geologic structures structural geology – study of deformation of rocks and the forces that cause...
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Geologic StructuresStructural Geology – study of deformation of
rocks and the forces that cause deformation
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Structural Geology is concerned with deformation of the Earth's crust
Where is deformation occurring today? • Plate boundaries • Active orogenic belts • (Impact structures)
Where has deformation occurred in the past? • Identify ancient orogens • Relative ages of rocks vs. deformation
Why do we want to understand deformation? • Natural hazards • Economic resources • Basic science
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The tectonic plates
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Geologic StructuresStress – Compression,
Tension, Shear
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Stress – Strain relationsStrain – Elastic, Plastic, Brittle
Elastic range
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Geologic Maps
Geologic Maps – strike & dip (angle, direction), geologic cross-sections
http://www.visualentities.com/applets/blockdiagram.htm
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Geologic MapsFolds – antiforms, synforms, limbs, hinge line (axis), axial plane, domes, basins,
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Folds
Domes
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Truncated Dome
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Folds
Plunging folds, domes, basins
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Types of foldsOpen, isoclinal, overturned, recumbent
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Joints, cracks, fracturesTensional, compressional, sets
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Joints, cracks, fractures
Several sets
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“Anticracks” – pressure solutionStylolites
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FaultsFault plane, hanging wall, footwall
Faults – dip-slip, strike-slip, oblique-slip
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Fault planesDip-slip – normal, reverse
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Dip-slip – normal (horst & graben)
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Dip-slip – normal fault zone, Iran
Pliocene-Pleistocene, Zanjan-Tabriz highway
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Dip-slip – reverse (thrust)
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Strike-slip & Oblique-slip
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כיווני מאמץ והעתקים
התקצרות – חיוביתהתארכות - שלילית
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Strike-slip faulting features
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כיווני מאמץ ראשיים והעתקים
התקצרות – חיוביתהתארכות - שלילית
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Geologic StructuresMining
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Geologic Structures
Oil Reservoirs
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Oil Reservoirs
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Oil Reservoirs