 Vi

I- 3Bw 7.SYRS/6 f,St,cc,CAR 0:::

W W

W I-

.LL 3C 5YR5/6 fR,St,CAR W

L

Z 4C SYR4/6 r,St.cc.CAR

t--t 20 6.096 Z .........

I l- I

0.... I-

W 0....

0 W 30 9.144 0

40 12.192

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE .LINE


Ci

I-W W 10 LL

Z I-<

I I- 20 D.... W 0

30

862

M' Cl 2C

3Bw

469 4Cl

4C2

R-62

Sec30 T18N R26W Doddridge NE

07-18-1995 G.S.E.211.9

COLOR REMARKS 7.SYR6/6 H,Rt 7.SYR6/6 VFR SIS 7.SYRS/4 '

5YR4/4 FR,St

5YR412 PL,CH 5YR4/3 PL,St

PL,SL,St,CAA

0

If)

0::: W I-

3.048 W 2

Z

6.196 I I-D.... W 0

9.144



- ,

= J

fW W l..L

z

:::r:: f-0.W o

o r- ftP Bw C

2C

C7-19-1995 3Cl 10~

3C2

4C

20 f--

30 f--

40 '--

R-63


01-19-1995 G.S.E. 225.1

TEXTURE

~ ~ltH tg:

7. LOAM ~~--------~~

~C~ CLAY J -sm-O-Y-L-O-AM--------~ SM

smoy LOAM

"ANn 206.7

- 12.192



864

IW W LL

z

I I(L

W o

o r- Pi' E

Bw

C

2C 10 -

C 7 -19-1995 3Ct ~

3C2

20 I-4C

30 -

40 '--

R-64


07-19-1995 G.S.E. 230.0

S

TEXTURE

SIL Y LOPM

SILTY LOPM

SANDY LOPM

CLAY

LOPMY SAND

LOAMY S,4W

SAND

206.0

Gr

• rd

f R

rd

COLOR REMARKS

H~~g~~ fR,Rt

5YR5/6 fR, T r-Rt,SIS

5YR6/6 VFR,Tr-Rt,SIS

2.5YR4/4 PL,SL,St,cc,SIS

5 YRS/ 4 VFR,St,SIS

SYRS/4 STK,WET

5YRS/4 L,WET

-0

- 3.048

- 6.096

V)

n::: w IW 2.

z

I I(L

W -9.144 0

- 12.192



~ l

R-65

Sec34 T16N R25W Garland

07-19-1995 G.S.E. 225.1

0.....-TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS -0 I>P r ~p''y!fo~ t Hm~t V~~~t,SlS C 17 2Bw LOAM 7.5YR5/4 FR Rt

2C SNlDY LOAM rd 7.5YR6/6 VFR,SlS

3Bw SILTY LOAM i 7.5 YR5/4 FR, T r-Rt,SIS

4Bw

~ CLAY R 5YR4/4 Pl,SL,St

5Bw SIllY toJIM

f 5YR4/6 FR,Rt

10C 7-19-1995 5C SNlDY LOAM 5YR5/4 VFR,S1S - 3.048 (/)

I- er: W --'Ir-

n r[ W W 6C LOAMY SAND 5YR5/4 L,WET l-LL w

209.0 2 z >--I 20 f-- - 6.096 Z

I--<

I l- I 0.- I-W 0.-0

30 9.144 W f-- - 0

40 ~ 12. 192



B66

fW W LL

z

I f-0...W o

0

10

20

30

40

N' Bg

2Bw 2C

3Bw

3C

7-19-1995 4C ~

sc

R-66


07-19-1995 C.S.E. 220.1

TEXTURE

SILTY CLAY LOMf dBr

LOMf

COLOR 7.SYRS/6 7.SYR412

SYRS/6 smoy LOAM rd 'SYR6/6 SlIliCiAj , 5YR414

CLAY SYRS/8 rd

SILTY LOMf l 5YR5/6

smo SYR6/4

204.1

REMARKS H,Rt,G F,Rt,St

FR,St,cc,Rt VFR PL,SL, T r-Rt

PL,5L,St,cc,CAR

FR,St, T r-Rt

L,WET

o

3.048 If)

0::: W fW :2:

6.096 Z

I f-0...W

9.144 0

12.192

RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOUIS[ANA STATE LINE


_ J

_ J

._ .. _"., .• ' " .' .... _ ........ . , .... ..- ..... .., ..... ~ ........ _ ...... _ ., .. -""_ .•. _ . . .,,,ow· .• · ... _ •.. ~ .......... ~ .. ' .. ". ..~.J ... .......... ~ ... ,'oJ ,' •• ... '.J .... ~.~ •• __ ..•.• •••..••••• ~ ...... _ ••.••.••••• ~ •• • P .. ·0.· ... · .•. ,' •.• ,

0

I-10

W W LL

7-19-1995 ---I-

Z 1--1 20

:::r:: I-eL W 0

30

40


r., Cl

C2

2Bw

3C

4Bw

5C

R-67


07-19-1995 G.S.E. 220.1

rd

! R

l rd

COLOR 7.5YR6/4 5YR5/6 5YR6/6 7.5YR7/6

5YR4/6

2.5YR4/4

5YR5/6

7.5YR6/6

REMARKS H,Rt o FR

VFR,SlS

FR,St,Tr-Rt

PL,SL,St,cc,CAR 3.048

FR,St,Tr-Rt

L,WET

6.096

9.144

12.192

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUIS[ANA STATE LINE

(/)

0::: W IW L

z

:::r:: IeL W o

867

R-68

Sec15 T17S R25W Gor-Iand

07-19-1995 G.S.E. 225.1

0.-- ,. TEXTURE COLOR REMAAKS -0 NC Ff ~~~Y~~

H~~1~3 ~:~~ 2Bw 5YR5/6 H,Rt 2Cl SI>I'ID 7.5YR7/4- L,SIS 2C2 1jJ LOAMY SI>I'ID 5YR5/6 SlS,VFR

rd . . 3C S~ SI>I'ID 7.5YR7I4 L,SIS

10 . . - 3.048 If)

l- . I- ~~

0::: w 213.3 w w l-LL W

2: Z t--t 20 - - 6.196 Z

t--t

I l- I n.. I-W n.. 0

30 9.144 W r-- "

- 0 .

,.

40 - 12.192



R-69

Sec34 T17S R25W Canfield

07-19-1995 G.S.E. 220.1

TEXTURE COLOR REMAAKS 0 0 I>P 7.5YR312 ~t')h 89 5YR412

28w SILTY LONd 5YR5/6 FR,SIS, T r-Rt

2C SILTY LONd rd 5YR4/6 FR,St,SIS 3Cl SILTY CLAY l 5YR4/6 PL,St,CAA,SL

If) 10 3C2 CLAY YL 5Y5/1 PL,CAA,St,SL,SIS

3.048 l-

I 0::

- j W W W 7-19-1995 .3C.3 CLAY 5YR5/8 PL,St l-LL --I..- W

L z rd

I--< 20 4C SAND 7.5YR7/3 L,SIS,WET 6.096 Z I--<

::r: I- 196.2 ::r: 0.- I-W 0.-0 W

30 9.144 0

40 12. 192



870

IW W LL

Z

I ID-W o

0

10

20

30

40

~ 89 Cl C2

C3

7-20-1995 2Bw

--1- 2C

3C

R-70


07-20-1995 G.S.E. 219.2

TEXTURE

CLAY GnGr CLAY CLAY

CLAY

SILTY LOAM rd

LOAM . .SP. smo

203.1

COLOR REMAAKS 0

5YR412 J,6r-Rt 7.5YR5/6 PL,SL,St, Tr-Rt 5YR4/6 PL,Tr-Rt,St,SL

5YR4/6 PL,SL,St,CAA

5YR4/6 PL,SL,CAA, Tr-Rt

5YR5/6 FR,St,T r-Rt,SlS 3 .. '048 If)

0::: 5YR5/4 VFR,St W 5YR6/4 L,WET I-

W 2:

6.096 Z

I I-D--

9.144 W 0

12.192



- 1

- ,

- 1

R-71

SecLJ T18S R25W Canfield

07-20-1995 G.S.E. 219.2

0-TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS - 0 M'

~ ~iW~~

5YRM3 ~Ot,Tr-Rt,SL Bw R 5YR<4-/4

28w SILTY LOAM rd 5YR5/6 FR,Tr-Rt

3CI CLAY 5YR4/6 PL,SIS,CAR,SL,St

R 3C2 e~M' 2.5YR4/6 PL,CAR,S1..,St,cc

10C 7=20-1995 3C3 ~~ CLAY

f 5YR4/6 .- 3.048

(J)

I- 4C ~OAM 5YR5/6 [R,SI,Tr-Rt,SlS 0:::

W -Y-- SCI mo

'[ 7.5YR6/6· W

W 5C2 smo 5YR6/<4- L,WET l-

LL w

203.1 2: z I-i 20 - - ·6.096 Z

I-i

I l- I

0.... I-

W 0....

0 W 30 f-- - 9.144 0

40 - - 12.192 ...



-l

r,

- 1

R-72


07-20-1995 C.S.E. 219.2

TEXTURE COLOR REMAAKS -0 Or--

If' SILTY LOAM

1 SYRS/4 FR,G

C SAtllY LOAM SYR6/6 VFR,Rt 2Bw M SILTY LOAM SYRS/6 FR,Tr-Rt

2C

I LOMtY SAND

I 7.SYR6/6 VFR,Tr-Rt

3Bw SILTY LOAM SYRS/6 FR,Tr-Rt

10 - - 3.048 <.f) I- 4C SILTY CLAY R 2.SYR4/4 PL,SL,St

0::: W O~-20-1995 SC1 SILTY LOAM

f SYRS/6 FR,SIS W

W ~ SC2 -7 f LOAM SYR6/6 SI,WET l-LL rd W

6C LOAMY S#lO ! 7.SYRS/6 L,WET 2: Z

7C .~ ~ I--i 20 r-- SYR4/2 PL - 6.096' Z 199.1 I--i

I l- I 0- I-W 0-0

9.144 W 30 r-- -0

40 '-- - 12.192



- 1

- 1

R-73


07-20-1995 G.S.E. 219.2


f.P ~e.- SILTY LOAM 7 .. 5YR6/4 H.Rt Bw SILTY CLAY LOAM 7.5YR4/3 f,Rt,Tr-Rt

2Bw ~WYLfcm.. gm~g fRkTr-Rt 2Cl VF ,SIS

2C2 SmDY LOAM rd SYR6/6 VFR.SIS,CAR

St.4

j <f)

10 7-20-'1995 - 3.048

f- 0:: W ---1- . 2C3 LOAMY S.6Ml SYRS/6 W L,WET

W

~ f-

LL 3Cl CLAY R 5YR4/4 PL,Sl,St W

~ f 2

Z 3C2 SILTY CLAY 5YR3/3 PL,Sl,CAR,SIS,O_ t--I 20 - rt

6.096 Z ..........

:r: 4C ~ S.6Ml 7.SYR6/4 L,WET

f- 195.2 :r: 0.- f-

W 0.-0

30 9.144 W

f-- - 0

40 - - 12.192



-1

= J

- l

R-74


07-20-1995 G. S.L 214.9

0-TEXTURE COlOR REMARKS -0 Pi' SILTY LOAM 7.5YRS/4 H,RI

C S SANDY LOAM H~m FR,SIS

?fC'i ~m ~8~ 5YR5/4 ~~,SlS,SI, T r-RI

2C2 lot. SILTY LOAM 5YR5/4. FR, T r-RI,slf ( 7-20-1995 If)

10 _ .. rd - 3.048 I- 2C3 SILTY LOAM 5YR5/4 SI,CM,WET 0::

W ~ .... W

W

~ l-

LL 3C SILTY LOAM 5YR4/6 PL, Tr-RI,SIS,O W 2:

z 1--1 20 - - 6.096 Z

194.9 ..........

• J

I l- I

n... I-

W n... 0 w

30 I-- - 9.144 0

40 '-- - 12.192

/



" 1

" , R-75


07-20-1995 G. S.£. 214.9

TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS a a f.f' S1LTY LOAM dBr 5YR4/3 H,Rt,G

C SAADY LOAM rd 5YR5/4 VFR,Rt

l- f V1 2Cl S1LTY CLAY R 2.5YR4/4 PL,SIS,St, Tr-Rt 0::::

W 7-20-1995

j W

W 10 ~ 3.048 l-LL W

z :2

2Cg S1LTY CLAY rd 5YR512 STK,WET,O t-1 Z

:r: 196.9 I- 20 6.096 :r: 0.... I-W 0.... 0 W

0

30 9.144



:- 1

= J

R-76


- " 07-20-1995

G.S.E. 212.9

0 COLOR REMARKS

0 If' brGr IOYR5/4 H,Rt

~ dBr . 7.5YR312 F,Rt 7.SYR412 2B~ 'f

5YR5/6 FR,cc

3CI R 2.5YR5/6 PL,SL,CNl,St,SlS

10 - 0-1995 3.048 (/)

I- 0::: - , W

--1- W

W 4Cl 5YRS/4 PL,St,SlS, WET l-

lL W :2

rd 'z

1---1 20 4C2 5YR5/6 PL,Tr-Rt 6.096 Z 1---1

I 5C 5YR5/4 STK,WET l- I

0.- I-

W 0.-

0 W 30 9.144 0

40 12.192



0.--

l-W e 7-21-1995 W ---I.-

10 f--LL

z

:c I- 20 r--D.... W 0

30 -


If' Bwl

Bw2

Cl

C2

2C

R-77


07-21-1995 G.S.E. 213.9

TEXTURE

~ SANDY LOM! SILTY LOM!

SILTY LOM!

SILTY LOM!

SANDY LOM!

'1 SAND

197.8

rd

COlOR REMARKS 0 FR,Rt

-7.5YR6/4 7.5YR5N FR,Rt, T r-Rt

5YR5/6 FR, T r-Rt,St,cc

5YR5/6 FR,Tr-Rt,St

- 3.048 5YR5/6 VFR,St,WET

5YR6/6 L,WEr

- 6.096

9.144


Lf)

0::: W I-W 2:

Z t-f

:c I-0.-W 0

877

-- -,- -- ".- ... , .... ,._._ .. _ .. - _ ....... -- -_ ..... -- -_.-.'" -.- ... - .... -- .. -- ---_.

IW W LL

z

:::r:: I-0.W o

0-

10 -

C C'2A

2Ag 2B9

2Cl

2C2

(7-21-1995 3Cl ~

3C2

20 -

301--

40 -

R-78


07-21-1995 G.S.E. 210:0

TEXTURE S/>NOY LOMl

SILTY LOMl SiLll etAi SILTY CLAY SILTY CLAY

SILTY CLAY

SILTY LOMl

LOMlY SHIO

S/>NO

190.0

l rd

I R

rd

COLOR REMARKS 7.5YR7/4 FR,Rt

7 .5YR5/ 4 FR, T r-Rt,SIS

~~~~~~ ~E:~t,CH 5YR4/1 PL,St,SL

5YR5/6 PL,St,cc, Tr-Rt

-0

- 3.048 (J)

0:: 5YR5/4 PL,CAR,SIL,Tr-Rt W

IW L

5YR5/6 VFR,WET

5YR6/4 L,WET

- 6.096 Z

- 9.144

- 12.192

:::r:: I-0.W o

RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOU[SIANA STATE LINE


C l

IW W l.L

Z

:c I(L

W o

o

10 7-21-1995 -----1-

20

30

40


I>P C

2A 2St

2Bw 211.

2C

3C

4Cl

4C2

R-79


07-21-1995 G.S.E. 212.9

SILTY LOMl SILTY LOMl SILTY LOMl

LOAt.4

CLAY R

1 LOAMY SANP

• SAND rd

189.0

COLOR REMARKS 0 7.SYRS/3 FR,Rt 7.SYR7I3 VFR,SIS

7.SYRS/3 SYR4/3 FR,Tr'Rt SYRS/6

SYR6/6 VFR,SlS,Tr-Rt

3.048

2.SYR4/6 PL,CAR,St,SIS,SL

5YR6/6 6.096·

5YR6/6 L,WEr

9.144

12.192


Vl 0:: W I-w :2

Z

:c I-(L

W 0

879

r 1

R-80

Sec10 T19S R26W Doddridge SE

07-21-1995 G. s. E. 210.0

0 COLOR REMARKS

0 ~ dBr Hm~~ FR,Rt

2Bw 5YR5f6 FR,Tr-Rt

7-21-1995 2C 5YR6f6 FR,St,SIS

~ V) 10 3.048

I- 0:: W 3C1 rd 5YR5f4 STK,WET,SIS W W l-LL W

2 z .......... 20 3C2 5YR5f6 STK,WET 6.096" Z

..........

:r: 4C 5YR5f4 PL,St

l- I

D- I-W D-o

30 9.144 W 0

40 12.192



0 AP Cl

C2

C3 28wt

fW W LL

10 7-21-199528w2

z

:r: I-0.W o

~

20

30

40


2C

3C

R-81

Sec33 T19S R26W

Doddridge SE 07-21-1995

G.S.E. 205.1

TEXTURE LOM4 SANDY LOM4

SILTY LOM4

LOM4Y SAND

SILTY CLAY R SILTY LOM4 SANDY LOM4

SAND

185.0

COLOR REMARKS

7.5YR5/3 FR,Rt

7.5YR7/3 VFR,SIS 7.5YR5/4 FR,SIS

7.3YR7I6 VFR,SIS

5YR5/3 FR,Tr-RI,SI

5YR5/4 FR,Tr-Rt 5YR6/4 VFR,WET

7.5YR7/4 L,WET

o

3.048 (f)

0::: W fW 2

6.096 Z

:r: f-0.W

9.144 0

12.192

881

~ l

e l

e l

R-82

Sec33 T19S R26W

Doddridge SE

07-21-1995 G.S.E. 206.0

0 REMARKS

0 If' PR~~S,Rt Ct C2 7.5YR5/4 VFR,Rt,SIS

7-21-1995 C3 LOMlY SAND 7.5YR5/4 L,SIS

rd

----Y......- C4 SANDY LOMI 7.5YR5/4 STK,WET,SIS 10 3.048 VI

I- 2Ct SILTY CLAY 5YR5/4 PL,SlS,Veg,Veg 0:: W W W l-lL.. W

2C2 SILTY CLAY R 5YR512 STK,SIS,Veg 2 Z

20 186.0 6.096 z .........

I l- I 0... I-W 0... 0

30 9.144 W 0

40



= J

o

f-10

W W LL

Z 1--1 20

:::r:: f-0.... W 0

30

40


8g

Cl

C2

R-83

Sec1Ll T19S R26W Doddridge SE

07-22-1995 G.S.E. 204.1

TEXTURE CLAY

CLAY

R

CLAY

CLAY

184.4

COLOR REMARKS 2.SYR4/6 PL o

SYR412 PL,Rt,SL,St

3.048 If)

0::: 2.SYR4/6 PL,SL,CAR,St,cc W

f-W

5YR4/4 2

6.096' Z

:::r:: f-0....

9.144 W 0

12. 192


883

, 1

R-84

Sec3 T20N R26W Doddridge SE

, l

07-22-1995 G.S.E. 200.1

0 TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS 0

I'f' CLAY SYR4/3 H,G rd

Bwl CLAY I 5YR4/3 PL,SL

8w2 CLAY R 5YR4/4

C CLAY I 5YR4/6 PL,SL,CAR

10 3.048 (/)

I- 7-22-1995 0:: 2Bw LOAM rd 5YRS/4 FR, T r-RI,SI

W ~

j W

W l-LL 2C SANDY LOAM SYRS/4 VFR, T r-RI,SIS,WET W

2: z 3C CLAY R SYR4/3 PL, Tr-RI,St,CAR t--I 20 t 6.096 . Z

4C LoAM 7.5YR614- PL,St

:r: 5C SAND rd 7.SYR6/4 L,WET

I- 176.2 :r: D- I-W D-o

30 9.144 W 0

40 12.192



........................... ~.~~ ......... ~~~." ............... ~ -.--~ .............. ~~ .. --...

R-85


07-22-1995 G.S.E. 214.9


0 f.P 5YR4-/3 H,SL

8g CLAY Gr&rd 5YR4-/l F,SL

I Cl CLAY R 5YR4-/4 PL,SL,CAR

3.048 (j)

I-10

! 0:: W W W l-LL C2 CLAY Grl<rd 5Y6/1 PL W

f :2

Z 1---1 20 6.096 Z

C3 CLAY rd 5YR5/4 H,SL,St,cc,CAR 1---1

I l- I 0.... I-w 188.3 0.... 0 W

30 9.144 0

40 12. 192


Appendix B Soil Borings B85

886

IW W LL

z

:r: I-0.W o

0

10

7-23-1995 ~

20

30

40

f>P

Cl

C2 2Bwl

2Bw2

2C

3Cl

3C2

R-86


07-23-1995 G.S.E. 245.1

TEXTURE SillY LOM4

SAND rd

LOM4

SILTY LOM4

LOM4 rd

smD

SAND

227.0

COLOR REMARKS 0 7.5YR514 H,Rt

7.5YR714 L,SIS

5YR514 FR, T r-Rt,SIS 5YR412 FR,Tr-Rt 5YR416 FR, T r-Rt,St tf) 3.048 5YR516 FR,St,SIS 0::

W 5YR616 L,SIS I-

W 5YR516 L,WET 2

6.096 Z

:r: I-0.-

9.144 W 0

12.192



,. r

- 1

- ,

fW W LL

z

:r: f-0... W o

o

10 7-23-1995 ~

20

30

40


N' Bw Cl

C2 2Bw 3Bw

3C 4C

5C

R-87


07-23-1995 G.S.E. 250.0

TEXJURE

CLAY CLAY R

CLAY i SILTY LOM4 rd

CLAY • R CLAY

J LOM4

S.ANO rd

234.9

COLOR 5YR512 5YR4-/3 5YR4-/3

2.5YR4/6 5YR5/6 2.5YR4/4

2.5YR4/3 5YR5/S

5YRS/4-

REMARKS H,SL,Rt

H,SL,CAR

H,SL,CAR,St FR,Tr-Rt

PL,SL ,St ,CAR

PL,SL,SI,CAR,SI VFR,St.SIS, T r-Rt

L,WET

o

3.048 VJ 0:::: W fW 2:

6.096 Z

:r: f-0... W

9.144 0

12.192


887

Appendix C Radiometric Age Dates

Appendix C Radiometric Age Dates C1

" C. III ..... a. 0' /0

C 0 .0 .... /0 U 0

=a /0 0:

C2

CALmRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS

(Variables:CI3/CI2=-1O.5:lab mult.=I)

Laboratory Number:

Conventional radiocarbon age:

Calibrated results: (2 sigma, 95% probability)

Intercept data:

Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve:

1 sigma calibrated results: (68% probability)

780 +/- 60 BP

Beta-90042

780 +1- 60 BP

cal AD 1170 to 1300

cal AD 1265

cal AD 1220 to 1285

1000,-----~------r-----~----~------r-----,-----~------~----~

Northern Henisphere

900

800

700

600

500~----~----~----~~~==""""=+----~----~--~ 1000

References:

1100 12CO cal AD

Pretoria Calibration Curve for Short Lived Samples

1300

Vogel, J. C., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating CU Dates

Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. c., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 Calibration -1993

Stuiver, M, Long, A., Kra, R. S. and Devine, J. M, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1)

1400


r 1

0: 00 V'

GJ 0' IV

C 0 ..c I-IV u 0

.r< "0 IV c:


(Variables:C13/CI2=-24.9:lab mult.=I)

Laboratory Number:


Beta-90043

4520 +1- 60 BP

4700

4600

4500

...... 00


Intercept data:

Intercepts of radiocarbon age with calibration curve:


4520 +/- 60 BP

3500 3400 3300 3200 cal Be

cal BC 3365 to 3025 and cal BC 2970 to 2940

cal BC 3320 and cal BC 3220 and cal BC 3180 and cal BC 3165 and cal BC 3130

cal BC 3350 to 3090

Northern Herlisphere

3100 3000 2900

References: Pretoria Calibration Curve for Short Lived Samples

Voge~ J. c., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(l),p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates



2EOO


0: co v

GI 0' IV

C 0 .c .... IV U 0

:s IV c:

C4


(Variables: C13/CI2=-27.3:lab. mult=l)

Laboratory Number:



Intercept data:



260 +/- 60 BP

Beta-90044

260 +/- 60 BP

cal AD 1485 to 1690 and cal AD 1735 to 1815 and cal AD 1925 to 1950

cal AD 1655

cal AD 1535 to 1545 and cal AD 1635 to 1670 and cal AD 1780 to 1795 and cal AD 1945 to 1950

500~-'-'----~--~----r---~--~----~--~----~--~--~--~


iOO

300

200

100

O+---r--~==~==~~"Clr--~~~L-~--r--~--~ liOO 1500

References:

1600 1700 cal AD


1800

Vogel, J. C., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating CU Dates

Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2),p317-322 Calibration -1993


1900 2(00


- l

- l

, 1

- 1

r 1

r ,

0: III .... <II 0-ro c: 0 .il "-ro u 0

'6 ro c:


(Variables:CI3/CI2=-21.7:lab mult.=I)

Laboratory Number:



Intercept data:



3200 +/- 60 BP

Beta-90045

3200 +1- 60 BP


cal BC 1440

cal BC 1515 to 1410

Northern Herlisphere 3400

3300

3200

3100

3000

1700 1600 15(0

cal Be HOO


Vogel, J. C., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates


Stuiver, M, LOhg, A., Kra, R. S. and Devine, J. M, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1)

1300


S. III "V

a. 0-"I

C 0 .c ... "I u 0 :a "I c:

C6


(Variables:C13/C12=-23.1:lab mult.=l)

Laboratory Number:

Conventional radiocarbon age: • '10

Beta-90046

4610 +/- 60 BP

iSOO

i700

i600

i500


Intercept data:



i610 +/- 60 BP

3600 3E"()0 3iOO 3300 cal Be


cal BC 3360



3200 3100 3000


Vogel, J. c., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates

Talma, A. S. and Vogel. J. c., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 Calibration -1993


2g)0


.. J

C l

r 1

--.,

- l

0: III

'" Go 0' IV

C 0 Jl .... IV u 0

=a IV c:


(V ariables:C 13/C 12=-31.2:lab mult. = 1)

Laboratory Number:



Intercept data:



1260 +/- 70 BP

Beta-90047

1260 +/- 70 BP

cal AD 650 to 960

cal AD 775

cal AD 680 to 875

1500~---~~------~------~------~-------r-------r-------r-------r-------r-------'

Northern Henisphere

HOO

1300

1200

1100 +

1000~----r---~==~~""""~""~"==;===~~---r----~ 600

References:

700 800 cal AD


900

Vogel, J. C, Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates

Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. C, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 Calibration -1993

Stuiver, M., Long, A., Kra, R. S. and Devine, J. M., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1)

1000


"-a. m .... G/ C' IQ

C 0 .0 '-IQ U 0

=s IQ a:

C8


(Variables:CI3/CI2=-29.1:lab mult.=l)

Laboratory Number:



Intercept data:



Beta-90048

280 +1- 60 BP

cal AD 1470 to 1680 and cal AD 1745 to 1805 and cal AD 1935 to 1950

cal AD 1650

cal AD 1520 to 1570 and cal AD 1630 to 1665

500'-~~----T---~----~--~--~----T---~----r---~--~--~


iOO

300

+ 200

100

O+---~~=-"-=~=-"~~~==~--~--~~--~ liOO 1500

References:

1600 1700 cal AD


1800

Vogel, J. c., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., /993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating CU Dates

Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. c., /993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p3/ 7-322 Calibration -1993

Stuiver, M., Long, A., Kra, R S. and Devine, J. M., /993, Radiocarbon 35(/)

1900 2(00


r 1

- 1

, ,

c: III '"' GI 0' to C 0 .0 L to U 0

=s to 0:


(V ariables:C13/CI2=-27. 7:lab mult.=I)

Laboratory Number:



Intercept data:



100 +/- 60 BP

Beta-90049

100 +1- 60 BP

cal AD 1665 to 1950

cal AD 1890 and cal AD 1905



100

300

200

100

o~--~-C~~ .. ~==~~ .......... ~~--~--~ 1600

References:

1700 18CO cal AD

Pretoria Calibration Curve/or Short Lived Samples

1900

Vogel, J. C, Fu/s, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates

Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p31 7-322 Calibration -1993


2000


"-a. m 'V

OJ 0-IV

C 0

.D '-IV U 0

'tl IV a:

C10


(Variables:estimated C13/CI2=-25:lab mult.=I)

Laboratory Number: Beta-90050

Conventional radiocarbon age*: 250 +/-70 BP

Calibrated results: cal AD 1475 to 1825 and (2 sigma, 95% probability) cal AD 1835 to 1880 and

cal AD 1915 to 1950

* C13/C12 ratio estimated

Intercept data:

Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: cal AD 1655

1 sigma calibrated results: cal AD 1535 to 1545 and (68% probability) cal AD 1635 to 1675 and


WOOD 500~-.-.----~---.----r---~--~~--'----.----r----r--~~--,

Northern Hellisphere

'100

300

200

100

o~--~~==~==~~ .. ~~~=-~=u~~~~~~ 1100 1500

References:

1600 1700 cal AD


1800

Vogel, J. C., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates

Taboo, A. S. and Vogel, J. c., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 Calibration -1993


1900 2(00


"

_ J

, ,

- "

' ,

- 1

r 1

- 1

" "

- 1

_ J

a: III v

Go 0' /0

C 0 .0 .. /0 U 0 .... '0 /0 c:

CALffiRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS

(Variables:CI3/CI2=-29.1 :lab mult.=I)

Laboratory Number:


500

iOO

300

200

100


Intercept data:



350 +/- 60 BP

Beta-90051

350 +1- 60 BP

cal AD 1435 to 1665

cal AD 1515 and cal AD 1585 and cal AD 1625

cal AD 1460 to 1645

Northern Hellisphere

O+--L~"~"~~~~~~--~--~--~--~--~~ liOO 1500

References:

1600 1700 cal AD


1800

Vogel, J. c., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates

Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. c., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2),p317-322 Calibration -1993


1900 2(00


REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE I Form Approved OMS No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of Information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing Instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of Information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1216 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202·4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 12. REPORT DATE 13

. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Geomorphic Investigation of the Great Bend Region, Red River

6. AUTHOR(S)

Paul E. Albertson, Maureen K. Corcoran, Whitney Autin, John Kruger, Theresa Foster

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station REPORT NUMBER

Geotechnical Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

4155 Clay Street Vicksburg, MS 39180

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

As part of a feasibility study leading to rehabilitation of levees along the Red River in Arkansas, the WES conducted research to establish a geomorphic framework for cultural resource management in the Great Bend region of the Red River Valley. The proposed levee rehabilitation has the potential to impact cultural resource sites both adjacent to current levees and in candidate areas nearby from which the levee construction materials will be removed. This work provides a geomorphic basis for locating archeological sites. The three major geomorphic surfaces identified in the study area are floodplain, terraces, and bluffs. Relative ages of specific sites were established on the basis of soil development and superposition. A geographic information system (GIS) was built as part of this study, and includes such data layers as: geology, geomorphic features, soil type, elevation, levee locations, known archeological sites, data from soil borings, and surface water. The GIS has been provided to the USAED, Vicksburg (as of October 1996), to be used in cultural resource management.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

Geomorphology Geographic Information System GIS Red River Cultural Resources Archeology

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) P~'1l'~!1~et by ANSI Std. Z39·18