geography skills
TRANSCRIPT
GEOGRAPHY SKILLS
Geography Skills 1
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GEOGRAPHY SKILLS 1 Understanding Projections
1. Name the four projections. ______________________________________________________
2. Compare the sizes of Greenland and Antarctica on the Mercator projection with the Robinson
projection. ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What would you consider the main drawback of Goode’s Interrupted projection?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think that the Mercator projection is considered the best for plotting direction?
____________________________________________________________________________
OUTLINE MAP
The earth is a sphere and is best shown as a globe.For books and posters, though, the earth has to berepresented as a flat object. To do this, mapmakerscreate various plans called projections.
A projection turns every location on earth into acorresponding location on a map. However, all pro-jections distort to some degree. Flat maps cannotshow size, shape, and direction all at once withtotal accuracy. That is why the look and location of
Earth’s features will not totally agree on maps ofdifferent projections. For example, areas such asGreenland and Antarctica, farthest from theEquator, are often stretched. Goode’s Interruptedavoids stretching and is more accurate for landareas. Polar projections show the earth from aboveeither the North Pole or South Pole. Below arefour common projections.
Greenland
Antarctica
Mercator Projection
Robinson Projection
Polar ProjectionGoode’s Interrupted Projection
(Equal Area)
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2 Geography Skills
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GEOGRAPHY SKILLS 2 Recognizing Latitude andLongitude
1. How many degrees separate the North Pole from the South Pole? ______________________
2. Between about what longitude and latitude degrees does most of the connected United States fall?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. An airplane lost from radar at 5° S and 55° W was over which continent?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Mark the map titled “North and South America” at the approximate point where a ship in distress at 45° S and 5° E might be found.
OUTLINEMAP
Most maps contain imaginary horizontal andvertical lines of measurement. Horizontal lines,running east and west, are called latitude lines orparallels. Vertical lines, running north and south,are called longitude lines or meridians. The linesare numbered in degrees (shown by the symbol °).
Latitude starts at 0°, known as the equator,where the earth is at its widest. There are 90
degrees north of the equator and 90 degrees southof it. Longitude starts at 0°, the Prime Meridian,and goes 180 degrees west and 180 degrees east.
Because latitude and longitude cross and form agrid, the use of these lines to locate places is calledthe grid system. Every place in the world has a sin-gle grid location—where its latitude and longitudeintersect. Study the maps below.
0˚
30˚N
60˚N NorthPole
30˚S
60˚S
0˚30˚W
60˚W
90˚W
120˚
W
150˚
W18
0˚
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
Prim
e M
erid
ian
0˚Equator
North Latitude
North Pole
South Latitude
South Pole
30˚N
60˚N
90˚N
NorthPole
Prim
e M
erid
ian
180˚150˚W 150˚E
120˚W 120˚E
90˚W 90˚E
60˚W 60˚E
30˚W 30˚EWest Longitude East Longitude
30˚S
60˚S
90˚S
0˚
0˚30˚W
60˚W
EquatorEquator
North Pole
South Pole
30˚N
60˚N60˚N
30˚N
0˚
30˚S
60˚S
90˚S
0˚
30˚W
60˚W
90˚W
120˚
W
150˚
W
180˚
90˚N
30˚S
90˚W
120˚
W
150˚
W18
0˚
60˚S
0˚
Latitude Lines (Parallels) Longitude Lines (Meridians)
Latitude and Longitude Grid North and South America
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
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Geography Skills 3
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GEOGRAPHY SKILLS 3 Recognizing Continents and Oceans
1. What are the seven continents? __________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Which geographical formation separates the Americas? separates Asia from Africa? ________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What appears to divide Asia from Europe? __________________________________________
4. Where is most of the earth’s land mass—north or south of the equator? __________________
5. A trip from Australia to Africa would cross which ocean? ______________________________
OUTLINEMAP
Complete knowledge of the features of the earth’ssurface is only a few hundred years old. As recentlyas the 1300s, the Atlantic Ocean was a mysterious“Sea of Darkness” on a flat surface. The regions ofthe Arctic, Pacific, and Antarctic oceans wereunknown. There were also great misconceptionsabout the world. For example, Europeans knew ofthe region of the Indian Ocean but thought it was agreat salt lake surrounded by land. They assumedAsia could be reached from the west only by land.
Today the earth is completely mapped and clas-sified. The largest units of Earth’s land are calledcontinents. Except for the division between Europeand Asia, they are generally well defined. Two con-tinents are islands, and isthmuses—narrow necks of land—clearly separate others. The oceans aremerely names given to the largest sections of thebody of salt water that covers 71 percent of theglobe. Study the map below.
EquatorEquatorIsthmus of Panama
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
ANTARCTICA
ASIAEUROPE
AFRICA
AUSTRALIA
UR
AL
MT
S.
Isthmus of Suez
Isthmus of Panama
A T L A N T I CO C E A N
P A C I F I CO C E A N
P A C I F I CO C E A N
A R C T I C O C E A N
I N D I A NO C E A N
A T L A N T I CO C E A N
P A C I F I CO C E A N
P A C I F I CO C E A N
A R C T I C O C E A N
I N D I A NO C E A N
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4 Geography Skills
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GEOGRAPHY SKILLS 4 Designating Hemispheres
1. Why do you think the word hemisphere accurately describes the six globes shown above?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. The vertically cut globe creates what two hemispheres? ______________________________
3. Name the continents found all or mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. __________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Look at the globes for the northern and southern hemispheres. What is the main difference between
the North and South poles? ______________________________________________________
OUTLINEMAP
The study of the earth does not always involve theentire planet at once. Mapmakers often deal withlarge sections of the earth called hemispheres.
The word hemisphere combines sphere—meaning anything round, like a ball—with the pre-fix hemi—meaning “half.” The world can be divid-
ed into any of four hemispheres—Northern,Southern, Western, and Eastern. They are illustrat-ed below by both bird’s-eye and profile views.Hemispheres are further dramatized by the cuttingof the globe horizontally and vertically. Study theglobes below.
North Pole South Pole
Equator
Equator
Equator
North Pole
North Pole South Pole
Equator
Equator
North Pole
South Pole
North Pole
Equator
South Pole
South Pole
Northern Hemisphere Southern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere
WesternHemisphere
EasternHemisphere
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Geography Skills 5
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GEOGRAPHY SKILLS 5 Reading Physical Maps
1. Which continent is almost totally desert? __________________________________________
2. Ice is the sole physical feature of what continent? ____________________________________
3. What is the only totally inland sea that is identified? __________________________________
4. What is the prominent physical feature of Northern Asia?______________________________
5. What are the physical features of Africa below the equator? ____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
OUTLINEMAP
Physical maps show the earth’s physical fea-tures, such as bodies of water and landforms.Among other natural features, these maps showwhere rivers, lakes, mountains, and types of vegeta-
tion such as grasslands and forests are located.Below is a physical map of the EasternHemisphere. Study it and answer the questions.
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Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Cancer
Antarctic Circle
Arctic Circle
Prim
e M
erid
ian
EUROPE
ASIA
AFRICA
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
UR
AL
MT
S.
ATLAS M T S .
ALP S
H I M A L AYA S
Madagascar
A R C T I C O C E A N
I N D I A N O C E A N
A ra b i a nS e a
C a s p i a n S e a
E a s t C h i n a S e a
B e r i n gS e a
Sou t h Ch ina
Sea
Medi terra n e a n S e a
Danube R .
Nil
eR
.
Indu
s R.
Con
go R.
Vo l ga R. Yel l owR .
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Cancer
Antarctic Circle
Arctic Circle
Prim
e M
erid
ian
EUROPE
ASIA
AFRICA
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
UR
AL
MT
S.
ATLAS M T S .
ALP S
H I M A L AYA S
Madagascar
A R C T I C O C E A N
I N D I A N O C E A N
A ra b i a nS e a
C a s p i a n S e a
E a s t C h i n a S e a
B e r i n gS e a
Sou t h Ch ina
Sea
Medi terra n e a n S e a
Danube R .
Nil
eR
.
Indu
s R.
Con
go R.
Vo l ga R. Yel l owR .
�yDeserts�y�yGrasslandForestsMountains�yIce
0 4,000 Kilometers
0 2,000 Miles
The Eastern Hemisphere: A Physical Map
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6 Geography Skills
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GEOGRAPHY SKILLS 6 Using Scales and the Compass Rose
1. Is Tasmania north, south, east, or west of Australia? __________________________________
2. About how many inches wide is Australia as it is shown in Map A? (Use a ruler to measure across
the widest part of the continent.) __________________________________________________
3. What is the approximate distance across Australia in miles? ____________________________
4. How much larger is Australia in Map B than it is in Map A? ____________________________
OUTLINEMAP
The scale of a map helps you determine the actualsize or length of any of its features or of any dis-tance between two points. It is a ratio between aunit of length on a map and a unit of distance onthe earth. Typically, a scale shows a length of lineand indicates the number of miles or kilometersthat length represents on the map. A map that cov-ers 1,000 miles per inch has a scale of 1:1,000.
The compass rose is a pointed symbol thatshows a map’s direction on the globe. It is usuallyplaced on an area of the map near one edge, awayfrom map details that could make the device diffi-cult to find. On maps showing both water and land,the compass rose is usually placed on the water.The compass rose may show all four cardinal direc-tions—N, S, E, W—or just one, north. Study themaps below and answer the questions.
PP AA C I F I CC I F I CO C E A NO C E A N
I N D I A NI N D I A NO C E A NO C E A N
PP AA C I F I CC I F I CO C E A NO C E A N
I N D I A NI N D I A NO C E A NO C E A N
CanberraCanberra
CanberraCanberra120˚
E
140˚
E 40˚S40˚S
20˚S
140˚
E
40˚S40˚S
20˚S
TTASMANIAASMANIA
TTASMANIAASMANIA
VICTORIAVICTORIA
QUEENSLANDQUEENSLAND
NEW SOUTHNEW SOUTHWWALESALES
SOUTHSOUTHAUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA
NORTHERNNORTHERNTERRITORTERRITORYY
P A C I F I CO C E A N
I N D I A NO C E A N
P A C I F I CO C E A N
I N D I A NO C E A N
Canberra
Canberra120˚
E
140˚
E 40˚S
20˚S
140˚
E
40˚S
20˚S
TASMANIA
TASMANIA
VICTORIA
QUEENSLAND
NEW SOUTHWALES
SOUTHAUSTRALIA
WESTERNAUSTRALIA
NORTHERNTERRITORY
VICTORIA
QUEENSLAND
NEW SOUTHWALES
SOUTHAUSTRALIA
WESTERNAUSTRALIA
NORTHERNTERRITORY
State or territory boundaryMap B
National capital
State or territory boundary
Map A
National capital
0 1,000 Kilometers
0 500 Miles
0 2,000 Kilometers
0 1000 Miles
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Geography Skills 7
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GEOGRAPHY SKILLS 7 Interpreting Lines, Labels, and Symbols
1. Vikings came from a region of four present-day countries north of Europe called Scandinavia. Which
one, identified on the map, was not a point of origin for Vikings? ________________________
2. Which of the cities on the map is farthest from the Vikings’ homeland? __________________
3. What direction did the Vikings go to reach Greenland? ________________________________
4. What is the region of North America where the Vikings landed? ________________________
5. The Arctic Circle runs just south, north, east, or west of Iceland?________________________
OUTLINEMAP
Maps show more than just size and direction. Theyalso define borders of cities, regions, states, andcountries. They can be used to depict historicalevents, to demonstrate how geography has influ-enced history, and to illustrate human interactionwith the environment.
Such information found on a map comes from areading of its various lines, labels, and symbols.Lines of various width indicate land boundaries,
types of roads and waterways, and routes of move-ment. Labels are words on a map that identify suchthings as cities, states, countries, continents, andbodies of water. Symbols are decorative objectssuch as large circles, dots, stars, and bursts used toidentify an area’s special features—cities, battlesites, resources, and the like. Study the map belowand answer the questions.
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SWEDENSWEDENNORNORWWAAYY FINLANDFINLAND
DENMARKDENMARK
E U R O P EE U R O P E
N O RN O R T HT H
A M E R I C AA M E R I C A
GREENLANDGREENLAND
VVinlandinland
ICELANDICELAND
MM ee dd ii tt ee rr rr aa nn ee aa nn SS ee aa
BB ll aa cc kk SS ee aa
AA T L A N T I CT L A N T I CO C E A NO C E A N
N o rN o r t ht hS e aS e a
50˚W
50˚W
60˚W
60˚W
70˚W
70˚W
40˚W
40˚W
0˚ P
rime
Mer
idia
n
30˚W
30˚W
20˚W
20˚W
10˚W
10˚W
30˚E
20˚E
10˚E
40˚E
40˚N
30˚N
Arctic CircleArctic Circle
50˚N
60˚N
70˚N
LondonLondon
ParisParis
RomeRome
SWEDENNORWAY FINLAND
DENMARK
E U R O P E
N O R T H
A M E R I C A
GREENLAND
Vinland
ICELAND
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
B l a c k S e a
A T L A N T I CO C E A N
N o r t hS e a
London
Paris
Rome
50˚W
60˚W
70˚W
40˚W
0˚ P
rime
Mer
idia
n
30˚W
20˚W
10˚W
30˚E
20˚E
10˚E
40˚E
40˚N
30˚N
Arctic Circle
50˚N
60˚N
70˚N
Viking homeland
Modern boundariesfor Scandinavian countries�yRoute
0 2,000 Kilometers
0 1,000 Miles
The Viking Age, A.D. 800–1000
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8 Geography Skills
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GEOGRAPHY SKILLS 8 Understanding Legends (Keys)
1. What do the different patterns on the maps represent? ________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What temperature range does not appear in Africa in January?__________________________
3. In which large region is the average July temperature more than 86 degrees? ______________
4. In which region of Africa does the temperature stay virtually unchanged throughout the year?
______________________________________________________________________________
OUTLINEMAP
The lines and symbols that appear on a map oftenneed further explanation. For this reason, a legend,also known as a key, is often used. A legend is asmall table within a map that explains what somesymbols and lines mean.
A legend is also used to indicate the meaning ofany patterned or colored areas on a map. Forblack-and-white maps, patterns such as diagonal
lines, large and small dot fields, and cross-hatchingare commonly used to show separate regions withina particular boundary. For maps printed in color,the same distinctions are shown by use of differentcolors. The legend reproduces a sampling of thepattern or color and then identifies what it standsfor. Study the map below and answer the questions.
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����Over 86˚�
����yyyy32˚ to 50˚ Fahrenheit
�y50˚ to 68˚
�y68˚ to 86˚
Temperate Zones in Africa
Average January Temperature Average July Temperature
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Outline Maps 9
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04,
000
Kilo
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02,
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Mile
s
The World: Physical
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The World: Political
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0 4,000 Kilometers
0 2,000 Miles
Western Hemisphere
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04,
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Eastern Hemisphere
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0 4,000 Kilometers
0 2,000 Miles
The Pacific Region
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0 2,000 Kilometers
0 1,000 Miles
Africa: Physical
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0 2,000 Kilometers
0 1,000 Miles
Africa: Political
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02,
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01,
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Asia: Physical
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Asia: Political
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02,
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01,
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Eurasia
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02,
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01,
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East Asia
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02,
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01,
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North Asia and Russia
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02,
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01,
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Southeast Asia
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01,
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050
0 M
iles
Southwest Asia
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0 200 Kilometers
0 100 Miles
The Middle East
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0 1,000 Kilometers
0 500 Miles
The Indian Subcontinent
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01,
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iles
Japan and Korea
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Australia and New Zealand: Physical
01,
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050
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iles
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iles
Europe: Physical
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iles
Europe: Political
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01,
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iles
The Mediterranean Region
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040
0 Ki
lom
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s
020
0 M
iles
Greece and Asia Minor
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02,
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North America: Physical
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02,
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01,
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North America: Political
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Users’ Note
The Outline Maps found on the EasyPlanner CD-ROM are “low-resolution”maps. This saves you time when printing and viewing the maps with yourcomputer--perhaps as much as 5-10 minutes per map. However, it means themaps print using “grayscale,” and depending on the quality of your printer,the images produced may not be as clear as you would like them to be. For“high-resolution” maps, please use the print Outline Map booklet found inthe Teacher’s Resource Package.
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Name Date
01,
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Kilo
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iles
Mexico and Central America
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Outline Maps 35
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0 1,000 Kilometers
0 500 Miles
South America: Physical
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Name Date
0 1,000 Kilometers
0 500 Miles
South America: Political
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