geography as managing change in human environments rural
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Geography ASGeography AS
Managing Change in Human Managing Change in Human EnvironmentsEnvironments
RuralRural
RuralRural
HomeworkHomework
What are Urban and Rural What are Urban and Rural Environments?Environments?• Changing Environments pp126-129Changing Environments pp126-129
• Urban and Rural – how do we define Urban and Rural – how do we define them and what criteria are most them and what criteria are most important?important?
RuralRural
Urban and RuralUrban and Rural• Urban >20,000 (UN)Urban >20,000 (UN)• Rural <10,000 (Countryside Agency)Rural <10,000 (Countryside Agency)• Urban/rural fringeUrban/rural fringe• Migration (urban and counter-urban)Migration (urban and counter-urban)• PerceptionsPerceptions
• Chocolate box; poverty; adventure; awe; farming; Chocolate box; poverty; adventure; awe; farming; conflicting; threatenedconflicting; threatened
Define RuralityDefine Rurality
Urban-rural continuumUrban-rural continuum• GradationGradation
Describe a journey from Leicester to Rugby along the Describe a journey from Leicester to Rugby along the A426A426
• People – demographics; density; employmentPeople – demographics; density; employment• Land use; services; accessLand use; services; access• Cloke, 77. Used above criteria to define Cloke, 77. Used above criteria to define
extreme, intermediate and non-ruralextreme, intermediate and non-rural
Devise your own Index of RuralityDevise your own Index of Rurality
Malham pics
Define RuralityDefine Rurality
Indices of RuralityIndices of Rurality• PopulationPopulation• Rail network Rail network • InfrastructureInfrastructure• Telecommunications / mobile coverageTelecommunications / mobile coverage• Others?Others?
Leicester Harborough
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/default.asp
Rural changeRural change
Proximity to Urban areasProximity to Urban areas Commuter belts / dormitory townsCommuter belts / dormitory towns Rural to urban migrationRural to urban migration Counter urbanisation (employment, Counter urbanisation (employment,
retirement etc)retirement etc) TourismTourism Policy (NT, reserves, parks)Policy (NT, reserves, parks)
• E.g. MalhamE.g. Malham Time / stage of economic developmentTime / stage of economic development
Rural EnvironmentsRural Environments
How and why do rural environments How and why do rural environments vary in Landscape and charactervary in Landscape and character• Changing Environments pp 134-137Changing Environments pp 134-137
Rural EnvironmentsRural Environments
Variations in rural environmentsVariations in rural environments• Physical- Climate, vegetation, soils, Physical- Climate, vegetation, soils,
geology, watergeology, water• Economic – Farming, tourism, resourcesEconomic – Farming, tourism, resources• Social and Cultural – Inheritance, Social and Cultural – Inheritance,
religion, politics religion, politics
Rural MEDC v LEDCRural MEDC v LEDC
What are the differences between What are the differences between rural areas in MEDCs and LEDCsrural areas in MEDCs and LEDCs• Lifestyle and traditionLifestyle and tradition
Kenyan Highlands
Maasi tribes – NomadicRecent droughts and politics – Sedentary
Kikuyu – Soils and rain – Bush FallowingColonial plantations (e.g. Brooke Bond)…Now broken into smaller farmsTNCs – Flowers and peas
Change;Overpopulation / rural to urban migration / Cash crops not good locally / overgrazingAnd soil erosion / basic rural services
Tourism – Conflict of interest on game reserves
Craven, N Yorkshire
Sheep, dairy, textiles, quarrying. MostlyDeclined by the 1990s
Quarrying – mechanisedTourism – HoneypotsNew residents – Retirees / commuting / teleworking / local employment
Teleworking / telecottaging
Learning DayLearning Day
How do you learn?How do you learn? Learning styles and multiple Learning styles and multiple
intelligencesintelligences Which styles suit you?Which styles suit you?
Notes and note takingNotes and note taking Revision stylesRevision styles
LinguisticMathematical
Spatial Kinaesthetic
MusicalInterpersonalIntrapersonal
Style / Techniques / CareerUseful (and not so useful!) websiteshttp://www.howtolearn.com/personal.htmlhttp://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=questionnairehttp://www.accelerated-learning-uk.co.uk/method/test_roundel_08.html
Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming
Rural environmental problems Rural environmental problems resulting from agricultureresulting from agriculture
1.1. Agri-business and Agri-ChemicalsAgri-business and Agri-Chemicals2.2. Hedgerows and soil erosionHedgerows and soil erosion3.3. Green RevolutionGreen Revolution4.4. Gene RevolutionGene Revolution
• Case Study – Intensification of lowland Case Study – Intensification of lowland farming in East Anglia.farming in East Anglia.
Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming
Agri-businessAgri-businessAGRI-BUSINESS1. Stubble burning2. Habitat destruction3. Animals indoors4. Water pollution5. Nitrate run-off6. Biocide sprays7. Slurry8. Soil erosion9. Social / built environ10.Land exhaustion11.Monoculture
Inorganic Fertilisers• Nitrate run-off• Eutrophication• Waste
Chemical Biocides• Organo-phosphates• Wild fowl die• LEDC misuse/poisoning
Solutions?
•Mulching and crop rotation•Mixed farming•Organic methods•Biological pest control•Extensive cultivation•Fines / taxes for users and abusers•Limit biotechnology•Use GM technology to improve yields andreduce the need for pesticides
R7
R4
Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming
HedgerowsHedgerows• Use water and nutrients and protect insects Use water and nutrients and protect insects
and pests. Mechanical obstaclesand pests. Mechanical obstacles• Loss of habitatLoss of habitat
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion• Water and wind erosionWater and wind erosion• Land misuse/overgrazing/overuseLand misuse/overgrazing/overuse• Large fields and removal of protective Large fields and removal of protective
vegetative covervegetative cover Underlying causes are overpopulation and Underlying causes are overpopulation and
increasing need for food, fuel and spaceincreasing need for food, fuel and space
Solutions1. Terracing2. Afforestation3. Crop rotation / strips4. Contour ploughing5. Planting / hedgerows6. Stone lines, repair stone walls7. Manage cultivation and grazing
R5
Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming
Green RevolutionGreen Revolution• Transfer of agri-technology and Transfer of agri-technology and
techniques from MEDC to LEDCtechniques from MEDC to LEDC• E.g. “miracle” rice and wheatE.g. “miracle” rice and wheat• Increase crop yields, reduce famine and Increase crop yields, reduce famine and
develop agri-economydevelop agri-economy
• Sounds great………………?Sounds great………………?
Detrimental effects of the Green Revolution
• Associated agri-business pressures of pollution, low biodiversity and intensive techniques
• Requirement for expensive irrigation and fertiliser schemesIncreases debt and loses self-reliance
• Poor farmer cannot compete with large agri-business Loss of Subsistence Farming culture Increased rural tourban migration Agricultural heritage (and the future ofrural economy) disintegrates
Green RevolutionGreen RevolutionSubsistence farmingS , extensive farms
G R Pesticides / BiocidesF “M “ crops
Expensive schemesI and F s
Poorer farmers cannot compete
Larger, I farmsAgri-business associated problems
Loss of s farmingCulture and family ownership
R to U migration
Damage to rural e And increasing reliance onlarge agri-chemical TNCs
Green RevolutionGreen RevolutionSubsistence farmingSmall, extensive farms
Green RevolutionPesticides / BiocidesFertilisersMiracle crops
Expensive schemesIrrigation and Fertilisers
Poorer farmers cannot compete
Larger, intensive farmsAgri-business associated problems
Loss of subsistence farmingCulture and family ownership
Rural to Urban migration
Damage to rural economyAnd increasing reliance onlarge agri-chemical TNCs
R8
Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming
Gene RevolutionGene Revolution• Genetically Modified crops (GM)Genetically Modified crops (GM)• CloningCloning
Cross fertilisation issuesCross fertilisation issues Health and safetyHealth and safety EthicsEthics
Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming
Case StudyCase Study• Intensification of lowland farming in East Intensification of lowland farming in East
AngliaAnglia EutrophicationEutrophication Soil erosionSoil erosion Loss of biodiversityLoss of biodiversity Agri-economyAgri-economy
• Handouts R 2, 4, 5, 7Handouts R 2, 4, 5, 7• Video – 294, 953Video – 294, 953
R2
Geofile - LEDCsGeofile - LEDCs
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
MozambiqueTanzania Ethiopia Nepal Malawi Rwanda Niger India Kenya
GDP per capita ($) % employed in agriculture
Agriculture as share of GDP (%)
Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming
Current and future issuesCurrent and future issues• ConservationConservation• Environmental protectionEnvironmental protection
Defra Defra Agri-SchemesAgri-Schemes
• SubsidiesSubsidies• PolicyPolicy
http://www.defra.gov.uk/
Department for EnvironmentFood and Rural Affairs
England Rural Development Programme
http://www.defra.gov.uk/erdp/default.htm
Hectare conversionsHectare conversionsA unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters. A unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters. Equivalent to 2.471 acresEquivalent to 2.471 acres0.01 sq km (1 sq km = 100 ha)0.01 sq km (1 sq km = 100 ha)
Agri-schemesAgri-schemes
Environmentally Sensitive Areas Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA)(ESA)• 22 areas of England22 areas of England• Landscape, Wildlife, Historic interestLandscape, Wildlife, Historic interest• Farmers protect the area in return for Farmers protect the area in return for
payments (£5-£500/ha)payments (£5-£500/ha)• Conserve and enhance (e.g. hedges, Conserve and enhance (e.g. hedges,
ponds, buildings)ponds, buildings)
Agri-schemesAgri-schemes
ESAESA Countryside Stewardship SchemeCountryside Stewardship Scheme The Farm Woodland Premium SchemeThe Farm Woodland Premium Scheme Hill Farm AllowanceHill Farm Allowance The Organic Farming SchemeThe Organic Farming Scheme The Woodland Grant SchemeThe Woodland Grant Scheme Energy Crops SchemeEnergy Crops Scheme The Processing and Marketing GrantThe Processing and Marketing Grant The Rural Enterprise SchemeThe Rural Enterprise Scheme The Vocational Training SchemeThe Vocational Training Scheme
Agri-schemesAgri-schemes
Environmental Stewardship (ES)Environmental Stewardship (ES)
• Replaces ESA, Countryside Stewardship Replaces ESA, Countryside Stewardship and Organic Farming scheme in 2005and Organic Farming scheme in 2005
• BiodiversityBiodiversity• Enhance landscapeEnhance landscape• Protect historic environmentProtect historic environment• Natural resource protectionNatural resource protection• Promotion of public accessPromotion of public access• Genetic conservationGenetic conservation• Flood protectionFlood protection
Agricultural PolicyAgricultural Policy
AoA – Agreement on AgricultureAoA – Agreement on Agriculture CAP – Common Agricultural PolicyCAP – Common Agricultural Policy
• Treaty of Rome, 1957Treaty of Rome, 1957• Prevent food shortage and manage prices Prevent food shortage and manage prices
without overproductionwithout overproduction• Intervention priceIntervention price• Surpluses bought by Intervention board. Stored Surpluses bought by Intervention board. Stored
or dumped.or dumped.• Quotas (Milk, 1984)Quotas (Milk, 1984)• Tariffs and import leviesTariffs and import levies
Since CAPs inception, number of farmers dropped from 22m to 7mwithin the 6 founding CAP countries
Agricultural PolicyAgricultural Policy
CAPCAP• Large quantities promotes large farms Large quantities promotes large farms
and overproductionand overproduction• International markets can't compete International markets can't compete
(import levees and also surpluses (import levees and also surpluses dumped onto markets)dumped onto markets)
• Rural to urban migration Rural to urban migration • TNCs act as retailers, processors and TNCs act as retailers, processors and
distributorsdistributorsSubsidies (Food First): A transfer of money from the taxpayersto large corporate farmers
Agricultural PolicyAgricultural Policy
AoAAoA• Increase ,market access (e.g. phase out Increase ,market access (e.g. phase out
quotas)quotas)• TarificationTarification• Reduced domestic support for Reduced domestic support for
agricultureagriculture• Reduced export subsidiesReduced export subsidies• Agenda 2000 – Reduce intervention Agenda 2000 – Reduce intervention
pricesprices
Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming
Green RevolutionGreen Revolution• Transfer of agri-technology and Transfer of agri-technology and
techniques from MEDC to LEDCtechniques from MEDC to LEDC• E.g. “miracle” rice and wheatE.g. “miracle” rice and wheat• Increase crop yields, reduce famine and Increase crop yields, reduce famine and
develop agri-economydevelop agri-economy
• Sounds great………………?Sounds great………………?
Detrimental effects of the Green Revolution
• Associated agri-business pressures of pollution, low biodiversity and intensive techniques
• Requirement for expensive irrigation and fertiliser schemesIncreases debt and loses self-reliance
• Poor farmer cannot compete with large agri-business Loss of Subsistence Farming culture Increased rural tourban migration Agricultural heritage (and the future ofrural economy) disintegrates
Green revolutionGreen revolution
Muda Basin Scheme, MalaysiaMuda Basin Scheme, Malaysia• 1970s irrigation scheme (Muda dam)1970s irrigation scheme (Muda dam)• Trebled rice productionTrebled rice production• Plight of the poorPlight of the poor• Landholding situationLandholding situation• Self sufficiency?Self sufficiency?• New policiesNew policies
Fertiliser provision and paddy support priceFertiliser provision and paddy support price
• See handout and videoSee handout and video
India
Quiz
Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming
Gene RevolutionGene Revolution• Genetically Modified crops (GM)Genetically Modified crops (GM)
ForFor AgainstAgainst
• CloningCloning Cross fertilisation issuesCross fertilisation issues Health and safetyHealth and safety EthicsEthics
HandoutWhich?Online
GMOs
NutritionNutrition Resistance (disease and Resistance (disease and herbicides)herbicides) ToleranceTolerance Shelf lifeShelf life
Allergies ad ToxinsAllergies ad ToxinsNew diseases / strainsNew diseases / strainsCross pollinationCross pollinationReduce biodiversityReduce biodiversityCross contamination with non-GMCross contamination with non-GM
Dam ProjectsDam Projects
HandoutHandout• Large Dams; Benefits and ProblemsLarge Dams; Benefits and Problems
Read and highlightRead and highlight
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam
Three Gorges Dam, ChinaThree Gorges Dam, China• LocationLocation
Yichang, Hubei ProvinceYichang, Hubei Province
Dam ProjectsDam Projects
Three Gorges Dam, ChinaThree Gorges Dam, China• Yangtze River, ChinaYangtze River, China• 20 Yrs, £45 billion20 Yrs, £45 billion• 600km “channel” reservoir600km “channel” reservoir
For;• Control Flooding
• Life saving, property• 85 billion KW HEP / year
• 50m tonnes coal, cleaner• Economic development
• Navigation• 10,000 tonne ships• Trade and internal development
Against;• Cultural
• Sites and antiquities• Social
•Resettlement (1.5m?)•Compensation, unrest
• River dynamics• Silting in reservoir• Morphology and flow• Pollution
Web Resources
Quiz
Dam ProjectsDam Projects
Narmada Valley project, IndiaNarmada Valley project, India• Narmada river, largest westward flowing river Narmada river, largest westward flowing river
in India, 1300kmin India, 1300km• 20 million inhabitants20 million inhabitants• 3000 dams / 100 years3000 dams / 100 years
Narmadar Sagar DamNarmadar Sagar Dam Sardar Sarovar DamSardar Sarovar Dam
• Cost/benefitCost/benefit• PoliticsPolitics• Resettlement issues Resettlement issues
Narmada ValleyNarmada Valley
ExerciseExercise• In small groups, research the Narmada In small groups, research the Narmada
Valley schemeValley scheme• Prepare a short presentation for the Prepare a short presentation for the
groupgroup• Consider pros and cons, current issues Consider pros and cons, current issues
and any issues specific to this schemeand any issues specific to this scheme
Pros… Cons…
Satellite Images
Narmada SchemeNarmada Scheme
ReviewReview• Pros and ConsPros and Cons• Narmada specific issuesNarmada specific issues• The future?The future?
Narmada Video linkShort slide show
Rural FuturesRural Futures
MEDC v LEDC Rural environmentsMEDC v LEDC Rural environments Investment and developmentInvestment and development
• Top downTop down• Bottom upBottom up
SustainabilitySustainability Appropriate technologyAppropriate technology Rural economyRural economy
• Rural futuresRural futures
Rural FuturesRural Futures
ActivityActivity• Changing Environments pp 176 – 181Changing Environments pp 176 – 181
List NGOsList NGOs List Local SchemesList Local Schemes
• How do they work?How do they work?• Why do they work?Why do they work?
List Energy Production schemesList Energy Production schemes• Pros and cons?Pros and cons?
Small Scale Rural DevelopmentSmall Scale Rural Development
MEDC / LEDC cooperationMEDC / LEDC cooperation• Trade and AidTrade and Aid• LoansLoans• Top Down projectsTop Down projects• Bottom up projectsBottom up projects
SustainabilitySustainability• Local schemesLocal schemes• NGOsNGOs
Action AidIntermediate Tech Dev GrpOxfamCAFODSave the ChildrenUNHCRTraidcraftUNICEF
Rural FuturesRural Futures
Local SchemesLocal Schemes• MozambiqueMozambique – Co-operatives – Co-operatives
Training, skills, reinvestment, Training, skills, reinvestment, diversification, Cultural re-alignmentdiversification, Cultural re-alignment. . E.g farming, water schemes and potteryE.g farming, water schemes and pottery
• MozambiqueMozambique – Health centres – Health centres• BangladeshBangladesh – Drinking Water – Drinking Water
Forum for Drinking Water Supply. Wells and Forum for Drinking Water Supply. Wells and sanitationsanitation
• IndonesiaIndonesia – Water and sanitation – Water and sanitationUNICEF, basic materials and training. Women’s UNICEF, basic materials and training. Women’s involvementinvolvement
Rural FuturesRural Futures
Three projectsThree projects• Small scaleSmall scale• Rural developmentRural development
Agroforestry extension project, Highlands of Agroforestry extension project, Highlands of SW KenyaSW Kenya
Soil conservation in S KenyaSoil conservation in S Kenya Appropriate Technology in Andhra Pradesh, Appropriate Technology in Andhra Pradesh,
IndiaIndia
• Habitat for HumanityHabitat for Humanity
R10
Activity;How do these schemesimpact local people?
Rural FuturesRural Futures
Impacts of local schemes;Impacts of local schemes;• YieldYield• DietDiet• Legal tenureLegal tenure• HealthcareHealthcare• EducationEducation• EmpowermentEmpowerment• AccessAccess• WealthWealth• HousingHousing• WaterWater
Question 3a June 2004Rural change 1990 to 2000
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
BurkinoFaso Kenya India Thailand Mexico Peru
% c
han
ge
% change rural
% change rural poor
1 to 10 Quiz…1 to 10 Quiz…Introducing modern intensive farming Introducing modern intensive farming techniques to LEDCstechniques to LEDCs
Green revolutionGreen revolution
Immediate effects on farming of these Immediate effects on farming of these techniquestechniques
Increased YieldIncreased Yield
Long term effects on the rural Long term effects on the rural economy of these techniqueseconomy of these techniques
Smallholders outcompeted. Large Smallholders outcompeted. Large aggressive exporting farmsaggressive exporting farms
Push factors for rural LEDCsPush factors for rural LEDCs War, Famine, crop reliability, jobs, War, Famine, crop reliability, jobs, marriage, wealthmarriage, wealth
Type of technology required for Type of technology required for sustainable rural LEDC developmentsustainable rural LEDC development
Appropriate TechnologyAppropriate Technology
Providing for this generation without Providing for this generation without compromising the needs of future compromising the needs of future generation (Jim)generation (Jim)
SustainabilitySustainability
Primary indicators for Quality of LifePrimary indicators for Quality of Life Housing conditions, environmental Housing conditions, environmental quality, questionnaires, imageryquality, questionnaires, imagery
Secondary indicators for Quality of LifeSecondary indicators for Quality of Life Census, life expectancy, tenure, car Census, life expectancy, tenure, car ownership, economic activityownership, economic activity
LEDC urban environmental issues LEDC urban environmental issues resulting from industrialisationresulting from industrialisation
Brown AgendaBrown Agenda
Modern urban development appended Modern urban development appended to major urban areato major urban area
Edge CityEdge City
With reference to a named rural area, examine With reference to a named rural area, examine some of the innovative solutions developed to some of the innovative solutions developed to
ensure its survival.ensure its survival. LocationLocation
• Andhra Pradesh, SE IndiaAndhra Pradesh, SE India ProblemsProblems
• Rural poverty, natural Rural poverty, natural hazardshazards
SolutionsSolutions• NGO – Appropriate NGO – Appropriate
Reconstruction Training and Reconstruction Training and Informations Centre (ARTIC)Informations Centre (ARTIC)
• Appropriate technology, Appropriate technology, involve villagers, work involve villagers, work between government and between government and villagersvillagers
ARTICOxfamActionAid
Innovative Solutions;Thrift Groups500 Ha Trees500 families with legal titleRoads to 29 villagesElectricity to 15 villagesIncreased literacyEmpowering womenEducating childrenIrrigationMicro hydro schemesWater wellsDouble cropping