geographies of urban aboriginal people in canada: implications for urban self-government

8/13/2019 Geographies of Urban Aboriginal People in Canada: Implications for Urban Self-Government

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Mdlmrbpjgds lc Trobf Bolrgmgfba Xdlpad gfIbfbnb; Gepagibtglfs clr Trobf Ydac-Mlvdrfedft

Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

Ab irlgssbfid nd ab plpuabtglf butlijtlfd df egagdu urobgf dt ad rad geplrtbft qud ad pdupad butlijtlfd kludrb nbfs ad cutur nd pausgdurs vgaads ibfbngdffds summrdft quga dsttdeps qud ab qudstglf nd abutlflegd mluvdrfdedftbad rdtlurfd alrnrd nu klur nd ab

plagtgqud. Ads bpprlijds plur dftrdprdfnrd nds gfgtgbtgvds df ebtgrd nbutlflegd mluvdrfdedftbad nlgvdft tdfgr ileptd nu fleord dt nds ibrbit!rgstgquds nds butlijtlfds."d trbvbga d#palrd agepagibtglf nds ibrbit!rgstgquds nd ab plpuabtglf butlijtlfd sur ab

cb$lf nlft abutlflegd mluvdrfdedftbad butlijtlfd df egagdu urobgf dst struitur!d. %an!elftrd tlut nbolrn qud ad fleord nbutlijtlfds nd idrtbgfds vgaads ndvrbgt &trd succgsbft

plur pluvlgr slutdfgr df mrbfnd pbrtgd ad n!vdalppdedft nd adurs gfstgtutglfs' ebgs qud id sdrb odbuilup paus ngccgigad nbfs nbutrds r!mglfs urobgfds l( ab plpuabtglf butlijtlfd dstodbuilup paus pdtgtd. Ads dccdts qulft ads jbut tbu# nd elogagt! dt ad rdtlur nds !egmr!snbfs ads r!sdrvds dt nbfs ads r!mglfs rurbads sur ab stbogagt! dt sur abnegfgstrbtglf a!ijdaad bpprlprg!d slft dfsugtd ilfsgn!r!s. )gfbadedft' ads jbogtunds n!tboagssdedft nu

pdupad butlijtlfd nbfs ads vgaads bgfsg qud ads gepagibtglfs nds gfgtgbtgvds prgsds slgt nbfsnds r!mglfs pr!igsds slgt nbfs uf ilftd#td urobgf y slft ilfsgn!r!s.

GF^ !"TI^G!F

^jd sgt#btglf lc #robf Bolrgmgfba pdlpad gs mbgfgfm gfirdbsgfm d$pls#rd %rdilmfgtglf lc tjd geplrtbft rlad lc igtgds gf Ibfbnb&s dilfle' bfn sligdt'( Igtgdsbrd obi) lf tjd plagi' bmdfnb* bs dvgndfidn o' clredr prged egfgstdr +dbfIjr,tgdf&s clrebtglf lc tjd Ib#i#s ^bs) lrid lf Trobf Gss#ds gf .b' ?//82Ibfbnb* Ymrl ?//? ( 9dib#sd lc tjd rbpgn mrl%tj bfn ngstgfitgvd ijbrbitdrgstgilc #robf Bolrgmgfba pdlpad* tjdgr sgt#btglf gf igtgds basl gs #fndr ngsi#ssglf(


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*+ Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

spditrd lc mjdttl clrebtglf( ^jd Ibfbngbf Il#figa lf Yligba "dvdalpedft&sstbtgstgiba prlcgad lc plvdrt' advdas jbs ndsirgodn tjd ngsbnvbftbmd Bolrgmgfba pdlpad rdabtgvd tl ltjdr #robf rdsgndfts 23dd ?/// * bfn ltjdr %lr)jbs s#pplrtdn tjgs tjded 2"rlst 8==:7 Ibfbnb* XI! ?//?7 bfsdaebff ?//87

gijbrns ?//8b7 ?//8o7 Ibfbnb* Ymrl ?//? ( "dobtds lvdr mlvdrfedftrdsplfsgogagtgds clr Bolrgmgfba pdlpad lcc-rdsdrvd jbvd b vdr' alfm jgstlr'* btjd fdmbtgvd dccdits lc tjdsd ndobtds jbvd rdidgvdn gfirdbsgfm bttdftg29lstrle 8=017 bfsdaebff ?//87 ?//?o7 Xdtdrs ?//87 ddvds bfn rgndrds8=087 'bf 8=5: ( didft cdndrba stbtdedfts jbvd depjbsg4dn tjd fddn clrillrngfbtglf bfn ilaabolrbtglf odt%ddf ngccdrdft advdas lc mlvdrfedft2Ibfbnb* GFBI 8==57 ?//?7 Ibfbnb* XI! ?//?* 8?7 Ibfbnb* Ymrl ?//?* ?6 (3lfm-stbfngfm ilfidrfs bol#t Bolrgmgfba mjdttlds bfn tjdgr gepagibtglf clrigtgds bfn clr #robf Bolrgmgfba pdlpad brd odgfm rdpab'dn 2"rlst 8==

gijbrns ?//8o7 Ibfbnb* Ymrl ?//?* ?87 Ibfbnb* XI! ?//? * ilfidrfs %jgijbrd lctdf agf)dn tl tjd pjdfledflf lc gfirdbsgfm plvdrt' gf #robf brdbs bfngts spbtgba ilfidftrbtglf( ^%l fd% tjdeds jbvd basl oddf gndftgcgdn( ^jdbvbgabogagt' lc odttdr nbtb jbs baal%dn rdsdbrijdrs tl ndelfstrbtd jgmelogagt' rbtds gf tjd #robf Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf bfn tl j'pltjdsg4d bol#ttjdgr gepagibtglfs clr tjd ibpbigt' lc ilee#fgt' o#gangfm bfn prlmrbendagvdr' 2Ibfbnb* XI! ?//?*


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lf Bolrgmgfba Xdlpads 2 IBX ndsirgodn tjd ijbrbitdrgstgis lc #rgsngitgbssligbtdn %gtj sdac-mlvdrfedft clr tjlsd %gtjl#t b abfn obsd( Xbrtgigpbtglf%l#an od vla#ftbr' bfn %l#an bppa' lfa' tl edeodrs lc bf Bolrgmgfba mrl#p7tjd sl#rid lc tjd rgmjt tl sdac-mlvdrfedft %l#an od ndadmbtdn7 admgsabtgvd pl%%l#an od agegtdn tl o'ab% eb)gfm* plagi' eb)gfm* bfn bnegfgstrbtglf7 bfn brdblc #rgsngitglf %l#an od rdabtgvda' igri#esirgodn 2Xdtdrs 8===* 180 (

.' ebgf lo ditgvd jdrd gs flt tl cli#s lf %jdtjdr lr flt idrtbgf gfgtgbtgvdsrdprdsdft Otr#d sdac-mlvdrfedft( .' p#rplsd gfstdbn gs tl d$palrd tjd gepag-ibtglfs lc tjd plp#abtglf ijbrbitdrgstgis lc Bolrgmgfba pdlpad %gtj rdspdit tl tjd%b's gf %jgij #robf Bolrgmgfba sdac-mlvdrfedft gs str#it#rdn( Gf tjd fd$t sditglfG s#eebrg4d sled lc tjd ebgf ngedfsglfs lc prlplsdn bpprlbijds tl sdac-mlvdrfedft bfn tjd %b's gf %jgij tjd' jbvd oddf %lr)dn l#t gf ilftdeplrbr'fdmltgbtglfs( ^jdf G t#rf tl tjd sg4d* ijbrbitdrgstgis* bfn elogagt' lc Bolrgmgfb pdlpad bfn d$palrd %jbt tjgs edbfs clr ngccdrdft bpprlbijds tl sdac-mlvdrfedftclr #robf Bolrgmgfba pdlpad( gfbaa'* G d$begfd tjd sdttadedft pbttdrfs lc Borgmgfba pdlpad %gtjgf igtgds bfn nrb% l#t tjdgr gepagibtglfs( Xlp#abijbrbitdrgstgis bfn ngstrgo#tglf nl flt strgita' ndtdregfd lpplrt#fgtgds clr sdac-mlvdrfedft* o#t tjd' nl irdbtd sled lpplrt#fgtgds bfn geplsd sled agegts(

BXX !BI >Y ^! Y>3 -M!N> F.>F^ ! T 9BFB9! GMGFB3 X>!X3>

.bf' brm#edfts jbvd oddf bnvbfidn gf s#pplrt lc Bolrgmgfba sdac-mlvdrfedftgf Ibfbnb( Bolrgmgfba pdlpad jbvd brm#dn tjbt tjd' jbvd bf gfjdrdft rgmjt tl sdac-mlvdrfedft* bfn IBX s#mmdstdn tjbt sditglf 6:28 lc tjd"lfstgtutglf ,it'- /8' %jgij rdilmfg4ds bfn bccgres d$gstgfm Bolrgmgfba bfn trdbt' rgmjtgfia#nds bf gfjdrdft rgmjt lc sdac-mlvdrfedft 2Ibfbnb* IBX 8==6* vg ( Gbnngtglf tl rgmjts-obsdn bfn admba #stgcgibtglfs clr Bolrgmgfba sdac-mlvdrftjdrd brd strlfm sligba plagi' rdbslfs tl s#pplrt gt( Gfirdbsgfm Bolrgmgfba ilftrlalvdr gfstgt#tglfs tjbt bccdit tjdgr agvds rdprdsdfts bf geplrtbft ordb) crleilalfgba jgstlr' 2Bregtbmd 8=== ( .bf' #robf Bolrgmgfba pdlpad %gsj tl rdidgvd prlmrbes bfn sdrvgids crle cdaal% Bolrgmgfba pdlpad 2 bfsdaebff ?//?b* 3 -M!N> FGFM T 9BF B9! GMGFB3 GFY^G^T^G!FY

ddvds&s 28=0< bfba'sgs gs prloboa' tjd dbragdst bttdept tl ilfidpt#bag4d sdmlvdrfedft tjrl#mj gfstgt#tglfba ndvdalpedft clr #robf Bolrgmgfba pdlpad( d prlplsdn tjd ilfstgt#tglfba dftrdfijedft lc b rgmjt tl clre Fbtgvd sligd tgdstjbt %l#an od elndaadn lf lrmbfg4btglfs gf prlcdssglfs s#ij bs ab% bfnedngigfd* rdprdsdftgfm tjd gftdrdsts lc gfngvgn#ba Bolrgmgfba pdlpad gf ndbagfms %gtj gfstgt#tglfs gf tjd abrmdr Ibfbngbf sligdt'( ddvds&s s#mmdsjbvd flt oddf tb)df #p gf s#osdJ#dft %lr) lf sdac-mlvdrfgfm #robf Bolrgmgfbagfstgt#tglfs( Gfstdbn* bttdftglf jbs oddf cli#sdn lf tjd Oilee#fgt' lc gftdrdstbpprlbij* b tdre s#mmdstdn o' "#ff 28=0< %rgtgfm clr tjd Fbtgvd Il#figa lcIbfbnb(1 "#ff s#mmdstdn tjbt gf #robf brdbs* gfgtgbtgvds gf sdac-mlvdrfedsjl#an od obsdn lf i#at#rd rbtjdr tjbf tdrrgtlr'( Brdbs lc #rgsngitglf il#an odmgf %gtj dn#ibtglf* jdbatj sdrvgids* bfn trbgfgfm prlmrbes* s#pplrtdn admgsabtglf* ndadmbtglf* lr ilftrbit#ba brrbfmdedfts( "#ff gndftgcgdn cgfbfibfn dagmgogagt' irgtdrgb bs eb lr ijbaadfmds tl od %lr)dn l#t( Hdgfstdg28=0< bfba'sgs ilepadedftdn "#ff&s %lr)* s#mmdstgfm tjbt gf #robf brdblpplrt#fgtgds clr sdac-mlvdrfedft clr Bolrgmgfba pdlpad il#an gfvlavdBolrgmgfba ilftrla lvdr tjd ndsgmf bfn ndagvdr' lc prlmrbes bfn sdrvgids(:Hdgfstdgf d$palrdn t%l elndas; bf gfstgt#tglfba elnda %gtj spdigbag4dnb#tlflel#s gfstgt#tglfs bfn bmdfigds gf ngccdrdft brdbs lc sdrvgid ndagvdr'7 bfb plagtgiba elnda* %jgij gfvlavdn idftrba plagi'-eb)gfm olngds bnegfgstdrgfmsdrvgid-ndagvdr' gfstgt#tglfs bs pbrt lc b abrmdr lo ditgvd lc prleltgfm tjmdfdrba bspgrbtglfs lc Bolrgmgfba pdlpad(


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pdlpad( Gt ndcgfdn Oilee#fgt' lc gftdrdst bs b Oilaaditgvgt' tjbt dedrmds gf b#robf sdttgfm* gfia#nds pdlpad lc ngvdrsd Bolrgmgfba lrgmgfs* bfn @irdbtdstjrl#mj vla#ftbr' bssligbtglf 2Ibfbnb* IBX 8==nelftlf gf ?//?( ^jd mrl#ps agstdn jdrd %drdijlsdf lf tjd obsgs lc cl#r irgtdrgb; 28 tjd' prlvgndn sdrvgids ebgfa' tl #robfrdsgndfts7 2? tjd' %drd abrmda' sdpbrbtd dftgtgds gf tdres lc ndigsglf-eb)gbfn sdrvgid ndagvdr'7 26 tjd' %drd l%fdn lr ilftrlaadn o' Bolrgmgfba pdlpadbfn 21 tjd' %drd flf-prlcgt lrmbfg4btglfs( Iadbra'* tjd f#eodr lc lrmbfg4btglfsbfn tjd f#eodr lc plagi' sditlrs tjd' bnnrdss %bs mrdbtdr gf Hgffgpdm tjbf gf>nelftlf( Gf oltj igtgds* tjd f#eodr bfn ilvdrbmd lc gfstgt#tglfs jbs mrl%fs#ostbftgbaa' sgfid Iabt%lrtj'* #aa* bfn 3l#mjrbf 28==1 s#rvd'dn #robfBolrgmgfba lrmbfg4btglfs gf tjdsd t%l igtgds gf 8==6(

9dsgnds tjd gfirdbsgfm f#eodr lc #robf Bolrgmgfba sdrvgid lrmbfg4btglfsbfltjdr geplrtbft ndvdalpedft gs tjd dedrmdfid gf sled igtgds lc #eordaablrmbfg4btglfs tl illrngfbtd sdrvgids bfn spdbrjdbn geplrtbft gfgtgbtgvds( lrd$bepad* tjd Bolrgmgfba Il#figa lc Hgffgpdm 2BIH gs b plagtgiba lrmbfg4tglf ndngibtdn tl geprlvgfm tjd agcd lc baa Bolrgmgfba pdlpad gf tjd igtY >epal'edft trbgfgfm 8=06Igriad lc 3gcd j#fndrogrn l#sd dagmgl#sAi#at#rba ?///Gfngbf bega' Idftrd Gfi( dagmgl#sAsligba sdrvgid 8=56Gfngbf .,tgs rgdfnsjgp Idftrd I#at#rbaAsligba sdrvgid 8=:=Cbfbtb l#sgfm l#sgfm 8=0?Cbtdrg d)b)%gtjb Xbrgsj Bolrgmgfba ij#rij 8=50Cgfd% l#sgfm l#sgfm 8=5/3lrn Yda)gr) Hledf&s Mrl#p l#tj sdrvgids 8==5.b .b%g Ijg Gtbtg Idftrd Ijgan bfn cbega' sdrvgids 8=01.bfgtlob Bssligbtglf clr Fbtgvd 3bfm#bmds Fbtgvd abfm#bmds 8=0:.,tgs dsl#rid Idftrd I#at#rba 8==:.. D Hgffgpdm dmglf Fbtgvd Iabf Gfebtds 8=5/

Fbtgvd Tfgtdn Ij#rij dagmgl#s ?/// Fbtgvd Hledf&s ^rbfsgtglf Idftrd Hledf&s rdsl#rids 8=5= Fdd-"b%f-Bj-Cbg "b' Ibrd Idftrd Ijgan ibrd 8=0< Fngfb%debbmbfbm >fnbb%bbn l#tj sjdatdr 8==6 Fddmgfbf "dvdalpedft Ilrplrbtglf Ilee#fgt' ndvdalpedft 8==0!rgmgfba Hledf&s Fdt%lr) Hledf&s rdsl#rids!%gtgsll)bbmddng l#tj !rmbfg4btglf Bolrgmgfba 'l#tj ?///Xb'#) Gftdr-^rgoba l#sgfm Il-lp l#sgfm 8=0:

^#rtad Gsabfn Ilee#fgt' dsl#rid Idftrd Ilee#fgt' ndvdalpedft 8==?Hbjo#fm Bogfllf ggbJ bega' vgladfid 8==:


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^boad ?; Ydac-Mlvdrfgfm Bolrgmgfba Gfstgtutglfs gf Dnelftlf, ?88?

=dbr :rmbfg7btglf Xrgebry clius dstboagsjdn

Bolrgmgfba Ilfs#atgfm Ydrvgids Gfngvgn#ba bfn cbega' 8==?sdrvgids

Bolrgmgfba Il#fsdaagfm bfn >epal'edft >epal'edft ?///Ydrvgids

Bolrgmgfba Xbrtfdrs bfn l#tj Yligdt' l#tj sdrvgids 8===2.ltjdr 9dbr

Bolrgmgfba l#tj bfn bega' Hdaaodgfm bega' sdrvgids 8==.!M BX GI I B BI^> GY^GIY ! T 9BF B9! GMGFB3 X!XT3B^G!FY


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vbrgdt' lc sdrvgids e#st basl od ilfsgndrdn( ^jd idfs#s nlds flt prlvgnd vdr'mlln edbs#rds lc ibpbigt'* o#t tboad 1 ilepbrds Bolrgmgfba bfn flf-Bolrgmg-fba plp#abtglfs gf tdres lc bmd* dn#ibtglf* cbega' stbt#s bfn depal'edft( ^jd#robf Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf gs 'l#fmdr tjbf tjd flf-Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf*bfn cd%dr gfngvgn#bas jbvd jgmj advdas lc dn#ibtglf( .lrd Bolrgmgfba bn#brd sgfmad pbrdfts bfn tj#s brd o#rndfdn %gtj jgmj advdas lc cbegrdsplfsgogagtgds( .lrd #robf Bolrgmgfba tjbf flf-Bolrgmgfba pdlpad brd #f-depal'dn( Tfdepal'edft rbtds brd prloboa' pbrta' rdabtdn tl d$pdrgdfid bfntrbgfgfm* bfn tjgs eb' bccdit tjd ibpbigt' clr lrmbfg4btglfba ndvdalpedft(^jdsd agegtdn edbs#rds s#mmdst tjbt ibpbigt' o#gangfm %gaa fddn tl od b ebileplfdft lc bf' elvdedft tl%brns Bolrgmgfba sdac-mlvdrfedft(

^boad &; %'brb(tdrgstg(s )dabtdn tl %bpb(gt*; Bolrgmgfba-Gndftgt* !lpuabtglfs gfBaa +robf Brdbs, 2

,olrgmgfba5gndftgty plpuabtglf

9lf5,olrgmgfba plpuabtglf

3dss tjbf 81 'dbrs lan 66 ?/Hgtjl#t mrbnd 8?8 10 66Hgtj #fgvdrsgt' ndmrdd < 853lfd pbrdfts 8/ 1Tfdepal'dn ?? 8/

;lurid0 Ygmmfdr ?//88Xrlplrtglf lc tjd plp#abtglf cgctddf bfn landr* flt gf sijlla

Gt gs basl geplrtbft tl rdedeodr tjbt tjdrd brd ilfsgndrboad vbrgbtglfs gftjd sligl-dilflegi ijbrbitdrgstgis lc Bolrgmgfba-gndftgt' plp#abtglfs gf ngc-cdrdft igtgds 2tboad : ( ^jd dadvdf igtgds ndsirgodn jdrd cbaa gftl tjrdd ebmrl#ps( ^j#fndr 9b'* Hgffgpdm* dmgfb* bfn Ybs)btllf jbvd tjd 'l#fmdstBolrgmgfba plp#abtglfs %gtj b mrdbtdr prlplrtglf lc sgfmad pbrdfts bfn gfnvgn#bas %gtjl#t mrbnd 8? dn#ibtglf( Tfdepal'edft bfn plvdrt' rbtds brdvdr' jgmj 2batjl#mj ^j#fndr 9b' jbs b al%dr plvdrt' rbtd * bfn tjdrd brdrdabtgvda' cd% gfngvgn#bas %jl dbrfdn b mlln gfiled lc L1/*/// gf 8==:(Ibambr'* >nelftlf* bfn Nbfil#vdr plp#abtglfs cbaa fd$t lf tjgs ilftgf##e(Gf bagcb$* .lftrdba* !ttb%b- #aa* bfn ^lrlftl* tjdrd brd stgaa ngccdrdfi odt%ddf Bolrgmgfba bfn flf-Bolrgmgfba pdlpad* o#t tjd mbp gs e#ij sebaatjbf clr tjd ltjdr igtgds( ^jd gepagibtglf gs tjbt tjd ibpbigt' clr tjd

2dlmrbpjgds lc ?robf ,olrgmgfba Xdlpad gf "bfbnb 4-


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48 Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

D b r f g f m

A

d

s

;

g

f

m

a

;

d

#

r

nelftlf * .,tgs plp#abtglfs ileprgsd bol#t jbac lc tjd Bolrgmgfba-gndftgt' plp#abtglf( Gf bagcb$* %jgij jbs tjd al%dst prlplrtglf lc .,tgs* tjd' stgaardprdsdft lvdr lfd cgctj lc tjd Bolrgmgfba-gndftgt' plp#abtglf( Ydac-mlvdrfedflrmbfg4dn o' grst Fbtglfs bfn .,tgs bmmrdmbtds %l#an edbf tjbt gf elst abrmdigtgds tjdrd %l#an od n#pagibtd lrmbfg4btglfs* dbij sdrvgfm b prlplrtglf lc tj#robf Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf( l%dvdr* tjdrd brd basl ngccdrdfids gf biid%gtjgf tjdsd mrl#ps* crbmedftgfm #robf plp#abtglfs dvdf c#rtjdr(

^jd str#it#rd lc grst Fbtglfs plagtgiba lrmbfg4btglfs gs s#ij tjbt tjd' brdilftrlaadn o' ijgdcs daditdn o' obfn edeodrs( Xrglr tl tjd"lrogrd ndigsglf*lfa' obfn edeodrs agvgfm lf-rdsdrvd il#an dadit tjd obfn ijgdc bfn il#figa( Fl%* obfn edeodrs agvgfm lcc-rdsdrvd ibf basl vltd gf obfn daditglfs( l%dvdr*gt gs flt iadbr tjbt baa obfn edeodrs agvgfm lcc-rdsdrvd jbvd #p-tl-nbtgfclrebtglf lf obfn daditglfs( Yled obfn edeodrs agvd gf #robf brdbs prdigsda' odib#sd lc tjdgr ngccgi#at' %gtj obfn plagtgis(

.lrd geplrtbfta'* b abrmd f#eodr lc gfngvgn#bas %jl gndftgc' bs grst Fb-tglfs pdlpad nl flt jbvd obfn edeodrsjgp( 9bfn edeodrsjgp gs b prdrdJ#gsgtdclr pbrtgigpbtgfm gf obfn daditglfs bfn clr agvgfm lf b rdsdrvd( X#oagsjdn nbt?//8 obfn edeodrsjgp rbtds brd flt 'dt bvbgaboad crle tjd elst rdidftBolrgmgfba Xdlpads Y#rvd'( l%dvdr* gf 8==8* b s#ostbftgba f#eodr lc #rordsgndfts %jl gndftgcgdn bs Flrtj Bedrgibf Gfngbfs 2tjd tdregflalm' #sdn clr

grst Fbtglfs pdlpad gf tjd idfs#s ngn flt jbvd obfn edeodrsjgp( ^jd prlplrtglf lc tjd Flrtj Bedrgibf Gfngbf gndftgt' plp#abtglf gf 8==8 %gtjl#t obfnedeodrsjgp vbrgdn crle b jgmj lc :5(1 pdridft gf ^lrlftl tl b al% lc


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4* Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

^boad ; %uaturba bfn dmba %leplsgtglf lc t'd Bolrgmgfba-Gndftgt*!lpuabtglf gf %dfsus $dtrlplagtbf Brdbs

Xdridft oy Xdridft lc 9lrtj ,edrgibf %fngbfs ,olrgmgfba mrlup' 8++- flt rdmgstdrdn lr obfn edeodr' - -

9lrtj ,edrgibf

%fngbf N!tgs dmgstdrdn 8 Cbfn

edeodr ?

bagcb$ 5?(< ??(5 ?0(6 6?(=.lftrdba nelftlf 15(/ :8(0 81(6 8=(3 -M!N> F.>F^

Ydttadedft pbttdrfs lc #robf Bolrgmgfba pdlpad jbvd oddf lc ilfidrf tl mlv-drfedfts* sligba bmdfigds* bfn bibndegi rdsdbrijdrs sgfid tjd f#eodr lcBolrgmgfba pdlpad gf igtgds odmbf tl gfirdbsd gf tjd 8=:/s( Fdvdrtjdadss* tjd pbttdrfs& gepagibtglfs clr #robf sdac-mlvdrfedft jbvd flt oddf d$palrdn* ndspgttjd cbit tjbt tjd alibtglf lc gfstgt#tglfs bfn spbtgba tbrmdtgfm lc prlmrbes brdgeplrtbft ileplfdfts lc sdac-mlvdrfedft brrbfmdedfts( ^jd claal%gfm pbrbmrbpjs s#eebrg4d d$gstgfm gftdrprdtbtglfs lc #robf Bolrgmgfba alibtglfndsirgod i#rrdft sdttadedft pbttdrfs* bfn s#mmdst sled gepagibtglfs clr sdacmlvdrfedft(

Hjgad ebtdrgba crle tjd egn-t%dftgdtj idft#r' lf ndelfstrbtds tjbt eg-mrbtglf tl igtgds irdbtds ijbaadfmds clr Bolrgmgfba pdlpad* tjdrd jbs basl odilfidrf bol#t tjd stbtd lc igtgds Djl% tl ebgftbgf prlpdrt' vba#ds* )ddpnl%f %dacbrd rlaas* bfn prdvdft gffdr-igt' ndib' 2Xdtdrs 8==


23/39

^jdrd jbs oddf vdr' agttad %lr) lf #robf Bolrgmgfba sdttadedft pbttdrfs*%jgij gs #fclrt#fbtd* sgfid st#ngds lc tjgs fbt#rd il#an eb)d bf geplrtbftilftrgo#tglf( l%dvdr* gt gs basl geplrtbft tl odbr gf egfn tjbt ilrrdabtglfs nlflt fdidssbrga' dftbga ib#sbtglf* bfn %gtj rdspdit tl "rlst&s bfn gijbrns&s%lr) gt gs geplrtbft tl bs) %jdtjdr rdsgndftgba pbttdrfs brd rds#ats rbtjdr tjbfib#sds lc plvdrt'(8= .lrdlvdr* rdcdrdfids tl mjdttlds #s#baa' depal' tjdTfgtdn Ytbtds d$pdrgdfid tl nrb% plagi' gepagibtglfs clr Ibfbngbf igtgds( Gf tjdTfgtdn Ytbtds* dilflegds agf)dn tl %dacbrd ndpdfndfi' bfn gaagigt bitgvgtgdedrmd gf brdbs tjbt jbvd d$trdeda' jgmj advdas lc sdmrdmbtglf* ebfilftgm#l#s idfs#s trbits lc ilfidftrbtdn plvdrt'* bfn b str#it#rd lc #robftb$btglf bfn sdrvgid ndagvdr' tjbt edbfs tjbt rdsl#rids clr gffdr-igt' dn#ibtglfbfn ilee#fgt' ndvdalpedft brd sibrid( B sgt#btglf sgegabr tl T(Y( gffdr igtgdssgepa' nlds flt d$gst gf Ibfbnb 2 lfm 8==nelftlf* %gtj tjd sdilfn-abrmdst #robfBolrgmgfba-gndftgt' plp#abtglf* jbn lfd idfs#s trbit %jdrd Bolrgmgfba pdlpaebnd #p odt%ddf 1/ bfn 1= pdridft lc tjd plp#abtglf* bfn lfd %jdrd tjd'ebnd #p sagmjta' lvdr lfd-tjgrn lc tjd plp#abtglf 2cgm#rd ? ( dmgfb jbn t%idfs#s trbits bfn Ybs)btllf jbn cl#r idfs#s trbits %jdrd Bolrgmgfba pdlpadrdprdsdftdn odt%ddf 6/ bfn 6= pdridft lc tjd plp#abtglf* Ibambr' jbn lfdidfs#s trbit %jdrd tjd' ileprgsdn odt%ddf 1/ bfn 1= pdridft lc tjd plp#ab-tglf* bfn gf ltjdr abrmd igtgds* tjd prlplrtglfs %drd dvdf al%dr 2Xdtdrs ?//6.b$ge dt ba(&s 2?/// bfba'sgs lc 8==< nbtb clr stbt#s Gfngbfs?8 clr cl#rtddfidfs#s edtrlplagtbf brdbs 2I.Bs sjl%dn tjbt %jgad stbt#s Gfngbfs %drdelrd ag)da' tl od alibtdn gf idftrba brdbs gf sled igtgds* tjgs %bs flt tjd lfa'lr dvdf tjd ebgf sdttadedft pbttdrf(

Ijbfmd gf tjd alibtglf lc #robf Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglfs basl rbgsds J#dstglfsbol#t tjd mjdttlg4btglf elnda( Gt gs ngccgi#at tl lotbgf ilepbrboad nbtb lvdr bfd$tdfndn pdrgln* o#t #sgfm bf gftdridfsba iljlrt s#rvgvba edtjln* Cdrr* Ygmmfbfn 9l#rndb' 28==< cl#fn tjbt* %gtj tjd d$idptglf lc tjd flf-stbt#s Gfngbf



24/39

38 Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

9gmurd 2; !rlplrtglf lc t'd !lpuabtglf gf Db(' %dfsus ^rb(t ^'bt Gs Bolrgmgfba,%gt* lc ]gffgpdm, ?882

4 8 4 @ g a l e d t d r s;lurids0 Ytbtgstgis Ibfbnb ?//87 Ytbtgstgis Ibfbnb ngmgtba ibrtlmrbpjgi cgads

2 2

Bolrg mgfba Gndftgty, %

8

8.2 - 7.7 28.8

-27.7 ?8.8 -

?7.7 98.8 -

97.7 >8.8 -

>7.7 48.8

bfn elrd Fl

nbtb


25/39

9gmurd ?; !rlplrtglf lc t'd !lpuabtglf gf Db(' %dfsus ^rb(t ^'bt Gs Bolrgmgfba,%gt* lc Dnelftlf, ?882

4 8 4 @ g a l e d t d r s

2dlmrbpjgds lc ?robf ,olrgmgfba Xdlpad gf "bfbnb 3>

2 2


8

8.2 - 7.7 28.8

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;lurids0 Ytbtgstgis Ibfbnb ?//87 Ytbtgstgis Ibfbnb ngmgtba ibrtlmrbpjgi cgads


26/39

3* Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

sgegabr tl s#pplrt b ilepbrgslf lc sled ijbrbitdrgstgis( dilmfg4gfm tjd prlo-ade lc ilepbrbogagt' %gtj flf-stbt#s Gfngbfs* %d fdvdrtjdadss s#mmdst tjbt tjd8=08 Bolrgmgfba-bfidstr' J#dstglf bfn tjd ?//8 Bolrgmgfba-gndftgt' J#dstglfmgvd b rl#mj bpprl$gebtglf lc pdlpad %jl gndftgc' bs Bolrgmgfba( Tsgfm tjdsedbs#rds* cgm#rds 6D< sjl% tjd prlplrtglf lc tjd Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf lcHgffgpdm bfn >nelftlf tjbt agvdn gf dbij idfs#s trbit gf 8=08 bfn ?//8(^jdsd ebps bttdept tl bssdss tjd ndmrdd tl %jgij tjd mrl%gfm Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf lc tjdsd igtgds gs rdstrgitdn tl b cd% idfs#s trbits lr sprdbns lvdr babrmd f#eodr lc idfs#s trbits( ^jd ebps gfngibtd tjbt* lvdr tged* Bolrgmgfba pdlpad brd cl#fn gf fd% brdbs D tjd Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf gs sprdbngfm l

lr d$bepad* gf Hgffgpdm gf 8=08* t%l idftrba idfs#s trbits ilftbgfdn od-t%ddf 1(/ bfn 1(= pdridft lc tjd tltba Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf( Gf ?//8 flidfs#s trbits ilftbgfdn tjbt jgmj b prlplrtglf lc tjd Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf( Gf>nelftlf* odt%ddf 8=08 bfn ?//8* sled lc tjdgr #robf crgfmd brdbs jbn bfgfirdbsd gf tjd prlplrtglf lc tjd Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf* o#t tjgs bppdbrs tl odn#d ebgfa' tl ijbfmds gf idfs#s trbit ol#fnbrgds gf rdabtglf tl rdsdrvds( Flidfs#s trbits gf tjd igt' lc >nelftlf gtsdac gfirdbsdn gf tdres lc tjd prlplr-tglf lc tjd Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf tjd' ilftbgfdn(

^jd n'fbegis lc tjdsd pbttdrfs brd flt iadbr( Yl cbr* fl rdsdbrij jbs bt-tdeptdn tl d$palrd %jdtjdr tjdsd pbttdrfs brd b rds#at lc sligl-dilflegielogagt' 2dgtjdr lc pdlpad %gtjgf tjd sbed igt' lr lc pdlpad elvgfm gftl tjdigt' crle ltjdr alibtglfs * lc dtjfgi elogagt'* lc mdftrgcgibtglf lr lc fdgmjol#rjlln ndiagfd( l%dvdr* gt gs iadbr crle tjdsd cgm#rds tjbt Bolrgmgfb pdlpad brd gfirdbsgfma' cl#fn gf b %gnd vbrgdt' lc alibtglfs gf tjd igt'* rbtjdrtjbf rdsgngfm lfa' gf gffdr-igt' fdgmjol#rjllns(

Hgtj rdspdit tl #robf sdac-mlvdrfedft gfgtgbtgvds* tjd J#dstglfs tjbt dedrmdcrle sdttadedft pbttdrfs brd ilffditdn %gtj ijlgids odt%ddf prlmrbes bfngfstgt#tglfs tjbt brd ilfidftrbtdn gf lr spbtgbaa' tbrmdtdn tl%brns pbrtgi#abfdgmjol#rjllns* bfn gfgtgbtgvds tjbt jbvd b %gndr #robf cli#s( Cd' gfclrebftsgf bfsdaebff&s rdsdbrij 2?//?b* : gndftgcgdn sdvdrba prgfigpads %gtj rdsptl sdrvgid alibtglfs( !f tjd lfd jbfn* tjd gftdrvgd%s depjbsg4dn tjbt odib#sdlc tjd plvdrt' lc ebf' Bolrgmgfba pdlpad* sdrvgids sjl#an od alibtdn ialsd tl%jdrd tjd' agvdn( O!fd-stlp sjlppgfm %bs b ialsda' rdabtdn tjded* ibaagfm cltjd il-alibtglf lc sdrvgids bfn mlvdrfedft ndpbrtedfts gf lrndr tl eddte#atgpad iagdft fddns( !f tjd ltjdr jbfn* sled gftdrvgd%dds jdan tjbte#atgpad-sdrvgid alibtglfs %drd fddndn odib#sd lc tjd ngspdrsglf lc #robfBolrgmgfba plp#abtglfs( Hjgad tjdsd gftdrvgd%s ilfidftrbtdn lf sdrvgid prl-vgsglf* sgegabr ilfsgndrbtglfs brd rdadvbft clr tjd dstboagsjedft lc gfstgt#tglflc sdac-mlvdrfedft(

^jdrd brd sdvdrba bnvbftbmds bssligbtdn %gtj spbtgbaa' tbrmdtdn gfgtgbtgv#robf sdac-mlvdrfedft( Fdgmjol#rjlln gfstgt#tglfs eb' od elrd rdsplfsgvd tl


27/39

9gmurd ; !rlplrtglf lc t'd ^ltba Bolrgmgfba !lpuabtglf lc t'd %$B gf Db('%dfsus ^rb(t, %gt* lc ]gffgpdm, 2 42

2dlmrbpjgds lc ?robf ,olrgmgfba Xdlpad gf "bfbnb 34

ltba t!fg" 8#tgfs, %

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28/39

33 Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

9gmurd &; !rlplrtglf lc t'd ^ltba Bolrgmgfba !lpuabtglf lc t'd %$B gf Db('%dfsus ^rb(t, %gt* lc ]gffgpdm, ?882

4 8 4 @ g a l e d t d r s;lurids0 Ytbtgstgis Ibfbnb ?//87 Ytbtgstgis Ibfbnb ngmgtba ibrtlmrbpjgi cgads

F


8

8.2 - 8.7

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nbtb


29/39

9gmurd .; !rlplrtglf lc t'd ^ltba Bolrgmgfba !lpuabtglf lc t'd %$B gf Db('%dfsus ^rb(t, %gt* lc Dnelftlf, 2 42

ltba t!fg" rg mgfs, %

8

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2dlmrbpjgds lc ?robf ,olrgmgfba Xdlpad gf "bfbnb 31

2 2



30/39

3/ Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

9gmurd ; !rlplrtglf lc t'd ^ltba Bolrgmgfba !lpuabtglf lc t'd %$B gf Db('%dfsus ^rb(t, %gt* lc Dnelftlf, ?882

4 8 4 @ g a l e d t d r s


8

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2 2



31/39

gf tjdsd gfstgt#tglfs* bfn jdap irdbtd b cddagfm lc ilaaditgvd odalfmgfm( ^jdsdgeplrtbft dadedfts gf tjd ilftd$t lc tjd fddn clr ilee#fgt' o#gangfm gf #robfbrdbs tjbt %bs gndftgcgdn o' IBX 2Ibfbnb* IBX 8==


32/39

1+ Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

n#pagibtglf* bfn gt adbvds l#t b sgmfgcgibft bfn mrl%gfm #robf Bolrgmgfba abtglf tjbt gs flt bccgagbtdn %gtj d$gstgfm grst Fbtglfs lr .,tgs plagtglrmbfg4btglfs( Bt tjd sbed tged* sled igtgds jbvd b alfm jgstlr' lc #robf Bol-rgmgfba gfstgt#tglfs tjbt sdrvd baa #robf Bolrgmgfba pdlpad %gtjl#t rdcdrdfitjdgr admba stbt#s lr plagtgiba bccgagbtglf( ^jdsd cbitlrs s#mmdst tjbt mlvdrfefddn tl od b%brd lc tjd plp#abtglf gepagibtglfs lc ngccdrdft bpprlbijds tl sdac-mlvdrfedft* bfn tjd' sjl#an tb)d sdrgl#sa' tjd jgstlr' lc sdac-mlvdrfgfmlrmbfg4btglfs gf pbrtgi#abr #robf idftrds(

Gfclrebtglf bol#t elogagt' pbttdrfs sjl%s tjbt lvdr 1/ pdridft lc tjd Bol-rgmgfba-gndftgt' plp#abtglf tjbt egmrbtdn 2elvdn tl bfltjdr ilee#fgt' dgtjdrelvdn crle bf #robf brdb tl b rdsdrvd lr r#rba ilee#fgt'* lr crle b r#rba lrrdsdrvd brdb tl tjd igt'( ^jgs elvdedft* lr Oij#rf* s#mmdsts tjbt tjdrd gs bsgmfgcgibft prlplrtglf lc tjd #robf Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf tjbt ebgftbgfs edbf-gfmc#a tgds tl gts lrgmgfba r#rba ilee#fgt'( ^jgs ijbrbitdrgstgi s#mmdsts tjgftdrcbid edijbfgses odt%ddf sdac-mlvdrfedft brrbfmdedfts gf ngccdrdft pabids %gaa od geplrtbft( gfbaa'* #robf sdttadedft pbttdrfs sjl% tjbt %jgad cd% idfs#s trbits gf b cd% igtgds jbvd lfd-tjgrn lr elrd lc tjdgr plp#abtglftjbt gs Bolrgmgfba* lvdrbaa tjd #robf Bolrgmgfba plp#abtglf gs flt jgmja' sdrdmbtdn( .lrdlvdr* Bolrgmgfba pdlpad brd cl#fn gf baa pbrts lc #robf brdb^jdsd sdttadedft pbttdrfs s#mmdst tjbt %jgad gt egmjt od #sdc#a clr sled #robBolrgmgfba lrmbfg4btglfs tl cli#s lf pbrtgi#abr* dspdigbaa' ebrmgfbag4dn fdg ol#rjllns clr tjd p#rplsd lc ilee#fgt' ndvdalpedft* ebf' prlmrbes2dspdigbaa' tjlsd cli#sgfm lf i#at#rd bfn abfm#bmd sjl#an od tbrmdtdn tl%bbaa brdbs lc tjd igt'(

"gsi#ssglfs bol#t sdac-mlvdrfedft jbvd lctdf cli#ssdn ngsprlplrtglfbtda' lfstr#it#rds bfn admba rgmjts( dsdbrij lf #robf Bolrgmgfba sdac-mlvdrfedft gs d$idptglf( l%dvdr* tl od dccditgvd* brrbfmdedfts fddn tl od bppagdn gf rd pabids* %gtj rdba pdlpad(

F!^>Y

8 ^jd Fgsmb&b gfba Bmrddedft ibaadn clr tjd irdbtglf lc bf O#robf aliba tl sdrvd bs plagtgiba agf) odt%ddf tjd Fgsmb&b tdrrgtlrgba mlvdrfedft bfn igtg4dfs rdsgngfm gf brdbs( Igtg4dfs lc dbij #robf aliba brd dftgtadn tl dadit bf gfngvgn#ba tl sdrvd bs tjdrdprdsdftbtgvd tl tjd Fgsmb&b tdrrgtlrgba mlvdrfedft 2Ibfbnb 8==0* 8


33/39

: Hdgfstdgf ndcgfds tjgs bs sdac-bnegfgstrbtglf rbtjdr tjbf sdac-mlvdrfedft 2Hdgfstdg8=0< (

< Gftdrvgd% %gtj M( .#frld* vgid-prdsgndft lc tjd Bolrgmgfba Il#figa lc Hgffgpdm* +#a' ?//?(

5 ^jd Bolrgmgfba Il#figa lc Hgffgpdm gs #fgJ#d gf gts alfmdvgt'* gts gfndpdfndficrle prlvgfigba plagtgiba lrmbfg4btglfs* bfn gts trgadvda bmrddedft %gtj mlvdedfts( Biilrngfm tl bf bflf'el#s rdvgd%dr* b sgegabr lrmbfg4btglf gs odgfmdstboagsjdn gf ^lrlftl D tjd Bolrgmgfba Xdlpads Il#figa lc ^lrlftl( Gf Nbfil#vdr*tjd Trobf dprdsdftbtgvd 9ln' lc Bolrgmgfba Fbtglfs 2T 9BF %bs clredn gf8==/ bs bf #robf-obsdn #eordaab lrmbfg4btglf rdprdsdftgfm elrd tjbf sg$t' elsta'Bolrgmgfba sligdtgds bfn lrmbfg4btglfs 2T 9BF( fAn ( Gt jbs sgfid ngsslavdn( mltgbtglfs brd i#rrdfta' #fndr%b' tl irdbtd bf #robf Bolrgmgfba Xdlpads Il#figa2^lnn ?/// ( ^jd Nbfil#vdr Bolrgmgfba Xdlpads Il#figa jbs tjd s#pplrt lc grst Fbtglfs bfn .,tgs mrl#ps gf tjd prlvgfid(

0 B idfs#s edtrlplagtbf brdb gs b vdr' abrmd #robf brdb* gfia#ngfm #robf bfn r#rba crgfm%gtj bf #robf ilrd plp#abtglf lc bt adbst 8 egaaglf(

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8/ Gf +#fd 8=0: Xbragbedft dfbitdn b sdrgds lc bedfnedfts tl tjd %fngbf ,it * )fl%f bs9gaa I-68( B "dpbrtedft lc Gfngbf Bccbgrs p#oagibtglf gfngibtds tjbt tjd ebgflo ditgvds lc tjgs ogaa %drd tl rdelvd ngsirgegfbtglf lf tjd obsgs lc mdfndr crle tjdBit* tl rdstlrd Gfngbf stbt#s bfn obfn edeodrsjgp rgmjts tl dagmgoad pdrslfs* bfn tdfboad obfns tl bss#ed ilftrla lvdr tjdgr edeodrs(

88 jttp;AAdn#ibtglf('bjll(ileArdcdrdfidAcbitoll)AvtAplp#ab(jtea 2biidssdn Ydptdeodr?//? (

8? Ydd fltd 8/* bolvd(86 ^jd ebgf t'pds lc edeodrsjgp r#ads gndftgcgdn o' Iabt%lrtj' bfn Yegtj %drd tjlsd

#fndr tjd %fngbf ,it &s* lfd-pbrdft r#ad* :/ pdridft oalln-J#bft#e r#ad* bfn t%l- pbrdft r#ad(

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Yled lc tjdsd gfia#nd dtjfgi elogagt'* ngccdrdfids odt%ddf cdrtgagt' bfn elrtbagt'rbtds* bfn pbttdrfs lc gftdrebrrgbmd(

8= >aadf bfn ^#rfdr 28==5 cl#fn* gf tjd Tfgtdn Ytbtds ilftd$t* tjbt %jgad fdgmjol#rjllnjbn sled dccdit lf agcd ijbfids* gfngvgn#ba bfn cbega' ijbrbitdrgstgis %drd e#ij elrdgeplrtbft(

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http://estat.statcan.ca/cgi-win/CNSMCGI.EXE,http://estat.statcan.ca/cgi-win/CNSMCGI.EXE,http://education.yahoo.com/reference/factbook/vt/popula.htmlhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/factbook/vt/popula.htmlhttp://metisnation.ca/DEFINITION/home.htmlhttp://estat.statcan.ca/cgi-win/CNSMCGI.EXE,http://education.yahoo.com/reference/factbook/vt/popula.htmlhttp://metisnation.ca/DEFINITION/home.html


34/39

18 Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

clr ngccdrdft Bolrgmgfba mrl#ps tjbt rdsplfndfts il#an ijdi) basl ijbfmdn sagmjta'(.b$ge dt ba( 2?///* < #sdn sgfmad-lrgmgf rdsplfsds clr tjd idfs#s J#dstglf bol#t Flrtj Bedrgibf Gfngbf lrgmgfs bs b prl$' clr grst Fbtglfs stbt#s( ^jd' fltd tjbt%jgad tjd t%l ibtdmlrgds brd flt gndftgiba* Obfba'sgs lc tjd gfngvgn#ba p#oagisbepad cgad s#mmdst tjbt elst pdlpad %jl sb' tjd' brd sgfmad-lrgmgf Flrtj Bedrg-ibf Gfngbfs brd basl Ytbt#s Gfngbfs(

> > >FI>Y

Bfndrsdf* I( ?//6( O.,tgs Gndftgt' gf tjd Ilftdeplrbr' Trobf Ilftd$t( Xrdsdftb-tglf tl ^jd .,tgs Xdlpad gf tjd ^%dft'- grst Idft#r' ilfcdrdfid* 80D?/ +#fd*Ybs)btllf( ^jd Gfngmdfl#s Xdlpads& +#stgid Gfgtgbtgvd* Tfgvdrsgt' Ybs)btijd%bf* bfn tjd Gfngmdfl#s 9br Bssligbtglf gf Ibfbnb

Bregtbmd* B( 8===( OIlepbrgfm Bolrgmgfba Xlagigds; ^jd Ilalfgba 3dmbi'( Gf ,ol5rgmgfba ;dac52lvdrfedft gf "bfbnb * dn( +( ( 'atlf*


35/39

Iabt%lrtj'* Y(+( 8==aadf* G(M(* bfn .(B( ^#rfdr( 8==5( O"lds Fdgmjol#rjlln .bttdr Bssdssgfm didft>vgndfid( lusgfm Xlagiy Jdobtd 0* fl( 1; 066Daags* 3(* >( Xgfbigd* N( ^#rfdr* bfn ( Y%gct%lacd( 8=50(;urvdy lc Cbfn Ndeodrs Agvgfm:cc dsdrvd ( Xrgfid Baodrt; dndrbtglf lc Ybs)btijd%bf Gfngbfslfm* >( 8==$pdrgdfids(;liglalmgiba Eubrtdray 65;8=?D??( 8===( O>tjfgi .logagt' bfn tjd "delmrbpjgi Mrl%tj lc Ibfbnb&s Bolrgmg-fba Xlp#abtglfs crle 8=0< tl 8==


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Fd%jl#sd* "( ( ?///( O rle tjd ^rgoba tl tjd .lndrf; ^jd "dvdalpedft lc .lndrfBolrgmgfba Yligdtgds( Gf D#prdssglfs gf "bfbngbf 9btgvd ;tungds' dn( ( ( 3bagodrt, dtba( Ybs)btllf; Tfgvdrsgt' lc Ybs)btijd%bf >$tdfsglf Xrdss

Flrrgs* .(+( 8==/( O^jd "delmrbpj' lc Bolrgmgfba Xdlpad gf Ibfbnb( Gf Dtjfgi Jdelmrbpjy0 "bfbngbf %eegmrbft' bigba' bfn "uaturba Gbrgbtglfs' dn( Y(Y( baag* (^rlvbtl* bfn 3( "rgdnmdr( !ttb%b; Ibradtlf Tfgvdrsgt' Xrdss

D 8==


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13 Dvdayf K. Xdtdrs

Ytbi)jl#sd* +( ?//8( OHdailed tl brade lf tjd Xrbgrgds(2alod bfn Nbga' 6 Flvdeodr

Ytbfo#r'* H(^( 8=5:(;uiidss bfn )bgaurd0 %fngbfs gf ?robf ;ligdty ( Nbfil#vdr; Tfg-vdrsgt' lc 9rgtgsj Ila#eogb Xrdss

Ytbtgstgis Ibfbnb( 8=08("dfsus lc "bfbnb ( OIdfs#s lc Xlp#abtglf D 8==8("dfsus lc "bfbnb ( OBolrgmgfba Xdlpads Y#rvd'( 8==8 Ytbtgstgis Ibfbnb Ibtb

alm#d fl( =1-6?5 D 8==


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geographies of urban aboriginal people in canada: implications for urban self-government

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