geograficky podmienené choroby · staphylococcus aureus - furuncul, carbuncul, osteomyelitis,...
TRANSCRIPT
Infectious diseases
= most frequent diseases of humans (look for medical help)
- world-wide most frequent cause of death
= transferable (contagious – transfer between people)
from natural reservoirs
virulence
immunity of the organism (also genetic disposition)
age (intrauterine, different course in children...)
behaviour of people
season of the year
Viruses
Bacteria
Moulds, Fungi
Parasites
Viral diseases
Respiratory infections
„bad cold“ – rhinoviruses, coronaviruses (resp. epithelium...bradykinin)
Influenza
Parainfluenza (children – laryngotracheitis with stridor)
RSV (dangerous for newborns), Adenovíruses (...interstic. pneumonia)
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
-etiology – for long uknown
... Corona virus:
source = palm cibet, China, Taiwan
transfer = medical personel
turists, business
Viral diseases
Respiratory infections
- SARS
Exanthems
Morbilli (measles) - in malnurished high mortality
- Indians – low natural resistence
mucositis + vasculitis (exantema)
Rubeola (rubella) - congenital rubella – serious defects
Variola - eradicated
Viral diseases
Intestinal infections
Rotaviruses - fecal-oral transfer, watery diarrhea (small intestine!)
Norwalk viruses – epidemic gastroenteritis
Hemorrhagic fewer
- transfered by moskito (yellow f., dengue)
- by tick (Krym´s f.)
- zoonotic (rodents; Bolivian f., Koreian f.)
- Ebola (transfer? small rodents)
Yellow fewer - Afrika, S. America
= flavivirus, carrier Aedes moskito, reservoar monkeys.
endothelotropism (hemorrhagies)
hepatotropism (intermed. zone – necrosis, jaundice)
Viral diseases
Herpesvirus infections
Varicela - whole world; vesicular exanthema, latent
phase, herpes zoster.
Herpes simplex 1 - disease „above waist“ (>90% in childhood)
Herpes simplex 2 - disease „under waist“ (STD, neonatal herpes)
EBV infekcie - upto 3 y. asymptomatic,
later infectious mononucleosis
- endemic Burkitt lymphoma
- nazopharyngeal Ca
- Hodgkin lymphoma ?!!!
Cytomegalovirus - only immunocompr.
- congenital infect
Human papiloma viruses
Bacterial infections
Staphylococcus aureus - furuncul, carbuncul, osteomyelitis,
(coagulase neg.) respiratory infects, toxic shock sy.
Streptococcus pyogenes - pharyngitis, scarlatina, erysipelas
impetigo (pyoderma) – contact, moist
environment
Streptococcus pneumoniae - pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis
Infections of child age
Diphteria - C. diphteriae, toxin
Whooping-cough - B. pertussis, tracheobronchitis
Hemophilus i. - pharyngitis, meningitis
bronchopneumonia
Bacterial infections
Sexually transmited diseases
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Ulcus mole - Hemophilus ducrei – genital ulceration,
lymphadenopaty = 3rd most frequent STD
- in less developed countries (transfer of HIV)
Granuloma ingvinale - tropic and subtropic clima
(ulcers of genitals and tissues around)
Calymmatobacterium granulomatosis
Lymphogranuloma venereum - Chlamydia trachomatis, serovar L
- endemic in tropics, in Europe mostly homosex. male
Bacterial infections
Enteropathogenic infections
Enterotoxigenic E. coli - S. America, Africa, Asia
– carriers, children, foreigners
(+ enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic, enteroinvasive E. coli)
Shigelosis - low hygienic standard
- high child mortality in 3rd world
Cholera - epidemie or pandemies – Asia, Middle East,
India, Bangladesh
Bacterial infections
Enteropatogenic infections
Salmonella - enterocolitis
Salmonella typhi
-frequent in undeveloped countries
Clostridium infection
= sporulating anaerobic bacteria
C. perfringens
C. botulinum
C. difficile
C. tetani – especially where cattle
and horses
(! umbilical cord – soil)
Bacterial infections
-from anomal reservoars:
Brucellosis - cattle
Pest (Yersinia pestis) - small rodents, rats (flea)
Tularemia - cattle, deer... (sucking insects)
Anthrax - cattle, dog, pig
Listeria - sporadic appearance (soil, animals)
- intrauterine/adult-meningitis
Cat-scratch - ...lymphadenopathy ( cat)
Bartonelosis - human (sand fly)
Peru, Ecuador, Columbia
1. hemolytic anemia (acute phase)
2. skin „verruca peruana“
Bacterial infections
Spirochete infections:
Syphylis
Lyme boreliosis
Leptospirosis - L. icterohaemorrhagica (rhodents)
Weil disease
Recurrent fewer - B. recurrentis (human) (lice)
high concentration of humans (work camp)
Ethiopia, Sudan, S. Amerika
Noma - T.vincentii + B. fusifomis
ulcerative-destructive necrotic process
- face tissues, extremities, genitals...
tropic climat, undernurishment+other infekct
Bacterial infections
Ricketsia infects:
Rocky mountain spotty fewer
- in Americas (tick)
R. ricketsii ...systemic vasculitis
Camp fewer (typhus)
- endemic in America, Asia
R. prowazekii (lice)
Q fewer
- domestic animals
C. burnetii
Bacterial infections
Mykobacteria:
Tuberculosis
natural resistence
different
Lepra
tropical Africa, Asia,
S.America
- contact transfer
Fungal infections
Candida
Aspergillus
Mucormycosis (bread, fruits)
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiomycosis
Blastomycosis
Sporotrichosis
Mycetoma (Nocardia)
-Usually limited, spontaneously subside
-skin, lung, systemic infections
-unfavorable outcome in immunocompromised patients
Protozoal infections
Malaria
= major medical problem
distribution:
- eradicated in developed countries
transfer moskito Anopheles
Plasmodium falciparum – malignant malaria
Inoculated sporosoits – asexual schizogonia
invade hepatocytes – divide to merozoits
after 2-3 weeks merozits from hepatocytes
erythrocytes
2-4 days consume hemoglobin and divide rupture eryt.
... some merozoits – gametocytes moskito
Protozoal infections
Amebiasis
Giardiasis
Leishmaniasis
source = various animals
(sand fly)
- tropics, subtropics, Orient
- skin form – ulcertions
- mucocutaneous form – after years ulcer at mucosal border
progression, destrucion
- visceral form (Kala-azar) – distribution to RES
...hepato-splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, trombocytopenia,
anemia, cachexia
Protozoal infections
Chagas disease (trypanosomiasis)
T. Cruzi
-central and south America
various animals bugs
nodular skin lesion
systemic spread
- damage is permanent
- myocardium
- ganglion cells of intestins
- meninges
Protozoálne infekcie
African trypanosomiasis
T.gambiense, T. rhodesiensae
fly Glossina (tse-tse)
Pathogenesis – vasculitis
- autoantibodies anti Er Ag
- autoAb against brain, heart
Gambiese form – weeks/months
Rhodesia form – months/years
... meningoencephalitis, pancarditis
lung dysfunction, kidneys
Amebian meningoencephalitis
Naegleria fowleri
- bathing in warm sweet water
Worm infections
Filariasis
Various moskito
...microfilariae enter lymphatic vessels
adult worm = 80x0.3 mm, inside lymph vessel
- around – inflammatory reaction (repeatedscar)
-edema (elephantiasis)
S. Asia, Pacific, Africa, S. America
Onchocercosis
„river blindness“ = one of the most frequent endemic diseases
black fly
Along rivers in tropical Africa, S.America, Guatemala, Mexiko
Female in dermis microfilariae skin, LN, organs, eye
...after dying evoke strong immunologic reaction
dermatitis (onchocercoma), blindness, edema
Worm infections
Schistosomiasis
= bilharsia
after malaria the most spread disease
(cca 10 % residents of the Earth)
+
Trichinella spiralis
Ascaris
Tap worms