geology, hydrology, geochemistry, and biology of mine sites · 2009-07-23 · geology, hydrology,...
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Geology, Hydrology, Geochemistry, and Biology of Mine Sites
Geologic Aspects
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Geologic Aspects
Outline Minerals Lithology and Wall-rock
Alteration Mineral Deposits of California
– Gold-Silver– Base Metals (Cu, Zn, Pb)– Mercury
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Minerals (see handout)
• Sulfides• Sulfosalts• Sulfates• Native Elements• Carbonates• Silicates• Oxides / Hydroxides• Halides• Arsenates and Antimonates• Other (Fluorides, Arsenides, Tellurides)
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Relative solubility
O = Oxidizing conditions
R = Reducing conditions
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Relative solubility
A = Acidic conditions
B = Basic conditions
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Lithology and Wall‐rock Alteration
The Rock Cycle
Unaltered Rocks– Igneous
– Metamorphic
– Sedimentary
Altered Rocks– Key alteration types
– Importance to environmental behavior
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The Rock Cycle
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/chemistry/rock_cycle_9.shtml
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Igneous Rocks
Source: http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/rock_cycle/igneousrx.html
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http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d43/glg/Study_Aids/sedimentaryrkID1.JPG
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Metamorphic FaciesZ = zeolitePP = prehnite –pumpellyiteB = blueschistE = eclogiteGS = greenschistA = amphiboliteG = granuliteH = hornfelshttp://mineral-rock.blogspot.com/2005/10/rock-index-
metamorphic.html
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Altered Rocks
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Altered Rocks
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Key Alteration Types – Chemical Effects
Plumlee (1999)
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From Ashley (1998) in DTSC Preliminary Assessment Handbook
Locations of Past and Present Mines in California
Approx. 47,000 abandoned mines (Calif. Dept. of Conservation and USGS databases)
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From Ashley (1998) in DTSC Preliminary Assessment Handbook
Physiographic Provinces of California
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Deposit type Common sulfide minerals
% sulfide in ore
Acid‐buffering minerals
Low‐sulfide gold‐quartz veins
py, asp, stib, sl, cp, gn, pyr
1‐10 dol, ank, mag, sid, cal
Epithermal veins py, arg, Ag‐sulfo, gn, sl, cp, mc, asp
<1‐5 cal, rdc
Quartz‐alunite gold py, sulfo, cc, cv, mc, sl, gn 2‐30 noneHot spring py, stib, real <1‐10 none
Polymetallic vein py, sl, cp, gn, asp, sulfo, arg
5‐20 none
Sediment‐hosted disseminated gold
py, asp, real, orp, stib <1‐5 cal
Gold and Silver Deposit Types
Modified from Ashley (1998) in DTSC Preliminary Assessment Handbook
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Map: Ashley (1998) in DTSC Preliminary Assessment Handbook
Distribution of Lode Gold Mines
Photo: Oriental Mine, CA http://www.gold-
classics.com/Gold12.htm
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From: Ashley (2002) USGS OFR 02-195
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From: Ashley (2002) USGS OFR 02‐195
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From: Ashley (2002) USGS OFR 02‐195
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From: Ashley (2002) USGS OFR 02‐195
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From: Ashley (2002) USGS OFR 02‐195
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Hot‐Spring Gold‐silver
Berger (1986) USGS Bulletin 1693
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Plumlee (1999)
Mineral Deposit Types Related to Intrusion of Igneous Stock into Sedimentary Sequence
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Base Metal and Silver Deposit Types
Modified from Ashley (1998) in DTSC Preliminary Assessment Handbook
Deposit type Common sulfide minerals
% sulfide in ore
Acid‐buffering minerals
Volcanogenic massive sulfide
Py,sl,cp,pyr,gn 5‐90+ Few (cal, silicates)
Polymetallic vein Py,sl,cp, gn, asp, sulf,arg
10‐50+ Cal, dol, ank, sid, rdc
Polymetallic replacement
Py, gn, sl, cp, arg, mc, sulfo
10‐50+ Cal, dol, sid, rdc
Skarn (copper) Cp, py, bn, pyr 10‐50+ Cal, dol
Skarn (zinc‐lead) Sl, gn, pyr,py, cp, bn, asp
10‐50+ Cal, dol, rdc
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Distribution of Base Metal Mines (Pb, Zn, Cu)
From Ashley (1998) in DTSC Preliminary Assessment Handbook
Largest are VMS deposits in Klamath Mtns. (West Shasta mining district) and western Sierra Nevada (Foothill Zn‐Cu Belt)
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Iron Mountain, Shasta County, CA Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposit
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Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide
Galley et al., 2007, Geol. Assn. Canada, Mineral Deposits Div., Spec. Pub 5.
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Seal et al. (2002) USGS OFR 02-195
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Seal et al. (2002) USGS OFR 02-195
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Seal et al. (2002) USGS OFR 02-195
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Secondary Sulfate Minerals, Iron Mtn., CA
Copiapite
HalotrichiteMelanterite
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Seal et al. (2002) USGS OFR 02-195
Seafloor Massive Sulfide Deposits –Associated Water Quality (1 of 2)
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Seal et al. (2002) USGS OFR 02-195
Seafloor Massive Sulfide Deposits –Associated Water Quality (2 of 2)
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From Ashley (1998) in DTSC Preliminary Assessment Handbook
Distribution of Mercury Mines
Calif. Coast Range mines account for approx. 75% of Hg production in North America (1850s ‐1960s)(Rytuba, 2003)
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Mercury Deposit Types
Modified from Ashley (1998) in DTSC Preliminary Assessment Handbook
Deposit type Common sulfide minerals
% sulfide in ore
Acid‐buffering minerals
Silica‐carbonate cin, py, marc, stib, cp, sl
2‐10 mag, dol, cal, serp
Hot spring cin, marc, py <1‐5 none
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Mercury ore, cinnabar and native HgAltoona Mine, Trinity County, CA