geom3003 engineering surveying (mining).ppt
TRANSCRIPT
GEOS3510 Engineering Surveying (Mining) Spatial Information Lecture
6, Part 1Spatial Information
Terrain Modelling
Introduction to Remote Sensing
Introduction to Photogrametry
The University of Queensland
Engineering Surveying (Mining)
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
REMOTE SENSING includes all methods and techniques used to gain qualitative and quantitative information about distant objects without coming into direct contact with these objects.
Look-Look, NO Touch
Remote Sensing (RS) methods try to answer four basic questions:
HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments, ...)
Has it CHANGED?
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
WHAT: Type, Characteristic and Properties of Object. eg. Water, Vegetation, Land; Temperature, Concentration, State of Development; Subtype, Species, Use of ... ; Includes determination of generic object type, character and property as well as it’s abstract meaning.
=> DATA INTERPRETATION
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
HOW MUCH: determine by simple COUNTING, measuring AREA covered or percentage of total area coverage.
WHERE: Relate locations and area covered to either a standard map or to the actual location on the ‘ground’ where the object occurs.
NOTE: WHERE also refers to a moment in time
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments)
This extends the ‘WHERE’ to be a completely GEOMETRIC problem. MAP PRODUCTION methods are to be applied to the analysis of RS information. These include:
Photogrammetric Methods:
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
CHANGE may occur with progress of TIME.
Change may be detected through comparison of observed states at different moments in time.
=> CHANGE DETECTION
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is the MIX of Objects?
The surface of the Earth is covered by objects like Soil, Water, Grass, Trees, Houses, Roads and so on. These are ‘GENERIC OBJECTS’. We know these well, but we also know objects like Open Forest, Residential and Industrial Estates, etc. Each of these ABSTRACT OBJECTS are made up of a typical collection of Generic Objects.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
Remote Sensing (Look-Look, No Touch) is a much wider field than we will discuss in this lecture series. We will concentrate on that part of RS dealing with
EARTH RESOURCES
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
What makes it tick ???
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances.
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way.
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances.
These Carriers of Information are FIELDS of FORCES:
* Pressure Wave Fields of Sound,
* Gravity Force Fields,
* Electro-magnetic Force Fields.
The latter are of our main interest, since they include visible and invisible LIGHT.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal.
Apart from our own eyes and ears, technology has provided us with a multitude of sensors operating in the detection of force fields:
microphones, geophones,
radio wave receivers, gravimeters and magnetometers.
What makes it tick ???
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances.
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
(3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way.
This is a technique based topic. It is essential for the success or failure of RS in respect of it’s anticipated purpose.
This topic will be dealt with in it’s main aspects (but not completely).
What makes it tick ???
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances.
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
Source of Force
Model of Real World
prism
Fraunhofer discovered ‘black lines’ in the spectrum of light emitted by various superheated chemical elements. These lines were as typical for each of the elements as fingerprints for humans.
Chemical Composition of objects effects emitted ER in a unique way for each element.
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
c = propagation velocity of light
What does that tell us ?
There is a well defined relationship between MATTER, ENERGY and ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (eg. light)
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Fraunhofer Lines
The basic building blocks of all matter are ATOMS
The basic building blocks of Atoms are the NUCLEUS (Neutrons and Protons) and several ELECTRONS.
Electrons are thought to be spinning around the Nucleus at orbits of different, but well pre-defined discrete sequential radii.
A change in the energy level contained in an atom (eg. by heating or cooling) changes
the balance of forces inside the atom will automatically adept to energy level changes by moving electrons to higher or lower orbits.
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
The loss of energy from an atom causes electrons to drop back to lower orbits which is of interest to us.
One widely accepted theory says, that atoms lose energy in form of
Electromagnetic Radiation
One theory explains ER as a WAVE field,
another as a field of a stream of PHOTONS, particles so small that they have no mass.
Both are said to propagate at light speed.
Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum E = mc^2
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum E = mc^2
Some atoms may have been charged to a higher energy level; pushing electrons further than one orbital level. In turn they can drop back over more than one orbit level: more energy than one Quantum
Gerd’s interpretation:
Since c is constant, all photons travel about 300,000 km/sec
Those with a higher energy charge will use a ‘more wiggly’ (thus, longer) wave path than those with lesser charge.
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Wave characteristics:
= Wave length = distance between consecutive wave peaks (measured in m)
f = frequency = number of wave peaks (wiggles) in the wave train propagating for 1 sec (measured in Hz)
= c / f
Summing up:
High Energy Radiation proceeds at higher frequencies (shorter wavelength compares to low energy radiation.
Radiation wave length mix depends on amount of (heat) energy contain in matter.
=>PLANCK’s LAW
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
short
long
300K
1000K
3000k
6000K
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
The Average Temperature of Earth’s Surface rarely exceeds 300 K, an object temperature to low to provide for EMITTED RADIATION of sufficient strength to register on most of the available sensors (except in thermal IR sensors).
(Even warm nights can be pitch black)
The surface of the Sun’s outer atmosphere (photosphere) has a temperature of about 5800K, hot enough to provide adequate radiation energy. (Peak output in GREEN of visible light).
Most RS systems utilise reflected sun light.
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
short
long
300K
1000K
3000k
6000K
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
QUESTION: Does incident sun light interact in a similar way with matter as described is the case for emitted radiation?
ANSWER: YES!
ER (including light) is a form of energy (as is heat). Matter (atoms) can absorb as well as emit energy.
Objects under illumination by sun light will partially absorb radiation.
Absorption level varies with wave length depending on chemical composition of the object
Radiation not absorbed is mostly reflected and available for RS.
=> Spectral Signatures
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
01/10/97
5
Examples of Spectral Signatures
01/10/97
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
10^-6
10^-3
I
R
A
T
A
Sensor
Radiation
Source
01/10/97
A bright Idea for RS
50
G
R
IR
the Environment
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
Using Fraunhofer’s Observations
The variation in Radiation output from a REAL OBJECT depends on it’s chemical composition. Water has a different SPECTRAL SIGNATURE than soil or chlorophyll containing leaf matter, etc.
Wave Length
short
long
measure object temperatures?
identify the chemical
identify the object itself?
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
10^-6
10^-3
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
A bright Idea for RS
50
Terrain Modelling
Introduction to Remote Sensing
Introduction to Photogrametry
The University of Queensland
Engineering Surveying (Mining)
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
REMOTE SENSING includes all methods and techniques used to gain qualitative and quantitative information about distant objects without coming into direct contact with these objects.
Look-Look, NO Touch
Remote Sensing (RS) methods try to answer four basic questions:
HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments, ...)
Has it CHANGED?
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
WHAT: Type, Characteristic and Properties of Object. eg. Water, Vegetation, Land; Temperature, Concentration, State of Development; Subtype, Species, Use of ... ; Includes determination of generic object type, character and property as well as it’s abstract meaning.
=> DATA INTERPRETATION
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
HOW MUCH: determine by simple COUNTING, measuring AREA covered or percentage of total area coverage.
WHERE: Relate locations and area covered to either a standard map or to the actual location on the ‘ground’ where the object occurs.
NOTE: WHERE also refers to a moment in time
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments)
This extends the ‘WHERE’ to be a completely GEOMETRIC problem. MAP PRODUCTION methods are to be applied to the analysis of RS information. These include:
Photogrammetric Methods:
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
CHANGE may occur with progress of TIME.
Change may be detected through comparison of observed states at different moments in time.
=> CHANGE DETECTION
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is the MIX of Objects?
The surface of the Earth is covered by objects like Soil, Water, Grass, Trees, Houses, Roads and so on. These are ‘GENERIC OBJECTS’. We know these well, but we also know objects like Open Forest, Residential and Industrial Estates, etc. Each of these ABSTRACT OBJECTS are made up of a typical collection of Generic Objects.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
Remote Sensing (Look-Look, No Touch) is a much wider field than we will discuss in this lecture series. We will concentrate on that part of RS dealing with
EARTH RESOURCES
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
What makes it tick ???
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances.
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way.
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances.
These Carriers of Information are FIELDS of FORCES:
* Pressure Wave Fields of Sound,
* Gravity Force Fields,
* Electro-magnetic Force Fields.
The latter are of our main interest, since they include visible and invisible LIGHT.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal.
Apart from our own eyes and ears, technology has provided us with a multitude of sensors operating in the detection of force fields:
microphones, geophones,
radio wave receivers, gravimeters and magnetometers.
What makes it tick ???
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances.
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
(3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way.
This is a technique based topic. It is essential for the success or failure of RS in respect of it’s anticipated purpose.
This topic will be dealt with in it’s main aspects (but not completely).
What makes it tick ???
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances.
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
Source of Force
Model of Real World
prism
Fraunhofer discovered ‘black lines’ in the spectrum of light emitted by various superheated chemical elements. These lines were as typical for each of the elements as fingerprints for humans.
Chemical Composition of objects effects emitted ER in a unique way for each element.
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
c = propagation velocity of light
What does that tell us ?
There is a well defined relationship between MATTER, ENERGY and ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (eg. light)
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Fraunhofer Lines
The basic building blocks of all matter are ATOMS
The basic building blocks of Atoms are the NUCLEUS (Neutrons and Protons) and several ELECTRONS.
Electrons are thought to be spinning around the Nucleus at orbits of different, but well pre-defined discrete sequential radii.
A change in the energy level contained in an atom (eg. by heating or cooling) changes
the balance of forces inside the atom will automatically adept to energy level changes by moving electrons to higher or lower orbits.
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
The loss of energy from an atom causes electrons to drop back to lower orbits which is of interest to us.
One widely accepted theory says, that atoms lose energy in form of
Electromagnetic Radiation
One theory explains ER as a WAVE field,
another as a field of a stream of PHOTONS, particles so small that they have no mass.
Both are said to propagate at light speed.
Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum E = mc^2
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Energy differential = 1 Planck’s Quantum E = mc^2
Some atoms may have been charged to a higher energy level; pushing electrons further than one orbital level. In turn they can drop back over more than one orbit level: more energy than one Quantum
Gerd’s interpretation:
Since c is constant, all photons travel about 300,000 km/sec
Those with a higher energy charge will use a ‘more wiggly’ (thus, longer) wave path than those with lesser charge.
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Wave characteristics:
= Wave length = distance between consecutive wave peaks (measured in m)
f = frequency = number of wave peaks (wiggles) in the wave train propagating for 1 sec (measured in Hz)
= c / f
Summing up:
High Energy Radiation proceeds at higher frequencies (shorter wavelength compares to low energy radiation.
Radiation wave length mix depends on amount of (heat) energy contain in matter.
=>PLANCK’s LAW
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
short
long
300K
1000K
3000k
6000K
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
The Average Temperature of Earth’s Surface rarely exceeds 300 K, an object temperature to low to provide for EMITTED RADIATION of sufficient strength to register on most of the available sensors (except in thermal IR sensors).
(Even warm nights can be pitch black)
The surface of the Sun’s outer atmosphere (photosphere) has a temperature of about 5800K, hot enough to provide adequate radiation energy. (Peak output in GREEN of visible light).
Most RS systems utilise reflected sun light.
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
short
long
300K
1000K
3000k
6000K
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
QUESTION: Does incident sun light interact in a similar way with matter as described is the case for emitted radiation?
ANSWER: YES!
ER (including light) is a form of energy (as is heat). Matter (atoms) can absorb as well as emit energy.
Objects under illumination by sun light will partially absorb radiation.
Absorption level varies with wave length depending on chemical composition of the object
Radiation not absorbed is mostly reflected and available for RS.
=> Spectral Signatures
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
01/10/97
5
Examples of Spectral Signatures
01/10/97
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
10^-6
10^-3
I
R
A
T
A
Sensor
Radiation
Source
01/10/97
A bright Idea for RS
50
G
R
IR
the Environment
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
Using Fraunhofer’s Observations
The variation in Radiation output from a REAL OBJECT depends on it’s chemical composition. Water has a different SPECTRAL SIGNATURE than soil or chlorophyll containing leaf matter, etc.
Wave Length
short
long
measure object temperatures?
identify the chemical
identify the object itself?
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
10^-6
10^-3
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
A bright Idea for RS
50