geography in basel : the integrative approach

Geography in Basel - The Integrative Approach H. Leser, R. Schneider-Sliwa, P. Nagel, E. Parlow, C. Alewell 197

Geography in Basel - The Integrative Approach

Hartmut Leser, Rita Schneider-Sliwa, Peter Nagel,Eberhard Parlow, Christine Alewell, Basel

1 Introduction

The Department of Geography of the Universityof Basel views its different divisions as complemen-tary disciplines which are committed to an integratedapproach in geography. It is this philosophy whichrecently motivated the establishment of a new chairfor Environmental Geosciences and Soil Science. Atthe centre of Geography at the University of Basel liesthe relationship between humans and their environ¬ment, viewed from a physical and human geographicalperspective, and combined with biogeographical andclimatological approaches.

This article first highlights common principles of thedifferent disciplines. This will be followed by a briefpresentation of research topics - including both prac-tical projects as well as underlying methodical andtheoretical modeis. Finally, the integrated approachwill be related to current Standards of geographietheory.

2 Conceptional and methodical principles

Geography is the science of «human-space-environ-ment» and is founded on two basic theories: (1)the theory of complex (holistic) geographie per¬spectives and (2) the theory of geographie dimen-sions. The former relates to reality and its complexdomain which can be resolved only in research butnot in reality. This has consequences on researchapproaches and methodologies, as well as on theresults obtained and their impact. The latter alsoaffects methodological approaches. It does notonly categorize formally the so-called geographiedimensions (Bordsdorf 1999; Leser 1997; Leser& Schneider-Sliwa 1999; Neef 1967) but refers tothem as «tools» for specific spatial research becausethey determine the choiee of methods and therebyalso the impact of the results. That the public hasunderstood this theory, albeit rather intuitively andnot resulting from theoretical reflection, is shown bythe widely used terms «local», «regional», «zonal»and «global» dimensions and certainly adds to theviability of any environmental work - be it in thefield of man or economy, be it in the field of nature,landscape or resources.

3 Man-environment-research in society today

Urban or natural landscapes are the very starting pointof geography. Geography is concerned with the prob¬lems resulting from interactions between humans and

the environment and hence space - which is anythingbut a new idea (Barrows 1923; Neef 1969,1979; Stod-dart 1965). Examples are problems related to urban

ecology, urban economic and social geography, thelandscape, water and nutrient balance in the soil as wellas biogeographical and ecological problems related toclimate change. In dealing with current problems aris-

ing from the use of physical space, basic principles forplanning and environmental planning as well as for thesustainable use and protection of resources are beingelaborated (Fig. 1).

Over the last two decades, the International Geo¬

graphical Union (IGU) in particular stood up for inte¬

grated man-environment research, as evidenced bynumerous programmes and publications. Subject-spe-eifie problems were gradually put into a larger, inter¬

disciplinary context, as explained in «Understandingthe Earth System» (Ehlers & Krafft 2001). Evenfrom the political viewpoint of the discipline, this

approach is increasingly becoming a guiding principle,as pointed out by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geog¬

raphie and supported in «Geographie heute - für dieWelt von morgen» (Ehlers & Leser 2002). Intendedfor improving public relations, both the above com-municate the complexity of geographical reality. Thisis also reflected in the variety of authors representingcompletely different disciplines.

The different chapters are not only «up-to-date» interms of focusing on man-environment problems butdemonstrate that integrated, multi-diseiplinary approa¬ches - based on more complex methodologies - yieldmore credible results. This reiterates what has alreadybeen stated before: geography by its very nature is

transdiseiplinary, integrating a wide ränge of subjeetmatters (Leser 2002). Another objeetive is to demon¬

strate that geographie research is concerned with realproblems and conflicts arising from human-earth inter¬

actions. This implicates (1) a close relationship to prac¬tice and need for applied research and (2) rejeetionof the limitations of diseiplinary research. Certainly,this approach responds to the needs of society - whichare otherwise only partly appreciated by the scientificCommunity, at least not in their real complexity. Thislack of societal focus is reflected in the unimpededtrend towards diseiplinary specialization in science.

198 Geographica Helvetica Jg. 58 2003/Heft 3

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4 Human-environment research themes of theGeography Department in Basel

The research themes and projects presented in thefollowing provide evidence that the department feelscommitted to both the theoretical basis of the dis¬cipline of geography and the practical needs of thepublic. At the same time, they demonstrate the inher-ent transdiseiplinary concept of geography.

4.1 Physiogeography and landscape ecologyPhysiogeographical research is landscape ecologicalresearch (Fig. 2 and 3). This notion is founded on theo¬retical grounds and on the inherent scientific concept(holistic, integrative, in relation to landscape scales).Operating in an environment altered by man, thisresearch deals with real landscapes. Two topics arepresented here in order to elueidate the goals of this

research: «Soil erosion and element balance in land¬

scapes» and «Landscape change/landscape ecology».

4.1.1 Soil erosion and element balance in landscapesThis project represents the traditional field of BaseTsphysiogeography. It originally began with soil erosionresearch and was developed to find a suitable fieldmethod. An overview is given in the publication listof the «Research Group Soil Erosion Basel» (Geo-graphic Institute Basel, Forschungsgruppe Boden¬erosion Basel 2003). What is it about?

The abiotic geo-ecological factors, geo-relief and soil- adapted to the geo-ecosystem model - are centralissues. Soil constitutes the main subjeet of research,as it represents a significant component of the land¬scape. Emphasis is placed on physical characteris¬tics, transfer processes and resulting turnover rates.This research is carried out in the Länenbach

Geography in Basel -The Integrative Approach H. Leser, R. Schneider-Sliwa, R Nagel, E. Parlow, C. Alewell 199

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Fig. 2: Limnoecological measurements characterize theSituation in the water.Limnoökologische Messungen können die Verhältnissein einem Gewässer charakterisieren.Les rapports qui definissent une eau peuvent etre carac-terises par des mesures limnoecologiques.Photo: O. Stucki

area in the municipality of Rothenfluh (Cantonof Baselland). It focuses on phosphorus turnoverrelevant for agriculture and nutrient balances.Leser et al. (2002) gave a summary of the project(Fig. 4).Long-term research is carried out on permanentplots which aresubject to real agricultural use. Dataon element balances and erosion dynamics havebeen collected for about 20 years. They reflectchanges in land use resulting from economic, eco¬

logical as well as political reasons. Data obtainedin the field allowed for a comprehensive, compar-ative assessment of erosion modeis (Hebel 2003),revealing surprising results with respect to the valid-ity of current modeis.The project provides a framework for a variety ofindividual sub-projects, lasting from a few monthsto several years. These sub-projects are being imple¬mented in collaboration with different institutionaland private partners from the chemical industry, fed¬

eral research institutes, agricultural Colleges, agricul¬tural field stations, authorities with an environmentand soil protection mandate in municipalities as wellas individual farmers.Recent accounts of the results were presented byRüttimann (2001) on the cultivation of maize,by Böhm (2003) on soil erosion in military training

grounds, by Hebel (2003) on the comparison of ero¬

sion modeis and by Marxer (2003) on fire ecology.

4.1.2 Landscape ecology/landscape changeThis project group underwent many changes, which arereflected in the documentation of the literature (Geo¬

graphisches Institut Basel, Forschungsgruppe Land¬

schaftsanalyse und Angewandte Landschafts¬ökologie 2003). After termination of geoecologicalfield research in Spitzbergen and in the Alps, the

development of geoecological methodology was nolonger a research subject, which led to publications,such as the «Kartieranleitung Geoökologische Karte 1:

25'000» (Leser & Klink 1989), the «Bewertungsanlei¬tung des Leistungsvermögens des Landschaftshaush¬alts» (Marks, Müller, Leser & Klink 1999), andthe resulting «Landschaftsökologische Erfassungstand¬ards» (Zepp & Müller 1999). Subsequently,researchers

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Scale and parametersof measurements

Spot measurementsParameters determined byspot measurements

Amount of eroded materialSplash impactClimate elementsSoil-water contentSurface runoffMatter fluxIntensity of simulatedrainfall

Monitoring of (agricultural)fields

Sediment sampling unitSediment sampling unit atfield StationArtificial drainage dischargeSoil water outflow

Monitoring of studyareas

Mapping of soil erosiondamageSoil mappingGeomorphological mappingLand use mappingCatchment area surfacerunoff and outflowmeasurements

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Geography in Basel - The Integrative Approach H. Leser, R. Schneider-Sliwa, P Nagel, E. Parlow, C. Alewell 201

participated in digital geoecological mapping projects(Huber 1995; Menz 2001), which were linked tosoil erosion modelling (Dräyer 1996). These projectsaimed at developing landscape assessment schemes,thereby introducing a second research theme.

This approach involves investigations of the changeof cultural landscapes, viewed from a human andlandscape ecological perspective (Schneider-Sliwa,Schaub & Gerold 1999). It focuses on the integra¬tive viewpoint of the real landscape, as put forwardby Ehlers (1998). Humans stand in the centre because

«nature» in the original sense (non-anthro-pogenic)hardly exists any more. Even the scientific concept ofgeography has been adapted to this approach.Issues related to the change of landscapes couldhave been integrated into the Swiss Priority Pro¬

gramme (SPP) Environment of the Swiss NationalScience Foundation. However, they did not come tothe attention of project leaders, in particular withrespect to the scale and abiotic domain of landscapesand the relationship with elements of the culturallandscapes. On the basis of the so-called Biodiver-sity Project, the issues were eventually raised by theproject «Comparison of Element Turnover in Differ-entTypes of Landscapes» (Ogermann 1999). Method-ical-methodological reflections were presented byLeser & Schaub (1995), Leser & Nagel (1998),and - from a practical viewpoint - by Leser (1997,2002b).Given that the research extended across differentdisciplines, the concept of transdisciplinarity wasanalysed as well (Leser 2002a; Potschin 2003).This research encouraged studies on landscapeprotection, directed towards the conservation ofnature, geotopes and cultural landscapes. Manyresearch projects are being conducted to thisend, partially in collaboration with the ArbeitskreisGeoökologische Raumgliederung und Leistungs¬vermögen des Landschaftshaushalts.

4.2 Human geography/urban and regionaldevelopment

Human geography research is concerned with the for¬

mation of living space by man and society and the con¬

sequences of spatial planning for man, society, the econ¬

omy and environment. These can be seen most clearly inagglomerations, which are the microcosm and research

laboratory of society. TTiey are the places where human

influences, social, ecological and economic problemsare intensified and also where city-outskirts and urban-rural relations become blurred. The Human GeographyDepartment in Basel has a threefold task in this fieldof investigation. Specifically, it aims to consolidate its

strengths in areas of application and to deliver usefulinformation for urban development policy, economic

promotion, regional development in industrialized and

developing nations, as well as decisions by firms - bymeans of regional Statistical studies, target group-ori-ented surveys of households and businesses, market and

locational analyses and field studies in areas with delaysin development (Fig. 5,6 and 7).

4.2.1 City and agglomeration - economic andsocial Systems in the city

Cities are the most important living areas where onegains experience about the world population. Distri¬bution, structure, and the dynamics of the urban popu¬lation define Services of the public administration as

well as the provision of housing, Jobs and education.

Entrepreneurial decision-making is also dependent onthe development of an agglomeration, the city and itsdistricts. This research emphasis is

dedicated towards demographic and social economic

processes and structures in cities and their surround-ing areas both in the local and regional contextof Basel and the Southern Upper Rhine regionand in metropolises worldwide. Examples for thiskind of work - in connection with different Coop¬

eration partners such as the Statistical Authority ofthe Canton of Basel-Stadt, or the research group«Lifestyle, Social Position and Urban Structures» ofthe Academy for Environmental Planning and RegionalStudies in Hanover, furthermore, Social Service Agenciesof the Canton of Basel-Stadt are: Schneider-Sliwa et al.

(1999,2001), which analyses the population and eco¬

nomic structures and processes in Basel; Egli (2001,2003), which documents homelessness in Basel; EderSandtner (2001, 2004), which reveals the new seg-regation patterns in Basel, using block data for theentire city; Sahli & Schneider-Sliwa (2004); Schnei¬

der-Sliwa 2004, which analyses the cut-off problemquarters of the African and Maghreb peoplesin Strasbourg; Kampschulte & Schneider-Sliwa(1999), which choose as its central theme the

image of Basel as a steering device of urban

development. Various market studies analyze the

Fig. 4: Multiple-step methodical concept for the determination of soil erosion and geoecological parameters: TheRiedmattbach example.Mehrstufiges methodisches Konzept für die Bestimmung von Bodenerosion und geoökologischen Parametern:Das Beispiel des Riedmattbaches.Un concept multiple de progression methodique pour la determination de Verosion du sol et des parametres geoe-

cologiques. L'exemple du Riedmattbach (la riviere du Riedmatt)Source: Prasuhn (1991)


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Geography in Basel -The Integrative Approach H. Leser, R. Schneider-Sliwa, P. Nagel, E. Parlow, C. Alewell 203

applicability of research to municipalities of thetri-national region of Basel, e.g. by Kampschulte,Schneider-Sliwa & Zunzer (2002); Kampschulte& Schneider-Sliwa (2001); Schneider-Sliwa &Kampschulte (2002).As well as dedicated to international metropolisesundergoing radical change: Schneider-Sliwa (2002)with the example of the globalization and restructuringof Berlin, Brüssels, Hanoi, Ho-Chi-Minh City, HongKong, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, Moscow, St. Peters¬

burg, Sarajevo and Vienna; Breitung & Schnei¬der-Sliwa (1997) with the example of Hong Kong;Breitung (2001), who as an example of politicalchange investigates the social spatial repercussionsand regional politics in Hong Kong after 1997; Brei¬tung & Schneider-Sliwa (2000), who in the exampleof Berlin chose as the central theme the unified anddivided city; Kampschulte (2002), who illuminatedVienna's new location between East and West.

4.2.2 Regional economic development -interwoven relations across borders

Globalization, technological change and efforts towardseconomic Integration change business cycles and loca-tional advantages and intensify regional competition.This area of work investigates

structural changes of economic areas and the devel¬

opment of Jobs, population and infrastructure, espe¬

cially in the tri-national border region of Basel, theSouthern Upper Rhine region and Northwest Switzer¬

land, but also selected developing nations. The followingindividual projects are arranged here, which originatedin Cooperation with the Statistical Authorities of theCanton Basel City as well as other cantonal and cityauthorities in Basel, surrounding municipalities and ininstitutions of tri-national Cooperation. They are con¬cerned with the structure and dynamics of the economyin Northwest Switzerland in the context of globalization,e.g. by Schneider-Sliwa et al. (2001); Kampschulte& Strassmann (1999); Strassmann (2002); Strassmann,Frost & Brunner (2000).A further goal is to show the broad spectrumof regionally specific locational advantage neededfor the development of a region well adapted forthe future. Research on economic developmentacross the borders carried out market studies inwhich approximately 12 000 people were surveyedbetween 1996 and 2000. Studies included are: Kamp¬

schulte & Schneider-Sliwa (2001); Kampschulte,Schneider-Sliwa & Zunzer (2002); Schneider-Sliwa (2003a); Schneider-Sliwa & Kampschulte(2002).The projects by Eder & Sandtner (2000) andEder Sandtner & Sandtner (2002) concentratedon the development of a regional identity in thecommon economic area of the Upper Rhine. Borderregion research in other regional contexts was car¬

ried out by Kampschulte (1999a and b, 2000).

4.2.3 Urban environment and sustainablelandscape planning

Settlements and economic growth create a culturallandscape in which the balance of the ecosystem andnatural leisure areas for humans are increasingly beingdestroyed. This area of work is concerned with:

Planning, which carefully and sustainingly managesthe scarce resources of the environment in the cityand regionsDiscerning an appropriate urban environment and

development planning for target groups, the accept¬

ance of environmental protection and urban plan¬

ning measures among the population and open spaceplanning and the development of a wholesome city,which does justice to all groups in society. Two

projects are mentioned here:- In «Urban Environment in Old Age» (Schnei¬

der-Sliwa 2003c), in preparation for a planningmodel focussing on the elderly, a survey of around7000 people between 60 and 85, investigatedsenior Citizen needs and requirements for alterna¬tive living forms.

- In the project, «Road surfaces meeting therequirements of the handicapped» (Schneider-Sliwa 2003b), a study on inner city paving is

being carried out, the results of which will allowfor a paving which not only meets the require¬ments of the handicapped but is also ecologicaland aesthetical.

4.3 BiogeographyJTie Institute for the Conservation of Nature, Landscapeand Environment / Biogeography operates on the Inter¬

face between geography and biology - both in teachingand basic and applied research. Its research focus is onthe spatial analysis and evaluation of landscapes, usingorganisms as indicators. The causes for spatial patternsof biodiversity are a central theme within this research

(bioindication, biomonitoring, State and dynamics of spe¬cies distributions). Further topics include environmen¬tal risk assessment and environmental management.Theoverall goal of the applied research is to develop and

promote strategies for the sustainable development and

use of landscapes and natural resources.

4.3.1 Ecology and protection of running watersRiver engineering, land use in catchment areas andchemical pollution affect the composition and dynam¬ics of aquatic communities. Therefore, communities canbe used as indicators of the ecological State of aquaticecosystems. Our current research focuses on Springs ofthe Regio Basiliensis and aims to provide improvedscientific understanding of basic ecological processes.The objective is to develop practical strategies andassessment methods for headwater monitoring, resto-ration and management. Basic research deals with hab¬

itat specificity and colonization strategies of the fauna


adapted to these island habitats. In an interdisciplinaryand transdiseiplinary approach, we classify differentspring ecosystems and their characteristic fauna andflora, assess the degree of anthropogenic disturbancesand evaluate possible restoration designs.

At the same time, techniques are being evaluated on howto exploit sources in a sustainable way for the provisionof drinking water without compromising their potentialas habitats for the flora and fauna. Experience in Baselhas shown that it is possible to create ecologically valu¬able landscapes in close proximity of urban areas by form-ing a mosaic of semi-natural floodplains and man-madeground water enrichment sites for drinking water pro¬duction. Faunal studies here provided clear evidence of afunctional similarity among semi-natural and man-madehabitats. Furthermore, studies on the purification of per-colating water and ground water transport provided basicdata for early warning Systems to detect reduetions indrinking water quality. Other research topics include thefaunistics and ecology of groundwater fauna, biomonitor-ing of water quality and appraisals of river restorations.

Selected literature: Baltes & Nagel (1997); Merschet al. (1996); Nagel (1999); Nagel & Baltes (1997):Rüetschi et al. (2001).

4.3.2 Urban ecology and the conservation of nature,landscape and environment in cultural land¬scapes

Settlements and cultural landscapes are designedaccording to the social and economic activities of man.Our research aims to identify and analyse ecologicaland spatial characteristics of these areas and to applythis knowledge in designing strategies for an environ-mentally sound and ecologically sustainable urban andrural development. The prineipal goal is to incorporateenvironmental protection objeetives into the structuraland functional design and development of urban andcultural landscapes. Questions about nature conserva¬tion in settlement areas are just as much at the centreof attention as is basic research with feral pigeons asbioindicators of environmental pollution.

Further topics in this field of research include bioindica-tion of anthropogenic, semi-natural habitats, using groundbeetles, and the analysis of ecological functions of rooftop gardens, in particular with respect to their role as Sur¬

rogate habitats and migration corridors for invertebrates.In an interdisciplinary and transdiseiplinary approach, thegreens in urban areas are assessed in regard to their differ¬ent functions, and strategies are developed for the sustain¬able preservation of their ecological functions.

Selected literature: Kaupp (1999); Lenzin et al. (2001);Luka et al. (1997); Nagel (1999, 2000); Nagel et al.(1998,2001).

4.3.3 Tropical resources management anddevelopment Cooperation

Our research emphasis is on the ecological analysisand assessment of human impacts on subtropical andtropical landscape ecosystems and - in a national andinternational co-operation context - on the develop¬ment of environmentally sound resource utilizationstrategies. Our work in this area at present focuses onvarious countries in inner tropical Africa (Fig. 8).

At the core are the development of environmentallyfriendly and sustainable methods and strategies forsafeguarding agricultural production. Our researchconcentrates especially on ecological side-effects ofclassical, traditional, and more recently, biological andgenetic control techniques against pests of crops andvectors of human and livestock diseases.

A second important research area is the development ofadapted conservation strategies. This research focuseson the fragmentation of rain forest fauna. It evaluatespossibilities to reduce fragmentation by creating net¬works of alternative habitats such as certain plantationforests. The effectiveness of different species protectionstrategies is investigated, using a ränge of different indi¬cator groups (wood-dwelling beetles, detritivorous inver¬tebrates, primates). This research combines metapopu-lation modeis and molecular genetic analysis. Anotherproject studies spatial and behavioural adaptations oflarger game (antelopes, buffaloes, elephants) to annualsavannah fires.

Selected literature: Nagel (1995); Peveling & Nagel(2001);Peveling et al. (2003a); Peveling et al. (2003b);Specht (2002); Stolz et al. (2002).

4.3.4 Zoogeography and systematicsThe spatial analysis of species distribution patterns isan instrument of biogeographical research. Phyloge-netic and systematic studies of selected animal groupsand analyses of their present and past distribution areat the core of this research. These studies not only pro-vide basic biogeographical data but contribute also tothe reconstruetion and forecast of landscape dynamicsas well as to species and landscape conservation pro¬grammes. The research groups focus on the zoogeog¬raphy and systematics of the following taxa: carabidae-paussinae (worldwide), cicadas (selected Europeantaxa) and ants (especially Neotropis). For behaviouraland ecological studies under laboratory conditions,rearing facilities have been established for some ofthese taxa. At present, molecular genetic methods arebeing used mainly to reconstruet the formation ofrelict distribution areas of carabids. The ecology ofterrestrial island biotopes is being investigated, usingthe examples of central European scree slope ecosys¬tems.

Geography in Basel -The Integrative Approach H. Leser, R. Schneider-Sliwa, P Nagel, E. Parlow, C. Alewell 205

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May 2001.The research is funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and the Swiss National Science Foundation. It is

organized as a research partnership between the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences ofthe University Abomey-Calavi, Benin, and the

Institute for Environmental Sciences/Biogeography ofthe University of Basel.

Teammitglieder des SNF- und DEZA-unterstützten Forschungprojekts «Nachhaltige Bewahrung der Biodiversitätim Lamawald, Benin» im Gelände in Süd-Benin im Mai 2001.

Quelques representants du projet «Conservation de la biodiversite de la foret de Lama, Benin», sur le terrain en

mai2001.Photo: R. Peveling

Selected literature: De Andrade & Baroni Urbani(1999); Giulio di et al. (2003); Möseler & Molenda(1999); Mühlethaler & Nagel (2001); Nagel (1997).

4.4 Meteorology and remote sensingThe scientific formulation of questions at the Institutefor Meteorology, Climatology and Remote Sensingconcentrates on the topics of experimental micromete-orology; topoclimatological differentiation of the land¬

scape and the conversion of these results for urbanand regional planning; the use of satellite data andnumerical modeis for spatial analysis of meteorologi-cal fields, especially radiation and heat fluxes; as well as

the implementation of a numerical model for weatherforecasting, whereby short term forecasts (now-cast-ing) is prevalent (Fig. 9).

4.4.1 Experimental micrometeorologyExperimental micrometeorology investigates theexchange of water, heat and carbon dioxide on dif¬

ferent surfaces on the interface between the earth'ssurface and the atmosphere. Meteorology Basel is

represented in international projects in various cli¬

mate zones of the Earth. Naturally, the region of

Basel plays a dominant role in the research projects.However, projects in the Alps, in the Mediterraneanregion, in Northern Scandinavia, in the SpitzbergenIsland and California are also carried out. TTie formu¬lation of questions Covers a wide spectrum, rangingfrom the diffusion of harmful substances over citiesand the examination of the turbulent heat exchangesto questions on water use for agriculture in aridregions of the Mediterranean and the energetic con¬

ditions, which produce extreme instances of snow-melts (slush flows) in Polar Regions.

References: Feigen winter (2000); Vogt & Feigenwin¬

ter (2000); Bernhofer & Vogt (2000); Feigenwinteret al. (2000); Gude et al. (2000); Feigenwinter etal. (1999); Gude & Scherer (1999); Parlow (1998b);Scherer et al. (1998); Gude & Scherer (1998); Jäggi(2002); Arck & Scherer (2002); van Gorsel et al.

(2003).

4.4.2 Models for realityNumerical modeis allow for the computer-aided Simu¬

lation of the processes in the atmosphere and the

exchange processes between the Earth's surface, veg-


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etation and the atmosphere. Mesoscale modeis cal¬culate the consequences of topography and land useon the atmosphere and help to make assessments onlocal effects for weather forecasts, traffic safety andplanning. Real time modeis for the whole of Europeand high-resolution forecasts for the region of north-western Switzerland are calculated on a daily basis atthe University of Basel and published on the Inter¬net at (www.unibas.ch/geo/wetter). Local effects, suchas the Möhlin Jet, which in winter leads to the dis-solution of fog in the region of Basel, can be mod-eled and studied on the Computer. By means of thefollowing projects: REKLIP (Regio-Klimaprojekt),KABA (Klimaanalyse beider Basel) and CAMPAS(Klimaanlayse des Kantons Solothurn), many yearsof experience in the application oriented evaluationof measurement data, model calculations and satel¬lite data, especially for urban and regional planning,exists.

Selected literature: Fehrenbach et al. (2001); Fehren¬bach & Scherer (2000); Scherer et al. (1999); Fehren¬bach (1999).

4.4.3 Remote sensingRemote sensing is the measurement and Observationof the Earth's surface and the atmosphere withoutcontact (Fig. 10). It can be carried out from the groundor with the aid of airplanes and satellites and deliverssurface covering measurements on varying spatial andtemporal scales. The University of Basel participatesin various national and international remote-sensingprojects, which Stretch from the high Arctic Circleover the Alpine region to subtropical regions and areconcerned mainly with radiation and heat balances.The European Space Agency (ESA) is an importantproject partner. In combination with micrometeorol¬ogy, which works with individual measurement loca-tions, spatially differentiated Statements about heatfluxes in consideration of relief and land use effectsare possible. Urban climatology is of great importance.Satellite Systems, which are used most frequently, arethe LANDSAT-ETM and ASTER, which possess spa¬tial resolutions up to 15 m in various spectral ranges(NOAA-AVHRR and MODIS, as well as microwaveSystems such as ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT).

References: Parlow (2000a); Parlow (2000b); Schereret al. (2000); Parlow (1998a), Parlow (2003).

4.5 Environmental geosciences and soil science4.5.1 General directionsIn January 2004, a new institute for EnvironmentalGeosciences and Soil Sciences is planned to beopened. The focus of the research group will be oninterdisciplinary geoscientific research. The goal is tounderstand and to assess the context of ecosystemsin the lithosphere, pedosphere, atmosphere, hydro-sphere, biosphere and anthroposphere (Fig. 11).

Only if the function and interaction of these differentspheres is understood, can the environment be pro-tected from disturbance and human impact. Thus, theresearch group will concentrate in particular on thepedosphere, with special attention being paid to thecoupling and interaction between the cycles of ele¬ments (carbon, nitrogen, sulfate, nutrients) in semi¬natural ecosystems.

Within this area, the focus will be on changes in thecycles of elements but also on changes regarding thecoupling of these cycles due to altered climate andenvironmental conditions. It is, for example, largelyunknown how mineralization rates of sulphate andnitrogen react to a decrease in anthropogenic depo-sition with a concurrent change of climate. A changein the mineralization rates, however, generally exerts

Geography in Basel - The Integrative Approach H. Leser, R. Schneider-Sliwa, R Nagel, E. Parlow, C. Alewell 207

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great influence generally on substance balances andon phenomena such as nitrogen Saturation of ecosys¬tems, reversibility of water acidification, or the buffercapacity of the soil. An important aspect will also bethe restoration of ecosystems - especially soil reme-diation.

Selected literature: Alewell, Mitchell, Likens &Krouse (2000); Alewell, Madnerscheid, Meesen-burg & Bittersohl (2000); Alewell (2001); Alewell2002.

4.5.2 MethodsBesides general biogeochemical methods and analy¬sis, an important tool will be that used for the investi¬

gation of stable isotopes (15N, lsO,34S, 13C).The empha-sis in this area will be on field investigations, because

the transference of results from laboratory experi-ments to real situations is only possible on a limitedscale.

Regarding methodology, the Environmental Geo¬

sciences and Soil Sciences research group aims towardsinterdisciplinary Cooperation. Only by using a combi¬

nation of methods (e.g. results from biogeochemicalanalysis, stable isotope data and modelling) will it be

possible to describe the complex behaviour of ecosys¬tems as well as the complex course of events that takeplace in the soil.

Selected literature: Alewell, Mitchell, Likens &Krouse (1999); Alewell & Manderscheid (1998);Alewell, Lischeid, Hell & Manderscheid (2003);Alewell & Gehre (1999); Alewell & Novak (2001).


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isotopes in a forested catchment as indicators for bio-logical S turnover. - In: Biogeochemistry 47: 319-333.Alewell, C, Lischeid, G, Hell, U. & B. Mander¬scheid (2003): High temporal resolution of ion fluxesin semi natural ecosystems - Gain of information orwaste of resources? - In: Biogeochemistry (in press).Alewell, C. & B. Manderscheid (1998): Use of objec-tive criteria for the assessment of biogeochemical eco-system modeis. - In: Ecol. Modell. 107:213-224.Alewell, C, Manderscheid, B., Meesenburg, H. &J. Bittersohl (2000): Is acidification still an ecologicalthreat? - In: Nature 407: 856-857.Alewell, C, Mitchell, M., Likens, G.E. & R.H.Krouse (1999): Sources of stream sulfate at theHubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Long-term anal¬yses using stable isotopes. - In: Biogeochemistry 44:281-299.

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manns Geographische Mitteilungen 144,2:58-65.Ehlers E. & T Krafft (eds) (2001): Understanding theEarth System. Compartments, Processes and Interac-tions. - Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag:1-290.

Ehlers E. & H. Leser (Hrsg.) (2002): Geographieheute - für die Welt von morgen. - Perthes Geogra-phieKolleg, Gotha: Klett-Perthes: 1-176.

Fehrenbach, U (1999): Analyse und Bewertung lokal-und regionalklimatisch wirksamer Faktoren in derRegion Basel. - Basel: stratus 6,177 pp.Fehrenbach, U & D. Scherer (2000): Consequencesof spatial resolution transformations for land-use Clas¬

sification. - In: Casanova, J.L.: Remote Sensing in the21st Century: Economic and Environmental Applica¬tions. - Rotterdam: Balkema Publishers: 113-117.

Fehrenbach, U, Scherer, D. & E. Parlow (2001):Automated Classification of Planning Objectives forthe Consideration of Climate and Air Quality in Urbanand Regional Planning for the Example of the Regionof Basel/Switzerland. - Atmospheric Environment 35,5605-5615.

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Geography in Basel - The Integrative Approach H. Leser, R. Schneider-Sliwa, P. Nagel, E. Parlow, C. Alewell 213

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burg: 1-535.

Prof. Dr. rer.nat. Dr. h.c. Hartmut Leser, Abteilung Phy¬

siogeographie und Landschaftsökologie, Prof. Dr. phil.Rita Schneider-Sliwa, Abteilung Humangeographie/Stadt- und Regionalforschung, Geographisches Insti¬

tut, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstr. 27, CH-4056Basel.Prof. Dr. phil. Peter Nagel, Institut für Natur-,Landschafts- und Umweltschutz NLU-Biogeographie,Universität Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056Basel.Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Eberhard Parlow, Institut für Meteo¬

rologie, Klimatologie und Fernerkundung, UniversitätBasel, Klingelbergstr. 27,4056 Basel.

Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Christine Alewell, Institut für Umwelt-geowissenschaften und Bodenkunde, Universität Basel,Bernoullistr. 30, CH-4056 Basel.

Internet addresses

Departement Geographie :

http://www.unibas.ch/geo/

Physiogeographie und Landschaftsökologie:http://www.physiogeo.unibas.ch/

Humangeographie / Stadt- und Regionalforschunghttp://www.humgeo.unibas.ch/

Meteorology, Climatology and Remote Sensing:

http://www.unibas.ch/geo/mcr/

NLU Biogeographie:http://www.nlu.unibas.ch/

Umweltgeowissenschaften und Bodenkunde:http://www.unibas.ch/environment

geography in basel : the integrative approach

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