geography 202 section 502 course material is available on the web: pjhugill/ pjhugill/ if you have...
TRANSCRIPT
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Geography 202 section 502
• Course material is available on the web: http://geog.tamu.edu/~pjhugill/
• If you have problems with that go to geography.tamu.edu, to directory, to faculty, to Peter J. Hugill, and to Geography 202
• For all course policies, dates etc. see course outline (on the web)
• My office hours are TR 4-5 pm, Eller O&M 803C, or by appt.
• Please e-mail me only if its urgent. If its not from a Neo account I usually won’t read it!
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1. Diversity amid Globalization
World Regions; Demographics;
Cultures; Geopolitics; Economies
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Five Hegemonies in 500 years
• (1) Portugal-mid 1500s• (2) Holland-mid1600s• (3) Britain I-mid 1700s (ended 1776)
• (4) Britain II-mid 1800s (1815-83)
• (5) USA-mid 1900s (1945-73)• (6) USA II???
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Two Types of Diversity
• Diversity over Space--what geographers call “areal differentiation” or, why different world regions differ (culture & history).
• Diversity over Time--or, the past is not a perfect guide to the future (although we should not ignore it!) Much of the success of leaders such as FDR & Churchill came from knowing history--failure of Hitler and Lenin for thinking they could reinvent it.
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The Twelve World Regions (1:15)
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World Regions• What defines a region?
• Part physical, part human geography
• Physical regions at this scale largely defined by plate tectonics
• Some physical regions climatic, others based on vegetation--at sub-tectonic level
• Part economic, part cultural geography
• Part legal, part illegal trade
• Part political (internal), part geopolitical (external)
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World Trade Organization (1:10)
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World Trade Organization
• WTO Single most powerful NGO
• Nation-States increasingly have ceded power to supra-national political organizations (EU, NATO) & NGOs
• NGOs date to “new nationalism” of late 1800s, needed to manage resources across state boundaries (time zones came first!)
• World increasingly a mosaic of NGOs
• Reflects legal component of world-economy
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The Global Drug Trade (1:6)
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Global Illicit Trade/Terrorism• Reflects that component of world-economy operated
by non-state actors• Slavery, prostitution, drugs, pornography were legal
in past. Middle class nation-states made them increasingly illegal
• Terrorism is a response to the emergence of the nation-state
• Slavery, prostitution, drugs, pornography, & terrorism are downsides of globalization (but getting rid of globalization won’t make them go away since there is demand/support for them!)
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Defining the Region: the Metageography of World Regions
• Physical Characteristics
• Areally Compact
• Common Geological History
• Common Climate
• Common Vegetation
• Human Characteristics
• Common History
• Common Economic Activity
• Common Language
• Common Religion
• Common Political System
• Common Geopolitics
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World Population (1:22)
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World Population
• Two regions dominate world population map: China & India
• Global population currently 6 billion and rising fast
• Almost all rise is in less-developed world
• Traditional model of control through economic development
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Demographic Indicators (Table 1:1, 3rd edn.)
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Demographic Indicators (Table 1:1, 4th edn.)
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Demographic Indicators
• Main problem TFR (number of children per female)
• TFR controlled by # of fertile females & cultural habits of reproduction--these last vary VERY widely
• West’s habits are delayed marriage, strong female control over decision to reproduce
• TFR of 2 would maintain population as is in very long term
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Population Pyramids (1:25)
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Population Pyramids
• Classic “pyramid” that of Nigeria. High dependency ratio in 0-14 age categories, with high infant mortality
• Slow or no growth “pyramids” have different dependency ratio, 65 and up
• BUT, elderly provide indirect economic benefits (caring for grandchildren, as volunteers etc.)
• In developed countries people 65 and up still consume heavily, which drives economy, especially medical services.
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Demographic Transition (1:26)
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Demographic Transition• Main flaws are is that is modeled on western experience, assumes economic
development
• Overall, death rates fall first as various conditions improve. Birth rates fall later. Population moves from one phase of stability to another, but numbers increase greatly. Health care unimportant until Stage 4
• Stage 2 crudely depicted--really a two (or more) stage process
• 2 (A) reduction in deaths from better food supply, sometimes because of more productive agriculture, but ALWAYS because of better transportation--most famines highly localized crop failures
• 2 (B) reduction in deaths from better public health, in particular separating water supplies from human waste, thus preventing such killers as cholera
• Stage 3 birth rate reduces mostly because of education of women
• Stage 4 main increase in life expectancy from improvements in health care. Birth rate variations from war and social forces.
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Growth of World Cities (1:29)
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World Cities
• More than 50% world population now urban
• Historically cities only grew from rural-urban migration (cities had high death rates)
• Largest cities growing fastest, most from continued massive rural-urban migration, part from reproduction
• World’s fastest growing cities all in LDC’s
• Megalopolis (developed world) versus megacity (LDCs)
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The Main Measures of Culture
• Huntington (The Clash of Civilizations) suggests there are two main measures of culture
• Language
• Religion
• We can, of course, define others
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World Languages
• Most major world regions unlike our own. North America has only three “official” languages (one very minor), US only one
• Most major world regions polyglot. Have multiple “official” languages, spoken & written
• China relatively unusual in that, although polyglot, has single “official” written language
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World Religions (1:38)
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World Religions
• World much more religiously homogenous than linguistically
• Four major religions dominate planet: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam
• Of those only Christianity and Islam proselytize heavily, have been see-sawing for world dominance for past 600 years
• Currently Christianity ahead, growing most by conversion, Islam by reproduction.
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Nations without a State (1:42)
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Rise of the Nation-State
• Main organizing principle of world politics is territorially bounded nation-state (NS) (true NS should be ethnically homogenous--almost never is)
• NS very recent idea: idea of “natural boundaries” first propounded in French Revolution
• NS became powerful in late 1800s as old agrarian societies collapsed. NS was buffer against possessive individualism of laissez-faire capitalism
• Spread widely in “New Nationalism” of late 1800s
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Nations without States
• Ideal of NS became globally dominant only after WWII, fall of most of old global empires, and creation of UN
• Full dominance of NS came w/fall of last empire, the USSR• World is mosaic of nations, few of which politically control
states (i.e. a coherent territory). Many are “non-state actors” embedded (relatively) peacefully within nation-states. N. American examples are PQ, Indian groups with tribal territories, Mormons, Hispanics in US SW, Nation of Islam etc.
• Some non-state actors turn to violence to achieve political control of territory & establish a state (e.g. IRA, Chechens, Kurds etc. etc.)
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Reasons for War (casus belli)• Europe most war prone region of planet for last 2,000 years• Chinese “warring states” period ended 221 BC• Three reasons for war in Europe:• (1) To force one’s ideology on another (traditionally in Europe wars
of dynastic succession or religion)--Hundred Years War (1337-1453), Eighty Years War (1568-1648), Thirty Years War (1618-1648).
• (2) Possession of WMD (in current terms!)--Grotius’s doctrine of pre-emptive strike based on Drake’s Corunna Raid of 1587
• (3) Violation of territorial integrity of nation-state--only casus belli since 1648 because of immense destruction of civilian populations in Thirty Years War--at least 30% of population of Germany killed.
• From 1648 to c. 1916 western war was between professional armies• after c. 1916 war again on civilians in west (U-boats, air raids)
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The Colonial World 1914 (1:44)
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Colonial World• Between 1800 & 1914 Europe, Russia, & US expanded
from controlling 35% of earth’s surface to 84%• Less than 100 years ago, just before WWI, most of world
was a mosaic of nations embedded in 14 Empires, incl. that of US. Almost no modern style nation-states existed
• “New Nationalism” of late 1800s had huge impact• World of 1914 overthrown by two world wars and series of
revolutionary shifts (to communism in USSR, national socialism in Germany & Japan, democracy in US, social democracy in what has become EU)
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Table 1.2: Development Indicators of the Largest 10 Countries, 3rd edn.
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Table 1.2: Development Indicators of the Largest 10 Countries, 4th edn.
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World GNI per capita (1:47)
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GNI/PPP per capita
• Table 1:2 shows Gross National Income per capita as well as Purchasing Power Parity (GNI adjusted for what things cost in real terms)
• Omits EU, but EU only major world region close to US (Eurostat does not aggregate across EU 25, but EU overall has slightly larger share of world GNI than US)
• Note that China is highly unlikely to pose serious economic challenge to US for foreseeable future (30 years or so)
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Social Indicators (Table 1:3--folded into Table 1:2
in 4th edn.)
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Social indicators
• Main shift in West in last 50 years has been marked reduction in discrimination against females
• Female labor force participation should be high 40%
• Life expectancy for females should now exceed that for men by several years--if not is strong evidence of discrimination
• Illiteracy rates should be roughly similar for males and females