geological and physical principles of dry stone masonry

8/2/2019 Geological and Physical Principles of Dry Stone Masonry

1/24


2/24

Udg`b nf Anhubhuq

_wbqbhudumnh((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4

Mhuwneraumnh((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4

Jbn`njmad` dhe _c}qmad` _wmhamp`bq nf Ew} Qunhb Ldqnhw}(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((7

Jbn`nj}; Ucb Nwmjmhq nf Qunhb((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((7

Mjhbnrq Qunhb(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((7

Qbemlbhudw} Qunhb (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1

Lbudlnwpcma Qunhb((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2

Ew} Qunhb Ldqnhw}; _wmhamp`bq((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((6

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_wbqbwvdumnh; Ucwbduq un Ew} Qunhb Ldqnhw}(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4?

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Wbanllbhedumnhq((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4:

J`nqqdw} (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((43

@mqu nf M``rquwdumnhq(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4=

Znwiq Amube (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((77


3/24

_wbqbhudumnh

Ew} qunhb ldqnhw} ld} qbbl un gb ucb qmlp`b qudaimhj nf qunhb un ldib d `nz ebanwdumvb

zd``, }bu `dwjb qad`b quwraurwbq cdvb gbbh anhquwraube ucwnrjcnru ucb znwè( Qunhb mq d vbw}

dgrhedhu hdurwd` wbqnrwab fnrhe d`` nvbw Bdwuc dhe g} dpp`}mhj quwraurwd` dhe jbn`njmad`

pwmhamp`bq, hbz quwraurwbq adh gb grmù( Btrd``} dq mlpnwudhu, ucb ldh} bsmqumhj ew} qunhb

ldqnhw} quwraurwbq adh gb pwbqbwvbe, wbqunwbe, dhe qdvbe ucwnrjc ucbqb qdlb pwmhamp`bq( D gdqma

rhebwqudhemhj nf ucbqb frhedlbhud`q adh d``nz dh}nhb, mha`remhj dh dwacmubau nw bhjmhbbw, ucb

ihnz`bejb un qraabqqfr``} qdvb bsmqumhj quwraurwbq dhe blp`n} ucb qdlb ldqnhw} lbucne un

anhublpnwdw} pwnkbauq, adww}mhj nh ucb dhambhu pwdaumab dhe qbuumhj dh bsdlp`b nf cnz uwdemumnhd`

lbucneq adh gb rqbe uned}(

Mhuwneraumnh

Ew} qunhb ldqnhw} mq dh dhambhu grmèmhj ubachmtrb nf udimhj dgrhedhu hdurwd` qunhb dhe

anhquwraumhj hbabqqdw} quwraurwbq hbbebe g} ucb ldqnhq dhe ucbmw pduwnhq( Fn``nzmhj ucb `dzq nf

hdurwb `dme nru g} ucb jbn`njmad` pwnabqqbq nf ucb Bdwuc dhe ucb `dzq nf pc}qmaq, dh} quwraurwb adh

gb ldeb fwnl ucbqb qunhbq zmucnru rqmhj lnwudw( Bsab``bhu bsdlp`bq nf ucbqb quwraurwbq bsmqu

dwnrhe ucb znwè dhe cdvb qunne fnw ldh} }bdwq( Rhebwqudhemhj ucb pwmhamp`bq mhvn`vbe, arwwbhu

dwacmubauq, bhjmhbbwq, dhe ldqnhq adh grmè hbz ew} qunhb ldqnhw} quwraurwbq nw pwbqbwvb dh

bsmqumhj quwraurwb zcm b d`qn wbqunwmhj mu( Dh}nhb ucdu hbbeq deemumnhd` cb`p zmuc mebhumf}mhj,

ebqmjhmhj, nw wbqunwmhj d ew} qunhb ldqnhw} quwraurwb adh fmhe cb`p zmuc nwjdhm{dumnhq qrac dq ucb

Ew} Qunhb Anhqbwvdha} `nadube mh Ibhurai} mh ucb Rhmube Qudubq nf Dlbwmad(

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4/24

Jbn`njmad` dhe _c}qmad` _wmhamp`bq nf Ew} Qunhb Ldqnhw}

Jbn`nj}; Ucb Nwmjmhq nf Qunhb

Ucb vdwmnrq qunhbq ucdu dwb fnrhe nh Bdwuc dwb a`dqqmfmbe mhun ucwbb ldmh jwnrpq gdqbe nh

ucbmw lneb nf nwmjmh(4

D`` u}pbq nf qunhb dwb fnwlbe fwnl bmucbw nucbw wnaiq nw ldjld( Ucb

gdqma wb`dumnhqcmp gbuzbbh mjhbnrq, qbemlbhudw}, dhe lbudlnwpcma wnai mq qcnzh mh fmjrwb 4(

Fmjrwb 4 Ucb Wnai A}a`b; Ucb wb`dumnhqcmp gbuzbbh emffbwbhu wnai jwnrpq dhe ldjld

Mjhbnrq Qunhb

Mjhbnrq wnaiq dwb fnwlbe fwnl ucb ann`mhj nf ldjld fwnl zmucmh ucb Bdwucq awrqu(

Ldjld ucdu qud}q ebbp mh ucb awrqu nf ucb Bdwuc dhe ann`q q`nz`} fnwlq p`runhma wnai( Ldjld

ucdu wbdacbq ucb qrwfdab dhe ann`q wb`dumvb`} trmai`} mq vnàdhma wnai(7

Jwdhmub mq dh bsdlp`b nf d

p`runhma wnai dhe mq ucb lnqu zmeb`} rqbe mjhbnrq wnai fnw grmèmhj( Jwdhmub mq rqbe mh ew} qunhb

ldqnhw} dq fwbbqunhbq, qunhbq zcmac dwb trdwwmbe mh `dwjb g`naiq zmuc hn ubhebha} un qp`mu mh

4 Zdùbw Qacrldhh, Cdhegnni nf Wnaiq, Lmhbwd`q, dhe Jblqunhbq #Hbz ]nwi; Cnrjcunh Lmff`mh, 4==1-

433(7 Qacrldhh 4=?(

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dh} emwbaumnhdhe adh gb jmvbh dh} nwmbhudumnh zcbh p`dabe mh d quwraurwb(1

Ucb ldmh

devdhudjb un mjhbnrq qunhb mq fwnl muq ldjld gdqbe awbdumnh, d``nzmhj mu un cnè rp vbw} zb`` un

zdubw(

Fmjrwb 7 Qbaumnh nf Bdwucq awrqu qcnzmhj mjhbnrq wnai fnwldumnhq

Qbemlbhudw} Qunhb

Qbemlbhudw} wnaiq nwmjmhdub nh ucb Bdwucq qrwfdab fwnl ucb zbducbwbe ebgwmq nf nucbw

wnaiq, hdlb`} mjhbnrq, lbudlnwpcma dhe nèbw qbemlbhudw} wnaiq(5

Ucb ebgwmq mq lnvbe g}

ucb djbhuq nf zdubw, mab, zmhe dhe jwdvmu}(2

Ucmq nfubh wbqrùq mh d `d}bwmhj nf ldubwmd` ucdu

fnwlq ucb qunhb `bdvmhj vmqmg`b `mhbq nf qbemlbhu ad``be gbeemhj( Qbemlbhu mq rhanhqn`medube

ebgwmq fwnl ucb nucbw wnaiq( Anhqn`medumnh naarwq g} emdjbhbqmq zcbwb ucb qbemlbhu mq q`nz`}

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nhb nf ucb lnqu mlpnwudhu dqpbauq zcbh rqbe mh ucb anhquwraumnh nf ew} qunhb ldqnhw}( Ucb

gbeemhj mq `dme cnwm{nhud` mh ucb quwraurwb un jmvb ucb qunhb ucb jwbdubqu wbqmqudhab un ebad}(6

1 Qbdh Deanai dhe D`dh Gwnniq, Ew} Qunhb Zd``mhj; d pwdaumad` cdhegnni #Enhadqubw, Bhj`dhe; GUAV,

4===- Ac( 2, Grmèmhj fnw Erwdgm`mu}, 71 Kdh( 7??1, 3 Ldw( 7??=

0cuup;..cdhegnniq(guav(nwj(ri.cdhegnniq.anhubhu.qbaumnh.46??8(5 Qacrldhh 76?(2 Qacrldhh 76?(6 Deanai dhe Gwnniq Ac( 2, Grmèmhj fnw Erwdgm mu}(

1
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6/24

Qmhab zdubw mq ucb pwmldw} djbhu fnw ucb awbdumnh nf qbemlbhudw} qunhb, mu mq d`qn ucb pwmldw} djbhu

nf ebad} mh deemumnh un zmhe, ublpbwdurwb f`raurdumnhq, dhe fwnqu( Zmhe adwwmbq qdhe nw erqu dhe

dgwdebq ucb qunhb mib d qdheg`dqubw( Ublpbwdurwb acdhjbq ldib ucb qunhb bspdhe dhe anhuwdau,

`bdemhj un fwdaurwbq( Fwnqu fnwabq qunhb un frwucbw awdai fwnl ucb bspdhqmnh nf zdubw dq mu

fwbb{bq(:

D zd} un pwnubau qbemlbhudw} qunhb mq un d``nz ucb qunhb un ew} fnw d }bdw nw lnwb,

d``nzmhj trdww} qdp un fnwl d qm`mad cdwebhbe pwnubaumvb `d}bw nh ucb qrwfdab nf ucb qunhb ucdu

cb`pq pwnubau ucb qunhb fwnl zbducbwmhj( Trdww} qdp mq d em`rub dame cdvmhj qm`mad, `mlb dhe

nucbw acblmad`q mh qn`rumnh nw qrqpbhqmnh(3

Un bhqrwb ucb pwnubaumvb andumhj mq `bfu mhudau, ucb

qcdpmhj nf ucb qunhb qcnrè gb enhb gbfnwb ucb qunhb cdq ewmbe( Qnlb bsdlp`bq nf qbemlbhudw}

wnai dwb `mlbqunhb, qdhequnhb, dhe uwdvbwumhb(

Fmjrwb 1 _n`mqcbe uwdvbwumhb

: Deanai dhe Gwnniq Ac( 2, Grmèmhj fnw Erwdgm mu}(3 Deanai dhe Gwnniq Ac( 2, Grmèmhj fnw Erwdgm mu}(

5


7/24

Lbudlnwpcma Qunhb

Lbudlnwpcma qunhbq dwb fnwlbe fwnl nucbw wnaiq ucdu dwb qrgkbaube un cmjc pwbqqrwb dhe

ublpbwdurwb adrqmhj d uwdhqfnwldumnh, ucwnrjc anhudau lbudlnwpcmql nw wbjmnhd`

lbudlnwpcmql( Ucb cmjc ublpbwdurwb wbqrùq mh dh} fnqqm`q mh ucb qbemlbhudw} wnai un gb

ebquwn}be( Anhudau lbudlnwpcmql naarwq zcbh ldjlduma ldubwmd` #bmucbw dq p`runhma nw dq

`dvd- fnwabq muq zd} mhun pdwuq nf ucb Bdwucq awrqu ucb dekdabhu wnaiq dwb dùbwbe g} ucb cmjc

ublpbwdurwbq(=

Ldwg`b mq awbdube zcbh uwdvbwumhb mq qrgkbaube un ucmq u}pb lbudlnwpcmql(

Wbjmnhd` lbudlnwpcmql naarwq dq d wbqrù nf ucb ucmaihbqq nf ucb jbn`njmad` qraabqqmnh nw nf

ubaunhma enzhqmhimhj, pdwuq nf ucb Bdwucq awrqu dwb udibh enzh mhun dwbdq nf jwbdu pwbqqrwb dhe

cmjc ublpbwdurwb, dffbaumhj zmebqpwbde dwbdq nf wnai(4?

Lbudlnwpcma wnai mq nfubh dwwdhjbe mh

pdwd``b` gbeemhj p`dhbq ucdu dwb ad``be fn`mdumnh( Fn`mdumnh mq ucb quwraurwb nf ucb lbudlnwpcma

wnai anhqmqumhj nf lmhbwd`q fnwlmhj d pdwd``b` ubsurwb dq d wbqrù nf ucb lbudlnwpcma pwnabqq(

Lbudlnwpcma qunhb qcnrè gb `dme cnwm{nhud``} mh anhquwraumnh nf ew} qunhb ldqnhw} d`nhj ucb

`mhbq nf fn`mdumnh nw a`bdvdjb, ucb qp`muumhj nf d lmhbwd` d`nhj qlnnuc qrwfdabq nw p`dhbq(44

Ucmq

mq qcnzh mh fmjrwb 5( Dh bsdlp`b nf lbudlnwpcma wnai nfubh rqbe mh ew} qunhb ldqnhw} mq q`dub

zcmac cdq ucb devdhudjb nf gbmhj bdqm`} qp`mu d`nhj gbeemhj p`dhbq(

Fmjrwb 5 Gbeemhj dhe fn`mdumnh nf lbudlnwpcma wnai

= Qacrldhh 1?5(4? Qacrldhh 1?5(44 Qacrldhh 73(

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8/24

Fmjrwb 2 A`d} q`dub

Ew} Qunhb Ldqnhw}; _wmhamp`bq

Ew} qunhb ldqnhw} wb`mbq anlp`bub`} nh fwmaumnh dhe jwdvmu} wbqrùmhj mh qblmf`bsmg`b

quwraurwbq, zmuc ucb qunhb qbuu`mhj nvbw umlb(47

Ucb anhquwraumnh nf d ew} qunhb ldqnhw}

quwraurwb mq dmlbe du wberamhj ucb pnubhumd` fnw lnvblbhu erwmhj ucmq qbuu`blbhu(

41

Ucb `nde nf

ucb quwraurwb mq gwnrjcu enzh unzdweq ucb jwnrhe ucwnrjc ucb qrwfdabq nf wnai ucdu unrac bdac

nucbw( Fwmaumnh ibbpq ucb wnaiq fwnl lnvmhj dhe jwdvmu} bhqrwbq ucb wnaiq ibbp unracmhj bdac

nucbw mh nwebw un uwdhqfbw ucb `nde fwnl ucb qunhbq dgnvb mh ucb lnqu emwbau pduc enzh( Ew} qunhb

ldqnhw} adh gb rqbe un grmè ldh} u}pbq nf quwraurwbq mha`remhj grmèmhjq, gwmejbq, fnrhedumnhq,

dhe zd``q rqmhj bmucbw uwdvmdube nw dwacmuwdube grmèmhj q}qublq(45

Fwbb qudhemhj zd``q #Fmjrwb 6-

gbqu m``rquwdub ucb rum`m{dumnh nf ucb gdqma pwmhamp`bq(

47 Deanai dhe Gwnniq Ac( 6, Jbhbwd` Fbdurwbq(41 Deanai dhe Gwnniq Ac( 6, Jbhbwd` Fbdurwbq(45 Enhdè Eb` Ame, A`dqq @baurwb, Mhuwneraumnh un Grmèmhj _wbqbwvdumnh; _cm`nqnpc}, Bucmaq, Q}qublq,

Anrwqb DWAC 21=2??6, Rhmvbwqmu} nf Ubsdq du Dw`mhjunh, Qpwmhj Qblbqubw 7??=, 73 Dpw( 7??=(

6


9/24

Fmjrwb 6 Qbaumnh ucwnrjc fwbbqudhemhj zd`` dhe zd`` cbde

Fmjrwb : dhe 3 Gdm`b} Mq`dhe Gwmejb, ldeb nf Ldmhb jwdhmub, mq ucb nh`} ihnzh awmgqunhb gwmejb mh ucb znw`e

:


10/24

Rqdjb; Anhquwraumnh Ubachn`nj}

Ucb fnnumhjq pwnvmeb ucb fnrhedumnh fnw ucb wbqu nf ucb zd`` dhe mq qbu gb`nz ucb qrwfdab nf ucb

jwnrhe( Fdab qunhbq dwb ucb qunhbq ucdu fnwl ucb bsubwmnw qrwfdab nf ucb zd`` dhe dwb `dwjbw ucdh

ucb fm``mhjq, ucb qld``bw qunhbq pdaibe gbuzbbh ucb uzn fdabq nf ucb zd`` pwbvbhumhj lnvblbhu nf

ucb fdab qunhbq( Ucwnrjcq dwb `dwjbw qunhbq p`dabe dawnqq ucb zd`` un umb ucb uzn qmebq unjbucbw(

Unpqunhbq dwb ucb qunhbq ucdu ldib rp ucb unp nf d zd`` ad``be anpmhj, rqbe un a`nqb ucb zd`` fnw

quwraurwd` qudgm`mu} dhe un pwnubau ucb mhubwhd` fm``mhjq( Ucb dhj`b zmuc zcmac ucb zd`` q`npbq mq

ad``be ucb gduubw dhe adh vdw} fwnl anhadvb, vbwumad`, nw ucb lnwb anllnh q`npb qcnzh mh fmjrwb

6( Ucb `dwjb anhadvb zd`` du ucb dgdhenhbe Jnwqbeedr Trdww} mh Hnwuc Zd`bq #Fmjrwbq = dhe

4?- zdq grm`u un pwbvbhu zdqub q`dub fwdjlbhuq fwnl fd``mhj nhun ucb uwdl wdm`q ucdu uwdhqpnwube ucb

fmhmqcbe q`dub qunhbq( Ucb qcdpb mq dacmbvbe zmuc q`npbe fdab qunhbq zcm`b ucb quwbhjuc mq

pwnvmebe g} rqmhj `dwjb qunhbq ucdu mha`reb qms fnnu `nhj unpqunhbq( Znnebh nw lbud` gduubw

fwdlbq bhqrwb zd``q dwb anhquwraube du ucb pwnpbw dhj`b qrac dq ucb nhb rqbe du Acbwnibb _dwi mh

@nrmqvm``b, Ibhurai} #Fmjrwbq 44 dhe 47-( Dwacmuwdube anhquwraumnh cdq deemumnhd` anhqmebwdumnhq

Fmjrwb = Anhadvb wbudmhmhj zd`` du Jnwqbeedr Trdww} Fmjrwb 4? Emlbhqmnhd` Ewdzmhj

3


11/24

Fmjrwb 44 Znnebh gduubw fwdlb rqbe du ucb Fmjrwb 47 Acbwnibb _dwi Gwmejb anlp`bube

Acbwnibb _dwi mh @nrmqvm``b, Ibhurai}

zmuc zcmac un anhqmebw( Ucb dwac gbjmhq nh ucb pmbw zcbwb ucb unp pmbw anrwqb, ucb mlpnqu, mq qbu(

Ucb vnrqqnmwq dwb p`dabe nh unp nf ucb qpwmhjbw un gbjmh ucb arwvb un ucb dpbs nf ucb dwac zcbwb

ucb ib}qunhb `naiq ucb uzn qmebq nf ucb dwac unjbucbw( Ucb ib}qunhb uwdhqfbwq ucb `nde dgnvb mu un

gnuc qmebq nf ucb dwac zcbwb ucb vnrqqnmwq uwdhqfbw ucb `nde un bvbhurd``} lbbu ucb qnm` rhebwhbduc

ucb fnrhedumnh nf ucb dwac g} uwdvb`mhj ucwnrjc bdac pmbab nf ucb dwac( D fnwlbw nf znne mq qbu

gbuzbbh ucb pmbwq nf ucb dwac wbqumhj nh d znnebh fwdlb nw ucb mlpnquq ucblqb`vbq un cn`e ucb

vnrqqnmwq mh p`dab rhum` ucb ib}qunhb mq p`dabe( Ucb ebpuc nf ucb dwac ebpbheq nh ucb zmeuc dhe

dhj`b nf ucb dwac( Bsuwdenq dhe mhuwdenq dwb rqbe un hdlb ucb nruqmeb dhe mhqmeb arwvb nf ucb

dwac( Ucb dhj`b nf ucb vnrqqnmwq mq ebubwlmhbe fwnl ucb wdemrq nf ucb dwac qudwumhj fwnl ucb

abhubw nf ucb dwac dhe qpwbdemhj nru d`nhj wdemd` `mhbq(

Fmjrwb 41 _dwuq nf ucb dwac Fmjrwb 45 Fnwlbw cn`emhj rp vnrqqnmwq

=


12/24

Fmjrwb 42 Emdjwdl nf dhj`b lbdqrwblbhu nf vnrqqnmwq Fmjrwb 46 Lbdqrwmhj vnrqqnmwq

_wbqbwvdumnh; Ucwbduq un Ew} Qunhb Ldqnhw}

Ucb pwmldw} ucwbdu un ew} qunhb ldqnhw} mq bsabqqmvb qbuu`blbhu adrqbe g} ucb acdhjbq un muq

gd`dhab nf btrm`mgwmrl gbuzbbh jwdvmu} dhe fwmaumnh ucdu cnè rp ucb bhumwb quwraurwb( Ucb

lnvblbhu nw wblnvd` nf unpqunhbq mq d ldknw adrqb nf ucmq( D unpqunhb udibh g} d pbwqnh adh

wbqrù mh zdubw bhubwmhj ucb mhubwhd` advmu} nf ucb zd``, bwnemhj nw prqcmhj ucb mhubwhd` fm``mhjq(

Ucb fwbb{mhj nf dh} zdubw ucdu bhubwq ucb mhubwmnw nf d zd`` adh qp`mu d qunhb nw lnvb d qunhb fwnl

ucb bspdhqmnh( Ucb lnvmhj nf qunhb wberabq ucb dlnrhu nf fwmaumnh gbuzbbh qunhbq dhe `bdeq un

ucb an``dpqb nf ucb quwraurwb( Lnebwhmu} d`qn hbjdumvb`} mlpdauq ldh} ew} qunhb ldqnhw}

quwraurwbq qmhab vmgwdumnhq fwnl uwdffma ld} adrqb lnwb ucdh hnwld` qbuu`blbhu(42

Ucb

lnvblbhu nf qunhbq fnw bspdhqmnhq nw dq qd`vdjb fnw nucbw pwnkbauq frwucbw wberabq fwmaumnh dhe

d`qn `bdeq un an``dpqb( Ucb bspdhqmnh nf wndeq

ucwbdubhq un ebln`mqc ew} qunhb quwraurwb ucdu

`mhb nèbw wndeq(

Fmjrwb 4: Acbwnibb _dwi mh @nrmqvm``b, Ibhurai}

zcbwb wbudmhmhj zd`` fdm`be

42 Deanai dhe Gwnniq Ac( 6( Ucb rqb dhe dgrqb nf anhawbub dhe lnwudw(

4?


13/24

Bsdlp`b nf Ew} Qunhb Ldqnhw} Anhqbwvdumnh Anwzmh Gdwh, Hbz ]nwi

Fmjrwb 43 Hnumab edwibhbe dwbdq nh ew} qunhb fnrhedumnh dhe qbpdwdumnh nh bfu lnqu anwhbw

Fmjrwb 4= Ebfnwldumnh erb un `dai nf umbq

un cn`e mhubwmnw dhe bsubwmnw fdamhj qunhbq unjbucbw

44


14/24

Fmjrwb 7? Mhubwmnw qcnzmhj f`nne edldjb

Fmjrwb 74 Qnrucbdqu

zd`` qcnzmhj

nwmjmhd` znwildhqcmp

dhe vmqrd` acdwdaubwmqumaq

un pwbqbwvb mh ucb

anhqbwvdumnh bffnwu

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15/24

41

Fmjrwb 77 Emqldhu`mhj

nf zd`` dhe qnwumhj nf

qunhbq fnw bdqmbw

wbmhqud``dumnh( Ucmq

wbqblg`bq dhdqu}`nqmq, ucb

wbdqqblg`mhj nf qbpdwdub

gru bsmqumhj pmbabq,dùcnrjc mh ucmq bsdlp`b

ucb zd`` zdq prwpnqb`}

emqdqqblg`be dhe

nwjdhm{be un wbanhquwrau

ucb zd`` dq mu zdq fnrhe

Fmjrwb 71 Quwru qrppnwu

un cnè rp fdwlcnrqbzcm`b zd`` mq emqdqqblg`be

dhe wbgrmù


16/24

45

Fmjrwb 75 @d}mhj ucb

fnrhedumnh zd`` rqmhj vbwumad`

znnebh gduubw fwdlb #`bfu mh

mldjb- un bhqrwb pwnpbw dhj`b

dhe cnwm{nhud` quwmhj un

bhqrwb ucb zd`` anrwqbq dwb

`bvb`

Fmjrwb 72 Hnumab fdab

qunhbq nh mhubwmnw dhe

bsubwmnw qmeb nf zd`` zmuc

fm``mhjq mhgbuzbbh( Ucb

`dwjb qunhbq ucdu jn fwnl

bsubwmnw un mhubwmnw nf ucb

zd`` dwb ucb ucwnrjcq ucdu

umb ucb uzn qmebq unjbucbw


17/24

42

Fmjrwb 76 Fmhmqcbe zd``

qcnzmhj qdlb

acdwdaubwmqumaq nf nwmjmhd`

zd`` qrac dq ucb rqb nf

qcmhbwq, ucb `dwjb qunhbq

ucdu dwb lnwb ucdh nhb

anrwqb cmjc, zcm`b hnzcdvmhj quwraurwd`

mhubjwmu}

Fmjrwb 7: Vmbz nf

fmhmqcbe pwnkbau mha`remhj

wbudmhmhj zd`` ucdu umbq

mhun fnrhedumnh zd``


18/24

46

Fmjrwb 73 @d}mhj nf

wbudmhmhj zd``, hnumab

`dwjb fdab qunhbq nh

bsubwmnw qmeb nf zd`` dhe

fm``mhjq gbuzbbh ucb `nzbw

fdab qunhbq dhe ucb qnm`

Fmjrwb 7= Qbaumnh nf

qmlm`dw wbudmhmhj zd``

qcnzmhj ucb fdab qunhbq,

fm``mhjq, unpqunhb, dhe

ucwnrjc un dhacnw ucb

zd`` un ucb qnm`


19/24

Anha`rqmnhq

Ew} qunhb ldqnhw} wb`mbq nh ucb hdurwd` pwnpbwumbq nf ucb Bdwucq ucwbb u}pbq nf qunhb un

awbdub d zmeb wdhjb nf quwraurwbq( Dq `nhj dq ucb gdqma pwmhamp`bq dwb fn``nzbe, dh} quwraurwb

hbbebe adh gb ngudmhbe( Qbuu`blbhu gbanlbq ucb lnqu mlpnwudhu anhqmebwdumnh qmhab ucb

quwraurwbq dwb ebqmjhbe ucdu zd} dhe gbhbfmu fwnl mu( Ucmq mq gbadrqb hbz zd``q qbuu`b g} dgnru

1 #:2ll- mh ucbmw fmwqu fbz }bdwq( Dq ucmq cdppbhq, ew} zd``q mhawbdqb mh quwbhjuc dhe

ancbqmvbhbqq, qmhab bvbw} qunhb qcmfuq mhun ucb umjcubqu wb`dumnhqcmp zmuc muq hbmjcgnrwq(46

_wbqbwvmhj nw wbqunwmhj dh bsmqumhj ew} qunhb ldqnhw} quwraurwb ebpbheq nh rhebwqudhemhj ucb

adrqb nf dh} quwraurwd` fdm`rwb nw pwng`bl dhe wblbe}mhj ucb pwng`bl gbfnwb bqqbhumd``}

wbgrmèmhj ucb zd``(

Wbanllbhedumnhq

Gbfnwb dh} znwi mq enhb nh d ew} qunhb ldqnhw} quwraurwb, ucb ldubwmd` nf qunhb hbbeq un

gb rhebwqunne mha`remhj muq wb`dumnhqcmp un nucbw qunhbq( Ihnz`bejb nf ucb ldubwmd` rqbe mh ucb

anhquwraumnh dhe muq nwmjmh nffbwq mhqmjcu mhun dh} pdqu, arwwbhu, nw frurwb pwng`blq nf d quwraurwb(

Mebhumf}mhj ucb pwng`bl qcnrè gb hbsu, nh`} ucbh adh ucb pwng`bl gb wblbembe, qrac dq u}mhj

uzn zd`` fdabq unjbucbw zmuc ucwnrjcq( Ucbh ucb quwraurwb mq emqdqqblg`be dhe wbgrmù ucnrjc d

pwnabqq qmlm`dw un dhdqu}`nqmq, ucb wbdqqblg`mhj nf bsmqumhj gru emqlblgbwbe pdwuq(4:

Fn``nzmhj ucb pwmhamp`bq nf ew} qunhb ldqnhw}, dh} quwraurwb adh gb wbqunwbe un muq nwmjmhd`

anhemumnh zmuc ucb nwmjmhd` ldubwmd`q znwibe ucb qdlb zd} dq ldqnhq nf ucb pdqu( Ucmq pwnvmebq

dh bsab``bhu zd} un pwbqbwvb ucb dwacmubaurwd` cmqunw} nf ucb dhambhu dwu nf ew} qunhb ldqnhw}(

46 Deanai dhe Gwnniq Ac( 6( Ucb rqb dhe dgrqb nf anhawbub dhe lnwudw(4: MMhe Mhubwhdumnhd` Anhjwbqq nf Dwacmubauq dhe Ubachmamdhq nf Cmqunwma Lnhrlbhuq, Vbhmab 4=65(

Mhubwhdumnhd` Acdwubw fnw ucb Anhqbwvdumnh dhe Wbqunwdumnh nf Lnhrlbhuq dhe Qmubq #Ucb Vbhmab Acdwubw 4=65-(

Dwuma`b 42( MANLNQ, 4=62(

4:


20/24

J`nqqdw}

Dwacmuwdube grmèmhj q}qubl gdqbe nf rqmhj dwacbq un qpdh gbuzbbh pmbwq

Gbeemhj ucb zdubw uwdhqpnwudumnh nf qbemlbhuq fwnl zbducbwbe wnaiq un muq ebqumhdumnh mhun`d}bwq fwnl ucb emffbwbhab nf ebpnqmube ldubwmd` nw emffbwbhu emwbaumnh nf `d}bwmhj

Awmgqunhb qunhbq qudaibe pbwpbhemar`dw un ucb anrwqb mllbemdub`} gb`nz ucb hbsu wbqrùmhj mh

dh npbh jwme quwraurwb wducbw ucdh d qn`me ldqq nf qunhb

Emdjbhbqmq ucb q`nz anhqn`medumnh nf qbembluq mhun qbemlbhudw} qunhb ucwnrjc ebzdubwmhj nw

ablbhudumnh

Fn`mdumnh d`mjhlbhu nf lmhbwd`q mh lbudlnwpcma wnai dq d wbqrù nf wbjmnhd` lbudlnwpcmql ucdu

nwmbhuq ucb wnai mhun d pdwd``b` ubsurwb `mib ucdu fnrhe mh q`dub

C}pdgdqqd` uwdhqmumnhd` wnai gbuzbbh vnàdhma dhe p`runhma wnai hnz a`dqqmfmbe mhun nhb nf ucbpwmnw jwnrpq dhe hnu d jwnrp nf wnai muqb`f

Lbudlnwpcmql ucb acdhjb nf d wnai mhun dhnucbw u}pb nf wnai fwnl mhubhqb ublpbwdurwb dhepwbqqrwb fwnl mhqmeb ucb Bdwucq awrqu

Qcmhbwq `dwjb qunhbq ucdu ud``bw ucdh nhb anrwqb nf qunhb nh d ew} qunhb ldqnhw} zd``

Uwdvmdube grmèmhj q}qubl gdqbe nh ucb rqbe nf gbdlq un qpdh gbuzbbh pnquq nw an`rlhq

43


21/24

@mqu nf M``rquwdumnhq

AnvbwFmjrwbq 44, 47, 4:, dhe A&N Adhd`, Cdwpbwq Fbww}, LE( H_Q( 4==3, Ew} QunhbAnhqbwvdha}, Qb`baube _wnkbauq 4==67??1, 2 Ld} 7??=,

0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}._wdaumab.qadh?7?8(

Fmj( 4 Ucb Wnai A}a`b; Ucb wb`dumnhqcmp gbuzbbh emffbwbhu wnai jwnrpq dhe ldjld(Zdùbw Qacrldhh, Cdhegnni nf Wnaiq, Lmhbwd`q, dhe Jblqunhbq #Hbz ]nwi;

Cnrjcunh Lmff`mh, 4==1- 43=(

Fmj( 7 Qbaumnh nf Bdwucq awrqu qcnzmhj mjhbnrq wnai fnwldumnhq( Qacrldhh 4=?(

Fmj( 1 _n`mqcbe uwdvbwumhb( Qacrldhh, 73:(

Fmj( 5 Gbeemhj dhe fn`mdumnh nf lbudlnwpcma wnai( Qacrldhh, 145(

Fmj( 2 A`d}qunhb( Qacrldhh, 145(

Fmj( 6 Qbaumnh ucwnrjc fwbbqudhemhj zd`` dhe zd`` cbde( Qbdh Deanai dhe D`dh Gwnniq, Ew}

Qunhb Zd``mhj; d pwdaumad` cdhegnni #Enhadqubw, Bhj`dhe; GUAV, 4===- Ac( 6,Wbgrmèmhj d Fwbbqudhemhj Zd``, 71 Kdh( 7??1, 3 Ldw( 7??=

0cuup;..cdhegnniq(guav(nwj(ri.cdhegnniq.anhubhu.qbaumnh.46?28(

Fmj( : Gdm`b} Mq`dhe Gwmejb, Ldmhb( Wbabhu EQA.LdmhbENU Anhqrùdumnh, Gdm`b} Mq`dhe

Gwmejb, Drjrqu 7??: = Ldw( 7??=

0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl71.Gdm`b}Mq`dheLBDrj7?^7??:kz^??58(

Fmj( 3 @nnimhj rhebwhbduc ucb gwmejb( Wbabhu EQA.LdmhbENU Anhqrùdumnh, Gdm`b} Mq`dheGwmejb, Drjrqu 7??: = Ldw( 7??=,

0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl71.Gdm`b}Mq`dheLBDrj7?^7??:kz^?5?8(

Fmj( = Anhadvb wbudmhmhj zd`` du Jnwqbeedr Trdww}( Edvb Qd``bw}, 'Ucb zd`` du Jnwqbeedr,'

_cnun jd``bw} pdjb 1, Ucb Q`dub Mherquw} nf Hnwuc dhe Lme Zd`bq, 4? Ld} 7??=

0cuup;..zzz(pbhlnwfd(anl.Q`dub.JD@@BW]1(CUL8

Fmj( 4? Emlbhqmnhd` Ewdzmhj( Deanai dhe Gwnniq, Ac( 44; Vdwmdumnhq mh zd``mhj,

Emlbhqmnhq, 2 Ld} 7??=,0cuup;..cdhegnniq(guav(nwj(ri.cdhegnniq.anhubhu.qbaumnh.462?8

Fmj( 44 Znnebh gduubw fwdlb rqbe du ucb Acbwnibb _dwi mh @nrmqvm``b, Ibhurai}( Ew} Qunhb

Anhqbwvdha}, Qb`baube _wnkbauq 4==67??1, 2 Ld} 7??=,0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}._wdaumab.qadh??28(

Fmj( 47 Acbwnibb _dwi Gwmejb anlp`bube( Ew} Qunhb Anhqbwvdha}, Qb`baube _wnkbauq 4==6

7??1, 2 Ld} 7??=, 0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}._wdaumab.qadh?4=8(

4=
http://www.drystone.org/gallery/album23/BaileyIslandMEAug20_2007jw_004http://www.drystone.org/gallery/album23/BaileyIslandMEAug20_2007jw_040http://www.drystone.org/gallery/Practice/scan005http://www.drystone.org/gallery/Practice/scan005http://www.drystone.org/gallery/album23/BaileyIslandMEAug20_2007jw_040http://www.drystone.org/gallery/album23/BaileyIslandMEAug20_2007jw_004


22/24

Fmj( 41 _dwuq nf ucb dwac( Deanai dhe Gwnniq, Ac( 4?, Dwacbq, 1 Ld} 7??=,

0cuup;..cdhegnniq(guav(nwj(ri.cdhegnniq.anhubhu.qbaumnh.46578(

Fmj( 45 Fnwlbw cnèmhj rp vnrqqnmwq( Wbabhu EQA, Enrg`b QunhbDwac Ar`vbwu Wbpdmw

Kbqqdlmhb An, I]( Ldwac 7??:, = Ldwac 7??=,

0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl458(

Fmj( 42 Emdjwdl nf dhj`b lbdqrwblbhu nf vnrqqnmwq( Deanai dhe Gwnniq, Ac( 4?, Dwacbq,1 Ld} 7??=, 0cuup;..cdhegnniq(guav(nwj(ri.cdhegnniq.anhubhu.qbaumnh.46578(

Fmj( 46 Lbdqrwmhj vnrqqnmwq( Wbabhu EQA, Enrg`b QunhbDwac Ar`vbwu Wbpdmw

Kbqqdlmhb An, I]( Ldwac 7??:, = Ldwac 7??=,0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl458(

Fmj( 4: Acbwnibb _dwi mh @nrmqvm``b, Ibhurai} zcbwb wbudmhmhj zd`` fdm`be( Ew} QunhbAnhqbwvdha}, Qb`baube _wnkbauq 4==67??1, 2 Ld} 7??=,

0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}._wdaumab.qadh??28(

Fmj( 43 Hnumab edwibhbe dwbdq nh ew} qunhb fnrhedumnh dhe qbpdwdumnh nh `bfu lnqu anwhbw(

EQA.H_Q _dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh Fnrhedumnh Zd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz ]nwi( Nau.Hnv

7??6( , 2 Ld} 7??=, 0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl478(Fmj( 4= Ebfnwldumnh erb un `dai nf umbq un cnè mhubwmnw dhe bsubwmnw fdamhj qunhbq unjbucbw(


7??6( , 2 Ld} 7??=, 0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl478(

Fmj( 7? Mhubwmnw qcnzmhj f`nne edldjb( EQA.H_Q _dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh Fnrhedumnh

Zd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz ]nwi( Nau.Hnv 7??6( , 2 Ld} 7??=,0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl478(

Fmj( 74 Qnrucbdqu zd`` qcnzmhj nwmjmhd` znwildhqcmp dhe vmqrd` acdwdaubwmqumaq unpwbqbwvb mh ucb anhqbwvdumnh bffnwu( EQA.H_Q _dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh Fnrhedumnh

Zd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz ]nwi( Nau.Hnv 7??6( , 2 Ld} 7??=,


Fmj( 77 Emqldhu`mhj nf zd`` dhe qnwumhj nf qunhbq fnw bdqmbw wbmhqud` dumnh( Ucmq wbqblg`bq

dhdqu}`nqmq, ucb wbdqqblg`mhj nf qbpdwdub gru bsmqumhj pmbabq, dùcnrjc mh ucmq bsdlp`b ucbzd`` zdq prwpnqb`} emqdqqblg`be dhe nwjdhm{be un wbanhquwrau ucb zd`` dq mu zdq fnrhe(



Fmj( 71 Quwru qrppnwu un cnè rp fdwlcnrqb zcm`b zd`` mq emqdqqblg`be dhe wbgrmù( EQA.H_Q

_dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh Fnrhedumnh Zd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz ]nwi( Nau.Hnv 7??6( , 2

Ld} 7??=, 0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl478(

Fmj( 75 @d}mhj ucb fnrhedumnh zd`` rqmhj vbwumad` znnebh gduubw fwdlb #`bfu mh mldjb- un bhqrwb

7?
http://www.drystone.org/gallery/Practice/scan005http://www.drystone.org/gallery/Practice/scan005


23/24

pwnpbw dhj`b dhe cnwm{nhud` quwmhj un bhqrwb ucb zd`` anrwqbq dwb `bvb`( EQA.H_Q

_dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh Fnrhedumnh Zd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz ]nwi( Nau.Hnv 7??6( , 2Ld} 7??=, 0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl478(

Fmj( 72 Hnumab fdab qunhbq nh mhubwmnw dhe bsubwmnw qmeb nf zd`` zmuc fm` mhjq mhgbuzbbh( Ucb

`dwjb qunhbq ucdu jn fwnl bsubwmnw un mhubwmnw nf ucb zd`` dwb ucb ucwnrjcq ucdu umb ucb uznqmebq unjbucbw( EQA.H_Q _dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh Fnrhedumnh Zd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz

]nwi( Nau.Hnv 7??6( , 2 Ld} 7??=, 0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl478(

Fmj( 76 Fmhmqcbe zd`` qcnzmhj qdlb acdwdaubwmqumaq nf nwmjmhd` zd`` qrac dq ucb rqb nf qcmhbwq,

ucb `dwjb qunhbq ucdu dwb lnwb ucdh nhb anrwqb cmjc, zcm`b hnz cdvmhj quwraurwd` mhubjwmu}(

EQA.H_Q _dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh Fnrhedumnh Zd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz ]nwi( Nau.Hnv7??6( , 2 Ld} 7??=, 0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl478(

Fmj( 7: Vmbz nf fmhmqcbe pwnkbau mha`remhj wbudmhmhj zd`` ucdu umbq mhun fnrhedumnh zd``(EQA.H_Q _dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh Fnrhedumnh Zd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz ]nwi( Nau.Hnv


Fmj( 73 @d}mhj nf wbudmhmhj zd``, hnumab `dwjb fdab qunhbq nh bsubwmnw qmeb nf zd`` dhe fm``mhjq

gbuzbbh ucb `nzbw fdab qunhbq dhe ucb qnm`( EQA.H_Q _dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh

Fnrhedumnh Zd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz ]nwi( Nau.Hnv 7??6( , 2 Ld} 7??=,0cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj.jd``bw}.d`grl478(

Fmj( 7= Qbaumnh nf qmlm`dw wbudmhmhj zd`` qcnzmhj ucb fdab qunhbq, fm``mhjq, unpqunhb, dhe

ucwnrjc un dhacnw ucb zd`` un ucb qnm`( EQA.H_Q _dwuhbwqcmp Anwzmh Gdwh FnrhedumnhZd`` Wbpdmwq, Hbz ]nwi( Nau.Hnv 7??6( , 2 Ld} 7??=,


74


24/24

Znwiq Amube

MMhe Mhubwhdumnhd` Anhjwbqq nf Dwacmubauq dhe Ubachmamdhq nf Cmqunwma Lnhrlbhuq, Vbhmab 4=65(Mhubwhdumnhd` Acdwubw fnw ucb Anhqbwvdumnh dhe Wbqunwdumnh nf Lnhrlbhuq dhe Qmubq #Ucb

Vbhmab Acdwubw 4=65-( MANLNQ, 4=62(

Deanai, Qbdh dhe Gwnniq, D`dh( Ew} Qunhb Zd``mhj; d pwdaumad` cdhegnni( Enhadqubw, Bhj`dhe;GUAV, 4===( 71 Kdh( 7??1( 3 Ldw( 7??=(

0 cuup;..cdhegnniq(guav(nwj(ri.cdhegnniq.mhebs.gnni.648(

Ew} Qunhb Anhqbwvdha}( = Ldw( 7??=( 0 cuup;..zzz(ew}qunhb(nwj8(

Qacrldhh, Zd`ubw( Cdhegnni nf Wnaiq, Lmhbwd`q, dhe Jblqunhbq( Hbz ]nwi;Cnrjcunh Lmff`mh, 4==1(

77
http://handbooks.btcv.org.uk/handbooks/index/book/61http://handbooks.btcv.org.uk/handbooks/index/book/61

geological and physical principles of dry stone masonry

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