geochemistry g3 volume 9 geophysics 7 march 2008 geosystems · puna [whitman et al., 1996]. thinned...

Composition and structural control of crustal domains in thecentral Andes

Mirian MamaniAbteilung Geochemie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany([email protected])

Andrés TassaraDepartamento de Geofı́sica, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile

Gerhard WörnerAbteilung Geochemie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

[1] Present-day ratios of Pb isotopes (324 published samples, 435 new) and Nd-Sr isotopes (150 published,180 new) on Proterozoic to Holocene igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks define (at high spatialresolution) distinct isotopic domains of the crust in the central Andes. These domains correlate with theinternal compositional structure of the crust as revealed by a three-dimensional density model. Pb-Ndisotopic boundaries thus correspond to variations in crustal compositional structure and reflect Proterozoicmafic-dominated and Paleozoic felsic-dominated crustal lithologies. Age and composition (mafic versusfelsic) of these domains have controlled the rheology of the Andean crust, have influenced crustaldeformation patterns, and correlate with the central Andean plateau segmentation.

Components: 7380 words, 6 figures.

Keywords: central Andes; mafic; felsic; crustal domains; density structure; isotopic composition.

Index Terms: 8104 Tectonophysics: Continental margins: convergent; 1040 Geochemistry: Radiogenic isotope

geochemistry; 1219 Geodesy and Gravity: Gravity anomalies and Earth structure (0920, 7205, 7240).

Received 8 December 2007; Accepted 26 December 2007; Published 7 March 2008.

Mamani, M., A. Tassara, and G. Wörner (2008), Composition and structural control of crustal domains in the central Andes,

Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q03006, doi:10.1029/2007GC001925.

1. Introduction

[2] Various studies have shown that lead isotopiccompositions of igneous rocks in the central Andesreflect the composition of the underlying basementand thus can be used to (1) map crustal domains[Wörner et al., 1992; Aitcheson et al., 1995] and(2) constrain plate reconstructions [Tosdal, 1996;Loewy et al., 2004]. Macfarlane et al. [1990]suggested from Pb isotope data that Andean ore

deposits are mixtures of mantle and crustal sources,reflecting distinct geological provinces. In thiscontribution, we analyze the results of 759 Pband 230 Nd isotope analyses on metamorphic,intrusive and volcanic rocks ranging in age fromProterozoic to Holocene, for the central Andes (13�to 28�S and 75� to 65�W). This data set identifiespresent-day crustal domains and locates theirboundaries at a high spatial resolution. Theseresults show correlation with the crustal structure

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derived from a 3-D density model, indicating thatchanges of Pb and Nd isotope compositions ofigneous and basement rocks are caused by varia-tions in the proportions of light, felsic to dense,mafic material of the crust in the central Andes.Such coherence implies that crustal evolution andstructure, major element composition, and traceelements are linked through time and controlmagma compositions and the structural grain dur-ing Andean orogeny.

2. Tectonic Setting

[3] The Andean margin has been shaped by con-vergence between oceanic plates of Pacific affinityand the western edge of South America sinceJurassic times [Allmendinger et al., 1997; Ramosand Aleman, 2000]. Currently, the oceanic Nazcaplate and the South American plate converge withan azimuth of N79�E and a rate of �63 mm/a forthe central Andean margin [Kendrick et al., 2003].This convergence direction is roughly parallel tothe axis of symmetry of the margin at �20�S,defined by Gephart [1994] in terms of surfacetopography and slab geometry.

[4] The Peru-Chile trench has a maximum depth of8000 m. It is almost free of sediments and noaccretionary prism is observed along the centralAndean margin [von Huene et al., 1999]. Eastwardof the coastline, uplifted metamorphic rocks ofProterozoic and Paleozoic age and intermediate-to-basic Jurassic-Cretaceous magmatic rocks areexposed along the Coastal Cordillera. Subaerialforearc basins are filled with Cenozoic volcano-sedimentary deposits of the Moquegua Group andAzapa Formation [Roperch et al., 2006; Wörner etal., 2000b]. The Western Cordillera (max. eleva-tions 6000 m) is a chain of Quaternary stratovol-canic complexes (Figure 3a; see GeomorphologicalUnits). This geomorphological unit also containsexposures of well-preserved volcanic structures ofmiddle Miocene to Pliocene ages. The Altiplano(14–21�S) is an internally drained basin filled withgently deformed Cenozoic synorogenic sedimentsand volcanics [Allmendinger et al., 1997] with anaverage elevation of 3800 m [Isacks, 1988]. ThePuna (22–27�S) has an average elevation nearly akilometer higher than the Altiplano, which hasbeen attributed to thermal uplift caused by thinningof the lithosphere and delamination beneath thePuna [Whitman et al., 1996]. Thinned crust andlithosphere beneath the Puna plateau have alsobeen suggested on the basis of the chemistry andisotopic composition of back-arc volcanics [Kay et

al., 1994]. The eastern boundary of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau is the Eastern Cordillera (max. ele-vations 5000 m), a doubly vergent deformation beltactive until the middle to late Miocene [McQuarrie,2002]. Present-day crustal shortening concentratesalong the Sierras Subandinas fold-thrust belt [Kleyet al., 1999].

[5] Ramos [1988] and Ramos and Aleman [2000]defined the nature and regional distribution of var-ious terranes in the Andean belt on the basis oftectonostratigraphic analysis (Figure 1). These ter-ranes form a mosaic of old continental crust amal-gamated during the Late Proterozoic to earlyPaleozoic times [Tosdal, 1996; Loewy et al., 2004,and references therein] and a noncollisional Paleo-zoic mobile belt at the western edge of Gondwana[Lucassen et al., 2001; Lucassen and Franz, 2005;Chew et al., 2007]. Crucial for our reconstruction ofthe terrane assemblage of the central Andes is theProterozoic Arequipa terrane. This is formed bydiscontinuous outcrops of mafic Proterozoic base-ment rocks exposed in the Peruvian Coastal Cordil-lera, in the western Altiplano and along the ChileanPrecordillera to the north of 22�S [e.g., Tosdal, 1996;Wörner et al., 2000a; Loewy et al., 2004].

3. Analytical Techniques

[6] Major, trace elements, and strontium, neodym-ium and lead isotopes of the samples were mea-sured on whole-rock by X-ray fluorescenceanalysis (XRF) and thermal ionization mass spec-trometry (TIMS) at the ‘‘GeowissenschaftlicheZentrum’’ of the University of Göttingen.

[7] For XRF 700 mg of powdered sample werethoroughly mixed with 4200 mg Spectroflux 100(Dilithiumtetraborate [Li2B4O7]) and melted to aglass disc by an automatic fusion device. Analyt-ical errors for major elements are around 1%(except for Fe and Na, 2%) and for trace elementsaround 5%. For the calibration of major and traceelement determination were used about 50 refer-ence materials: a wide variety of internationalgeochemical reference samples from the US Geo-logical Survey, the International Working Group‘‘Analytical standards of minerals, ores and rocks’’,the National Research Council of Canada, theGeological Survey of Japan, the South AfricanBureau of Standards, the National Institute ofStandards and Technology.

[8] The isotope ratios of Sr, Nd and Pb on wholerocks were determined by TIMS (FinniganMAT262-RPQII). For Sr and Nd isotopic determi-

GeochemistryGeophysicsGeosystems G3G3 mamani et al.: crustal domains in the central andes 10.1029/2007GC001925

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nation 100 mg of sample powder was dissolved in6 mL HF: HNO3 (1:1) for 16 hours at 200�C bakedwithin Savillex beakers. The solution was evapo-rated to complete dryness at 140�C on a hot plate,dissolved and evaporated two times again in 4 mL6 N HCl, and evaporation for the last time, it wasredissolved in 2.5 mL 2.6 N HCl, stored in PE vialsand centrifuged. For separation the sample solutionwas rinsed with 2.6 N HCl through columns

containing ion exchange resin BIORAD AG 50W-X8Resin, 200–400mesh. The strontium-rich elutionfraction was collected and evaporated to dryness andstored until measuring. For Nd separation, the REErich fraction gained from the above separation se-quence was separated in a second set of columnscontaining Teflon powder which is impregnatedwith ion-exchanging HDEHP Bis-(2-etylhexy)-Phosphate. Elution of Nd was done with 0.18 NHCl. For measurement, Sr was dissolved in 0.5 NH3PO4andmountedonRe-double filaments (�1mg),and Nd was dissolved in 2 N HCl and mounted onRe-double filaments (�1 mg). The Sr and Nd isotoperatios were corrected for mass fractionation to87Sr/86Sr = 0.1194 and 143Nd/144Nd = 0.7219 andnormalized to values for NBS987 (0.710245), and LaJolla (0.511847), respectively. Measured values ofthese standards over the period of the study were0.710262 ± 24 (21 analyses) and 0.511847 ± 20(12 analysis). External 2s errors are estimated at

[2000] and Loewy et al. [2004] and 11 newsamples). Paleozoic basement rocks of the EasternCordillera, across the Western Cordillera and Alti-plano-Puna have a lower metamorphic grade (71samples from Lucassen et al. [2001, and referencestherein] and Kamenov et al. [2002] and 16 newsamples). Igneous Jurassic rocks have been ana-lyzed from the Coastal Cordillera (52 samples fromLucassen et al. [2006, and references therein] and14 new samples). These and 50 published [Rogersand Hawkesworth, 1989; Haschke et al., 2002] and8 new data on Cretaceous igneous rocks werecombined with 522 Pb isotope ratios of Cenozoicigneous rocks (136 samples from Kay et al. [1999,and references therein], Trumbull et al. [1999],Siebel et al. [2001], and Aitcheson et al. [1995]and 386 new data). The new database and thecompilation of the published data are available asauxiliary material1 (Tables S1 and S2).

[10] This large number of Pb isotope measure-ments of Andean rocks (i.e., gneisses, intrusions,ignimbrites, and lavas), ranging in age from Pro-terozoic to Recent (Figure 2) allows to outline thecrustal domains (Figure 3a) much more preciselythan previously possible. We include data from

rocks of very different ages. Even though theirpaleogeographic arrangement was different in Pro-terozoic, Paleozoic and Neogene times, we arguethat the crustal column (with the exception of thesub-Andean belts) largely remained unchangedunless significant differential movements occurredbetween upper and lower crust, which is beyondthe resolution of the domain boundaries outlinedbelow. In this case, a Mesozoic or Tertiary mag-matic rock will be within the geological andgeographical context of the Proterozoic crustaldomain into/onto which it was emplaced. If youn-ger volcanic rocks traverse (and assimilate) thiscrust, they again will represent this domain. How-ever, in more recent geological times (i.e.,2000 m of the western margin of theAltiplano that occurred with only limited shorten-ing [Sempere and Jacay, 2007; Hindle et al., 2005;Wörner et al., 1992; Isacks, 1988]. Lower crustalflow would cause the E boundary of the ArequipaDomain (see discussion below) to be more diffuseand shift its western boundary to the W toward theCoastal Cordillera. If the spatial resolution of ourdomain boundaries is near the distance of lowercrustal flow, then this process will have relativelylittle affect on their location. It is therefore justified

Figure 2. The 206Pb/204Pb ratios as a function of latitude in the central Andes. Quaternary lavas (QL), Mio-Pliocenelavas (MPL), Miocene lavas (ML), Neogene ignimbrites (NIG), Eocene-Paleocene-Cretaceous intrusions (EPCIN),Jurassic intrusions (JIN), Paleozoic basement (PB), and Proterozoic basement (PrB). The shaded field highlights thelead isotope ratios of Miocene to Recent frontal arc lavas. Equivalent diagrams for 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb aregiven in the auxiliary material; see text for discussion.

1Auxiliary materials are available in the HTML. doi:10.1029/GC001925.


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to ‘‘mix’’ old and young rocks in our analysis. Onthis basis, we distinguish the following domains:

[11] The Arequipa domain is represented by thelowest 206Pb/204Pb ratios (from 16.083 to 18.551),207Pb/204Pb ratios (15.435 to 15.650) and208Pb/204Pb ratios (37.625 to 38.655). The Neo-gene volcanics in this domain have lower eNdvalues from �4 to �12 (Figures 4 and 5c)and high 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.706 to 0.708(Figure 5d). The northern boundary (�16�S) ofthis domain is abrupt compared with the southernboundary (between 19.3�S and 21�S).

[12] The Cordillera domains occur to the S and Nof the Arequipa domain and have the highest Pbisotope ratios: 206Pb/204Pb > 18.551, 207Pb/204Pb >15.650, and 208Pb/204Pb > 38.655. Neogene volca-

noes in the northern Cordillera domain have low

eNd from �1 to �4 (Figures 4 and 5c), low87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.705 to 0.7064 (Figure 5d).The southern Cordillera Domain has eNd from �2to �8 (Figures 4 and 5c) and 87Sr/86Sr ratios from0.705 to 0.708 (Figure 5d).

[13] Mesozoic rocks along the Coastal Cordillerahave 206Pb/204Pb = 18 to 19. These isotopes ratiosare generally higher than that of the Proterozoicbasement (206Pb/204Pb = 16.7 to 18.4) on whichthey are located. However, 207Pb/204Pb,208Pb/204Pb and in some cases 206Pb/204Pb (e.g.,between 22�S–27�S, at 18�S and 20.2�S) aresimilar to the basement where they are located.Their higher eNd values (5 to �1, Figure 4) and low87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.703 to 0.705) are relatively closeto mantle values and thus representative of a

Figure 3. (a) Spatial distribution of Pb isotope ratios in the central Andes (compositions of Proterozoic and Meso-Cenozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks (color code for 206Pb/204Pb values in Figure 3b)). Map also shows principalgeomorphological units. (b) Map of the ‘‘crustal structure index CSI’’ for the central Andes and compared to Pbisotope values. AD, Arequipa domain; CD, Cordillera domain. Dashed black line is the approximate contour of theArequipa domain. Dashed black lines are depth contours of the subducting slab at 100 km.


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largely juvenile magma addition to the crust inJurassic and Cretaceous times [Lucassen et al.,2006; Bock et al., 2000].

5. Crustal Structure Index DerivedFrom 3-D Density Modeling

[14] The three-dimensional density model ofTassara et al. [2006] was designed to representthe current distribution of mass along the Andeanmargin (5�S–45�S) at continental scales. Thestructure of the model is formed by a number ofbodies simulating the subducted slab, the subcon-tinental mantle and the continental crust. Eachbody has one value of density, which is appropri-ated for its expected chemical composition, meta-morphic pressure-temperature conditions, water

content and degree of partial melting. The geom-etries of the slab, lithosphere-asthenosphere bound-ary, and continental Moho were prefixed, as far asavailable geophysical data allow (for location andsources of data, see Tassara et al. [2006]). Becausethe geophysical database for the central Andesconstrains the subcrustal slab geometry very well,the geometry of the intracrustal density distributionremains as the unique degree of freedom during theforward modeling of the Bouguer anomaly. Thisintracrustal density discontinuity (ICD) is theboundary between an upper-crustal body with adensity of 2.7 g/cm3 and a lower-crustal body withdensity 3.1 g/cm3. Following empirical relation-ships between density, silica content and hydrationdegree of crystalline crustal rocks [Tassara, 2006],the upper-crustal body simulates a granitic uppercrust with �70 wt% SiO2, whereas the denselower-crustal body represents a garnet-pyroxenedry granulite of 55–58 wt% SiO2 or a more basicbut hydrated amphibolite with 55–48 wt% SiO2.

[15] The geometry of the ICD is a proxy toregional-scale (several tens to a few hundred kilo-meters) lateral density variations within the crustproduced by variations in the bulk compositionalstructure of the crust, i.e., the vertically integratedproportion of felsic to mafic crust. On the basis ofthe geometries of the 3-D density model of Tassaraet al. [2006], we computed the ‘‘crustal structureindex (CSI)’’ for the study area as the ratio betweenthe thicknesses of the lower-density upper-crustalbody and the total crustal thickness. Low or highvalues of CSI indicate a predominance of mafic or,respectively, felsic material in the crust (Figure 3b).

6. Correlations Between GeochemicalDomains and Crustal Density Structure

[16] Variations in ‘‘crustal structure index CSI’’along the central Andes strongly correlate withisotope domains (Figure 3b). Low CSI (0.2) correlatewith the Cordillera Domains.

[17] These observed CSI geometry, combined withcorrelated isotope domains, indicate that signifi-cantly higher CSI values are found for relativelymore felsic Andean basement, which are locatedtoward the north and south of the more maficArequipa basement with low CSI.

[18] Such a correlation between 3-D density struc-ture and Pb domains then also indicates that the

Figure 4. Regional variation of eNd values. Theboundary of the Arequipa Domain as defined in Figure 3is outlined by dashed line. Black lines are the principal faultsystems. Urcos-Ayaviri-Copacabana-Coniri fault system(UACCFS), Incapuquio fault system (IFS), West fissurefault system (WFFS) and Iquipi fault (IF).


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proportion between felsic and mafic crust are themain factors controlling the density structure aswell as isotopic and geochemical variations of thecentral Andean crust. With age, the compositionaldifferences will translate into enhanced isotopicdifferences.

[19] Nd values further support our crustal domaindistinctions and corroborate the domain boundariesdefined here on the basis of Pb isotopes (Figure 4).In some areas (e.g., to the southern boundary ofArequipa domain, Figure 5d) Sr isotope variationsdo not constrain the boundaries of crustal domains

Figure 5. Variations in 206Pb/204Pb isotope ratios, eNd values, 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios, and Sr/Y ratios in lavas

very well. This is because the domain boundarymay be cutting the crust at a shallow angle and thusassimilation and mixing from different domains atdifferent depths will cause a transition rather than asharp boundary (Figure 5b) [Wörner et al., 1992].Also Sr isotopic compositions are much less dis-tinctive in the crust from different domains.

[20] By contrast, the northern boundary of theArequipa domain is very well constrained also bySr isotopes (Figure 5d) and this suggests that thenorthern edge of Arequipa terrane is relativelyabrupt and steep. The crustal density structure(Figures 3b and 5a) at this boundary also changesabruptly, unlike the southern boundary (between21�S and 22�S) where the transition between maficand felsic is wide (Figures 3, 5a, and 5b).

[21] Major juvenile additions to the crust are lo-cated along the Coastal Cordillera. Here, the Ju-rassic and Cretaceous igneous rocks have isotopiccompositions close to mantle sources [Lucassen etal., 2006] and the crust seems to be mostly mafic(CSI < 0.1).

7. Geochemical Signatures and IsotopicCrustal Domains

[22] Upper and lower crust will likely have similarage and tectonic history within the resolution of thedomain boundaries (�50 km) unless large scalelateral differential movements occurred recentlybetween upper and lower crust. However, similarages and similar evolution with a crustal columndoes not necessarily imply that upper and lowercrust must be of the same composition. Therefore,the very sparse surface outcrops of basement willnot be fully representative of the lower crust of thecentral Andes and even if sparse examples of uppercrustal rocks tend to be relatively silicic [Cobbinget al., 1977; Shackleton et al., 1979; Wasteneys etal., 1995; Tosdal, 1996], the lower crust could stillbe largely and relatively more mafic. Therefore, theanalysis of igneous rocks that traverse the Andeancrust may well be a better ‘‘probe’’ to the compo-sition of the bulk crust than sparse outcrops.

[23] As we argue here, a larger portion of the crustin the Arequipa domain tends to be more mafic.However, at least toward the N, the supposedly lessmafic crust is lower in Sr and higher in Nd isotopes(Figures 5c and 5d). This apparent contradictioncould have the following explanation: The isotopiccomposition of basement rocks will be the result ofthe combination of composition and age. If ‘‘de-

pleted’’ mafic lower crust is very old, it still can,for example, grow in more radiogenic Sr than ayounger, more silicic crust. Moreover, the effect onthe isotopic composition of the younger volcanicrocks, which ‘‘probe’’ the crust through assimila-tion will be different for different isotopic systems.Pb will be easily overwhelmed by the crustalsignature even at low degrees of assimilation,whereas Sr and Nd isotopes will not only bedependant on the isotopic composition of theassimilant but also on the amount of assimilation.Sr and Nd isotope signatures thus could be partlyand variably decoupled from each other and fromthe nature of the crust (mafic versus silicic). Bycontrast, Pb isotopes should represent the mostreliable crustal signature. Therefore, the isotopicsignature of ‘‘mafic’’ crust as represented by mag-matic rocks that have traversed this crust, does notnecessarily imply that Sr must be less radiogenicand Nd more radiogenic.

[24] Another argument with respect to the mafic/silic composition of the crust comes from traceelement variations in Neogene volcanic rocks. Ithas been proposed [e.g., Kay et al., 1999; Haschkeet al., 2002] that high Sr/Y in magmas traversingthickened crust in the central Andes implies a roleof garnet in magma genesis, either in a high-pressure mineral assemblage in the crustal residueafter assimilation or as a fractionating phase. How-ever, the stability of garnet in crustal rocks does notonly increases with pressure (i.e., depth) but it alsodecreases with increasing silica content in thecrustal reservoir [Sobolev and Babeyko, 1994;Tassara, 2006]. Figure 5e shows that the highestSr/Y ratios of young volcanoes (65 km[Tassara et al., 2006]. Low Sr/Y even on thickcrust would imply either felsic bulk crustal com-position, as could be the case of volcanoes on thesouthern Cordillera domain, or assimilation oc-curred mostly in the upper crust as can be inferredfor some volcanoes with low Sr/Y ratios on theArequipa domain.

[25] The 206Pb/204Pb ratios show the largest abso-lute variations and have thus been used here tooutline the domain boundaries. However, the samegeneral pattern is shown for 207Pb/204Pb and208Pb/204Pb ratios (auxiliary material Figures S1and S2). These diagrams and maps also show thatwherever ‘‘extreme’’ low values in crustal rocks(gneisses, granulites) occur, the spatially associated


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volcanic rocks also show ‘‘excursions’’ from thegeneral pattern (e.g., 206Pb/204Pb at 16.5�S,Figure 2). 207Pb/204Pb would be expected to showless variability due to the faster decay rates of 235Uto 207Pb if the U/Pb fractionation process in thecrust occurred within the last 1 to 2 Ga. This is inaccord with the known crustal formation andmetamorphic ages of the Central Andean Basement[Loewy et al., 2004; Tosdal, 1996; and referencestherein]. Comparing 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pbwith 206Pb/204Pb regional trends (Figure 2 andauxiliary material Figures S1 and S2) shows thatin detail there is a finer-scale pattern to the data:The lowest 206Pb/204Pb ratios (17.62 to 18.20),lowest 207Pb/204Pb ratios (15.52 to 15.63) andhigher 208Pb/204Pb ratios (38.30 to 38.75) arebetween 15�S and 17�S, contrarily between17.5�S and 19�S lavas have higher 206Pb/204Pbratios (17.8 to 18.3), 207Pb/204Pb ratios (15.57 to15.65) and low 208Pb/204Pb ratios (37.77 to 38.70).This indicates the existence of ‘‘subdomains’’ inthe Arequipa Domain with different ages and U/Pband Th/Pb fractionation histories [see also Loewy etal., 2004].

8. Compositional and StructuralSegmentation of the Central AndeanCrust

[26] The northern boundary between the Arequipadomain and the northern Cordillera domain shouldbe relative sharp within the crust, because samplesites close to each other systematically show verydifferent isotopic compositions and the CSIchanges quite markedly along this boundary.Therefore the northern boundary of Arequipa do-main would follow a deep E–W structure, whichexactly coincides with a crustal reverse fault rec-ognized at the surface as the Iquipi fault (Figure 4)[see Roperch et al., 2006]. This is in contrast withthe southern boundary of the Arequipa domain thatseems to be more diffuse both in terms of Pbisotopic composition and CSI geometry [Wörneret al., 1992].

[27] Schmitz et al. [1997] and Yuan et al. [2002]showed that the Moho depth changes at 21�S to22�S (southern boundary of Arequipa domain)from 70 km in the N to 60 km in the S without asignificant change in the Bouguer anomaly. On thebasis of this observation they suggest that the crustin the region N of 21�S contains a relatively thickerportion of mafic lower crust. Other studies (e.g.,Lucassen et al. [2001], Lucassen and Franz

[2005], and discussion below) confirm that thelower crust below the Puna region is rather fel-sic-dominated than mafic-dominated.

[28] A striking feature of the central Andean pla-teau (i.e., Altiplano and Puna) is thus the along-strike variation in topography and tectonic styles[Whitman et al., 1996]. The Altiplano is essentiallyan internally drained, intermontane basin betweenthe Western and Eastern Cordilleras. In contrast,the Puna is characterized by smaller and morefragmented basins and greater relief. This along-strike change in the plateau topography is alsoreflected in the different elevation distributions ofthe two segments: Altiplano elevations are concen-trated near 3.8 km while in the Puna elevations aremore evenly distributed about a mean elevation of4.4 km, reflecting the greater local relief [Isacks,1988] and contrasting tectonic histories of therespective segments since the Late Oligocene[Sempere et al., 1990]. The Altiplano also differsfrom the Puna in the fact that it has a welldeveloped thin-skinned thrust belt to the east whichis absent in the Puna foreland [Allmendinger et al.,1997]. North of 23�S, compressional deformationon the Altiplano plateau and in the Eastern Cordil-lera ceased by 9 Ma, and the locus of horizontalshortening shifted eastward to the low-elevationSub-Andean fold-thrust belt [Allmendinger andGubbels, 1996]. South of 23�S, however, compres-sional deformation on the Puna plateau continuedto at least 4 Ma and in some locations even to 2 Ma,before changing to strike-slip kinematics[Allmendinger and Gubbels, 1996].

[29] Several authors have discussed the role ofinherited pre-Andean crustal structures of the upperplate on the Cenozoic geodynamic evolution, de-formation and segmentation of the central Andesplateau [e.g., Allmendinger and Gubbels, 1996;Sempere et al., 2002]. McQuarrie and DeCelles[2001] suggested that the thick Paleozoic sedimen-tary sequences forming the axis of the EasternCordillera may have localized thin-skinned tecton-ics during shortening in this particular region. Forthe Puna Plateau, the thick-skinned tectonics of theSanta Barbara System and Sierras Pampeanas hasbeen proposed to have developed over a thermallythinned continental lithosphere and that this seg-mentation is controlled by the internal crustal struc-ture and delamination in this segment [Whitman etal., 1996]. Delamination was explained as a conse-quence of the gravitational removal of dense high-grademafic metamorphic lower crust. Such a processwas also suggested by Kay et al. [1994] for the Puna


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plateau to explain timing and occurrence of intraplatemafic volcanism in the area.

[30] The crustal domain boundaries defined hereshould help to further constrain the role of preex-isting crustal heterogeneities in the evolution anddeformation pattern of the central Andes. Figure 3ashows that the segmentation of the central Andean

plateau and its adjacent foreland is in fact spatiallyrelated to the crustal domains defined here: TheArequipa domain is largely coincident with thebroad high Altiplano plateau (3.8 km high and240 km wide). Moreover, the largest amount ofshortening in the Eastern Cordillera and sub-Andean belt during Andean Orogeny is located tothe E and NE [Sheffels, 1990], but is doubtful,

Figure 6. Grey shaded topography (SRTM 1 km) of the central Andes. Dashed black line is the approximatecontour of the Arequipa domain as defined in Figure 3. Compilation of tectonic rotations for the central Andes fromRousse et al. [2005], Arriagada et al. [2006], and Roperch et al. [2006]. Sedimentary basins: a, Corque basin; b,Huaccochullo basin; c, Moquegua-Azapa basin. Axis rotation from Richards et al. [2004].


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absent or very minor, W and SW of the Arequipadomain [Sempere and Jacay, 2007]. The southernboundary of Arequipa domain (between 21�S and22�S) thus coincides with the transition betweenthe Altiplano and Puna segments. Therefore weargue that the nature, i.e., the bulk composition andthus the different rheologies (i.e., mechanicalstrength) of the lithosphere and crust are an impor-tant factor in controlling the deformation pattern ofthe central Andes and the localization of theAndean plateau.

[31] Crustal architecture and evolution are alsodifferent with respect to Neogene sedimentationpatterns with respect to the Arequipa domain:Neogene erosion products deposited during upliftof the central Andes (e.g., Moquegua Group andAzapa Formations and equivalents (Figure 6) [e.g.,Roperch et al., 2006; Wörner et al., 2000b]) appearto be much thicker on the forearc of the Arequipadomain.

[32] We will now discuss Andean deformationpatterns based on paleomagnetic data. Arriagadaet al. [2006] described block vertical-axis rotations(clockwise up to 35� to 40�) in the forearc between22�S and 28�S during the Jurassic to Oligocene,yet the area of rotation and their boundaries are alloutside the Arequipa domain (Figures 3b and 6).More to the north in southern Peru, Roperch et al.[2006] presented paleomagnetic results from Eo-cene-Oligocene (�35–25 Ma) sediments from theforearc between 18.3�S and 16�S and observed agradient in counterclockwise rotations, between�0� in Arica (18.3�S) to 50� in Caravelı́ (16�S).These rotations are coeval with, of similar magni-tude, but in the opposite sense of the clockwiseblock rotations in the forearc between 22� and 28�S[Arriagada et al., 2006]. However, on the Altiplano,i.e., on the Arequipa Domain, the Tertiary Huac-cochullo and Corque basins (Figure 6) are de-formed and rotated counterclockwise as a moreor less coherent region [Rousse et al., 2005]. Thecentral Andean rotation pattern as described byRousse et al. [2005], Arriagada et al. [2006] andRoperch et al. [2006] in fact seems to be related toindividual crustal blocks with increased deforma-tion and shear near their margins. Only sinceNeogene times, the entire central Andes movedcoherently (Figure 6) and the structural identity ofthe earlier blocks is lost.

[33] The Altiplano and its western margin hassuffered only limited deformation since about10 Ma [Oncken et al., 2006, and references therein;Sempere and Jacay, 2007], while deformations to

the N, S and E continued to more recent times.While the Altiplano and Arequipa domain has beenlargely undeformed since Miocene times, the de-formation pattern of Tertiary differential horizontalshortening is focused in the eastern boundary of theArequipa domain (Eastern Cordillera) and in thesouthern Cordillera domain (Puna plateau). TheEastern Cordillera reaches its highest elevationsand steepest gradient toward the Altiplano justwere it interacts with the eastern margin of theArequipa Domain.

[34] Moreover, Richards et al. [2004] defined avertical axis rotation (Figure 6) of the CentralAndean Orocline on the basis of Euler pole anal-ysis of along strike variations in crustal shorteningsince 35 Ma and 10 Ma. This axis rotation appearsto coincide with the southern boundary of theArequipa domain.

[35] We conclude from these observations that themafic Arequipa Domain reacts as a somewhatcoherent and rigid block while more diffuse defor-mation with large vertical axis rotations and fault-ing are located outside of it. Therefore, therheological (i.e., mechanical strength) and structuralidentity of the Arequipa Domain appears to haveplayed an important role during Andean Orogeny.

9. Conclusions

[36] Crustal domains for the central Andes havebeen identified here on the basis of geochemicaland geophysical data. These are interpreted asdistinct basement domains of different ages andcompositions. Of particular interest is the ArequipaDomain, for which we found evidence that it mayhave an overall more mafic (higher density) com-position. Higher Sr/Y ratios in magmas that tra-verse the Arequipa Domain (compared to thesurrounding Cordillera Domain) could be the resultfrom a garnet-bearing in residual mineralogy in arelatively mafic lower crust. Lower Sr/Y ratios,which are found mostly (but not exclusively) in theCordillera Domain may imply a minor role forgarnet and thus a more felsic crust (or shallowerassimilation in the Arequipa Domain) even thoughthe crust has similar thicknesses (>65 km). Theinterpretation of the Arequipa Domain as a rela-tively more mafic and possibly more rigid block istentatively supported by the Cenozoic deformationpattern in the central Andes as well as the distri-bution and thickness of syn-deformational sedi-mentary deposits. Deformations and axis rotationsare mostly concentrated at its boundaries or in the


11 of 13

surrounding Cordillera Domain. The Coastal Cor-dillera domain is interpreted as a rigid block withmajor mafic Mesozoic juvenile (i.e., mafic) contri-bution to the crust.

Acknowledgments

[37] This work was supported by scholarships of the GermanAcademic Exchange Service (DAAD) to M.M. and A.T. and

German Science Foundation grant Wo362/18 to G.W. A.T.

thanks the further support of the Chilean Bicentennial Program

in Science and Technology grant ANILLO ACT-18. We thank

G. Hartmann for providing analytical support, B. Hansen for

access to the isotope laboratory, and D. Cassard for invaluable

help during data processing. We are thankful to H. Götze, who

initiated the comparison between geochemical and geophysi-

cal data. Suggestions from S. Kay and C. Hawkesworth on a

former version of this manuscript are also acknowledged. We

would like to thank T. Sempere and anonymous reviewers for

critical reviews of earlier versions of this manuscript.

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Mamani et al. data

SampleLocationLon (X)Lat (Y)Geological ageTypeSiO2MgOYSrSr/Y87Sr/86Sr87Sr/86Sr initial143Nd/144NdeNd206Pb/204Pb207Pb/204Pb208Pb/204Pb

AND-99-01Andagua-72.3-15.4Holocenelava62.42.012781650.70640.70640.51242-418.56815.60238.626

AND-99-04Andagua-72.3-15.4Holocenelava60.42.415936620.70630.70630.51244-4

AND-99-05Andagua-72.3-15.4Holocenelava61.22.21290175










AND 99-21Andagua-72.3-15.5Holocenelava57.62.912117598

AND 99-22Andagua-72.3-15.5Holocenelava57.93.0131115860.70610.70610.51246-318.60715.57138.561

AND 99-24Andagua-72.3-15.6Holocenelava58.53.316796500.70630.70630.51246-3

AND 99-27Andagua-72.3-15.6Holocenelava56.53.4141196850.70620.70620.51246-318.58615.57338.523

HUAM-99-03Huambo-72.1-15.9Holocenelava59.02.815917610.70620.706218.57615.60138.643

HUAM-99-04Huambo-72.1-15.9Holocenelava53.74.317950560.70670.70670.51234-618.29815.55838.489

HUAM-99-05Huambo-72.1-16.0Holocenelava55.04.115938630.70690.70690.51232-618.31515.56838.545

HUAM-99-06Huambo-72.1-16.0Holocenelava58.83.015101167

HUAM-02-01Solarpampa-72.1-15.7Holocenelava58.23.31670944

SAB-99-01Sabancaya-71.8-15.8Holocenelava61.42.715780520.70690.70690.51234-618.21515.55638.420

SAB-99-02ASabancaya-71.8-15.8Holocenelava63.62.011704640.70680.70680.51237-5

SAB-99-02BSabancaya-71.8-15.8Holocenelava64.81.815601400.70700.70700.51233-6

SAB-3 (1990)Sabancaya-71.9-15.8Holocenelava61.02.814799580.70670.70670.51236-5

SAB-9215Sabancaya-71.9-15.8Holocenelava60.82.813787590.70680.70680.51236-5

SAB-944Sabancaya-71.9-15.8Holocenelava62.02.61477958

SAB-969Sabancaya-71.9-15.8Holocenelava61.32.41472252

NIC-01-22Nicholson-71.7-16.3Holocenelava52.35.522921420.70650.70650.51234-618.23515.62038.740

CHA-99-01Chachani-71.6-16.3Holocenelava59.63.219639340.70760.70760.51213-1017.78115.62138.741

CHA-99-02Chachani-71.6-16.1Holocenelava57.63.718724400.70760.70760.51220-817.98015.61038.697

CHA_02_07_JCChachani-71.6-16.2Holocenelava59.93.11283369

CHA_02_30Chachani-71.5-16.2Holocenelava61.32.51381663


CHA-02-01Chachani-71.5-16.2Holocenelava57.14.41475254










MIS-02-05Q. Pastores-71.5-16.3Holocenelava61.61.6176854017.79315.57138.513

MIS-99-10A (mafic)Q. Pastores-71.5-16.4Holocenelava58.03.314862620.70760.70760.51216-917.82915.52738.425

MIS-99-10B (dacitic)Q. Pastores-71.5-16.4Holocenelava59.52.913786600.70760.70760.51209-11

MIS-02-04aQ. Pastores-71.5-16.3Holocenelava59.72.8167754817.80715.60738.652

MIS-02-06Aguada Blanca-71.4-16.3Holocenelava59.53.4147785617.72015.58538.607

MIS-02-10 aSan Lazaro-71.5-16.4Holoceneignimbrite61.82.1117206517.39615.51738.366

MIS-99-04Misti-71.5-16.4Holocenelava60.52.713793610.70750.70750.51212-1017.76815.52138.411

MIS-99-10AMisti-71.5-16.4Holocenelava58.03.314862620.70760.70760.51216-917.82915.52738.425

MIS-99-10BMisti-71.5-16.4Holocenelava59.52.913786600.70760.70760.51209-11

MIS-00-20Misti-71.3-16.2Holocenelava58.03.115788530.70750.70750.51213-1017.84415.61038.655

El Misti FLOW1San Lazaro-71.5-16.4Holoceneignimbrite60.72.412759630.70770.70770.51214-1017.68115.58238.560

El Misti FLOW 2San Lazaro-71.5-16.4Holoceneignimbrite59.03.012802670.70760.70760.51215-917.77915.53635.625

UBI-99-01Ubinas-70.9-16.4Holoceneignimbrite67.20.712492410.70700.70700.51228-718.14615.54938.441

UBI-99-02Ubinas-70.9-16.4Holocenelava61.41.915694460.70680.70680.51231-6

UBI-99-03Ubinas-70.9-16.4Holoceneignimbrite60.32.115720480.70670.70670.51232-6


UBI-99-06Ubinas-70.9-16.4Holoceneignimbrite58.32.418764420.70690.70690.51230-718.12815.55238.423


Ubi-30aUbinas-70.9-16.3Holocenelava66.02.017486280.70690.70690.51229-7

Ubi 48aUbinas-70.9-16.4Holoceneignimbrite66.90.713491380.70690.70690.51228-7

UBI-99-10Ubinas-70.9-16.3Holocenelava55.54.7181135630.70670.70670.51231-618.19015.56638.420

HUAY-99-01Huanynaputina-71.0-16.7Holocenelava63.01.88704880.70690.70690.51221-818.09115.59738.610

HUAY-99-02Huanynaputina-71.0-16.7Holocenelava63.11.89724800.70690.70690.51222-8





HUAY-99-09Huanynaputina-71.0-16.7Holoceneignimbrite64.41.89727810.70680.70680.51224-818.09615.53138.438

HUAY-99-15Huanynaputina-70.8-16.7Holoceneignimbrite64.11.88721900.70680.70680.51224-818.10515.54838.491

HUAY-99-16BHuanynaputina-70.8-16.7Holoceneignimbrite65.11.712717600.70680.70680.51225-8

HUAY-99-18AHuanynaputina-70.8-16.7Holocenelava63.61.911740670.70680.70680.51225-8

HUAY-99-18BHuanynaputina-70.8-16.7Holoceneignimbrite67.61.08612770.70640.70640.51226-7


HP 97-217 DHuanynaputina-70.9-16.6Holoceneignimbrite62.61.997619018.15015.56638.530

HP 97-217 AHuanynaputina-70.9-16.6Holoceneignimbrite63.61.610722760.70680.70680.51222-8

HP-217BHuanynaputina-70.9-16.6Holocenelava0.70710.70710.51223-8

HP 218Huanynaputina-70.8-16.6Holocenelava59.62.6131036830.70660.70660.51229-7

HP96 135AHuanynaputina-70.8-16.7Holocenelava63.71.7107007418.11115.54638.489

TC-02Ticsani-70.6-16.8Holocenelava65.61.812705590.70680.70680.51229-718.11415.53438.402




TC-09Ticsani-70.6-16.7Holocenelava63.21.69715790.70680.7068

TC-12ATicsani-70.6-16.7Holocenelava59.72.512825690.70670.70670.51228-718.19515.64138.688

TICS-99-01Ticsani-70.6-16.7Holoceneignimbrite62.91.78677850.70680.70680.51226-7

TICS-99-03Ticsani-70.6-16.7Holoceneignimbrite65.41.711667610.70680.70680.51229-7

TUTU-99-01Tutupaca-70.3-17.0Holoceneignimbrite62.01.917525310.70650.70650.51233-618.11515.61138.670

TUTU-99-03Tutupaca-70.3-17.1Holoceneignimbrite65.21.610784780.70680.70680.51229-718.12315.53938.380

TUTU-99-05Tutupaca-70.4-17.0Holocenelava55.33.927892330.70600.70600.51231-618.12015.54238.423

YUC-00-01Yucamane-70.2-17.2Holocenelava55.54.218928520.70640.70640.51232-618.17015.59238.479

YUC-00-04 aYucamane-70.2-17.2Holoceneignimbrite61.52.216682430.70680.70680.51228-718.18915.63638.685





YUC-00-21Yucamane-70.3-17.2Holoceneignimbrite63.01.915569380.70650.70650.51231-618.23415.67238.797

TIT-00-03Titire-69.8-17.3Holocenelava56.82.722706320.70630.70630.51239-518.30115.61838.514

CAS-00-01Casiri-69.8-17.5Holocenelava60.33.618719400.70570.70570.51237-518.27715.64938.587

CAS-00-02Casiri-69.8-17.5Holocenelava59.64.017617360.70580.70580.51236-518.24815.59738.463

TAC-002Tacora-69.8-17.7Holocenelava60.82.414726520.70670.706718.22315.63238.619

TAC-006Tacora-69.8-17.7Holocenelava55.74.419739390.70630.70620.51235-618.11615.61338.113

TAP-97-40Taapaca-69.5-18.1Holoceneignimbrite68.20.55438880.70680.70670.51228-7

TAP-97-17Taapaca-69.5-18.1Holocenelava63.61.610980980.70670.70670.51228-7

TAP-97-18Taapaca-69.5-18.1Holoceneignimbrite64.12.088781100.70660.70660.51228-7



TAP-97-37-1Taapaca-69.5-18.1Holocenelava53.24.522647290.70590.70590.51236-6



TAP-02-02-bTaapaca-69.5-18.1Holocenelava56.83.5151439960.70670.70670.51230-7

TAP 97-29/1Taapaca-69.5-18.1Holocenelava55.53.6131101850.70650.70650.51229-718.16615.66438.585


TAP-001Taapaca-69.5-18.1Holocenelava65.01.98752940.70670.7067

TAP-002Taapaca-69.5-18.1Holocenelava54.73.6171430840.70650.70650.51234-618.09915.61938.399

CAQ-001Caquena-69.2-18.1Holocenelava61.72.2161220760.70670.70670.51227-718.06415.60138.328




POM152Pomerape-69.1-18.1Holocenelava52.85.718790440.70670.70670.51235-618.18015.61238.470

POM154Pomerape-69.1-18.1Holocenelava54.24.920885440.70670.706718.18215.60138.341

CHU-171Chucullo-69.3-18.2Holocenelava58.83.2181136630.70690.70680.51230-718.03315.59638.210

CHU-173Chucullo-69.3-18.2Holocenelava55.84.2191085570.70670.70670.51231-618.04615.59638.198

PAR 118Parinacota-69.1-18.2Holocenelava59.92.9141075770.70670.70660.51230-718.05115.60238.304

PAR 121Parinacota-69.2-18.2Holocenelava59.03.0161068670.70670.706718.07215.61238.348


PAR91-014Parinacota-69.2-18.2Holocenelava69.01.08522650.70680.706817.98815.60238.238















DBF 91Parinacota-69.2-18.2Holocenelava62.62.014862620.70680.70670.51230-718.10815.61438.366

PAR-15Parinacota-69.2-18.2Holoceneignimbrite63.01.316819510.70710.70710.51225-818.13415.59338.385









PAR 219Parinacota-69.2-18.2Holocenelava56.74.220802400.70670.7067



GUL-004Guallatiri-69.3-18.4Holocenelava61.62.217759450.70680.70680.51223-818.18015.61938.458

GUL-015Guallatiri-69.3-18.4Holocenelava62.42.415777520.70670.706718.10115.63338.453

GUL-017Guallatiri-69.3-18.4Holocenelava57.43.6181007560.70670.706718.09315.62438.392

GUL-019Guallatiri-69.3-18.4Holoceneignimbrite74.20.312299250.70690.70690.51224-818.07115.61638.035

IS1-022Isluga-68.9-19.2Holocenelava64.52.027494180.70590.705918.26415.61538.439

IS2-012Isluga-68.9-19.2Holocenelava60.82.418731410.70590.70580.51223-817.88815.59737.946





POR2Porquesa-68.8-20.0Holocenelava67.11.07664950.70580.70580.51238-518.53415.60738.520

IRU1aIrrutupuncu-68.6-20.7Holocenelava63.91.915487320.70530.70530.51244-418.59415.59338.470

IRU1dIrrutupuncu-68.6-20.7Holocenelava59.72.517963570.70550.7055

IRU6Irrutupuncu-68.6-20.7Holocenelava62.52.814607430.70540.7054

IRU10Irrutupuncu-68.6-20.7Holocenelava62.42.814664470.70530.70530.51243-418.61015.60538.496

IRU-98-01Irruputunco-68.6-20.7Holocenelava62.42.913613460.70550.70550.51245-418.59815.57738.440

IRU-98-05Irruputunco-68.6-20.7Holocenelava62.52.316576360.70540.70540.51245-4

IRU-98-07Irruputunco-68.6-20.7Holocenelava62.62.514571410.70550.70550.51243-4

OLC1Olca-68.5-20.9Holocenelava60.92.622621280.70570.7056



OLC5Olca-68.5-20.9Holocenelava62.32.417585340.70550.705518.63215.60638.504

OLC6Olca-68.5-20.9Holocenelava59.13.721654310.70580.70580.51234-618.67615.63638.559

OLC7Olca-68.5-20.9Holocenelava60.62.420667330.70570.705718.63215.62638.528

AUC1Aucanquilcha-68.5-21.2Holocenelava64.61.911567520.70600.70600.51233-618.67815.62438.566

PORU2Porunita-68.3-21.3Holocenelava60.53.317609360.70670.70670.51227-718.67115.63738.478

OLA1Ollague-68.2-21.3Holocenelava62.42.217507300.70710.707118.76715.63238.613

OLA3Ollague-68.2-21.3Holocenelava61.62.217487290.70730.7073

OLA10Ollague-68.3-21.3Holocenelava66.21.213420320.70830.70830.51218-918.78615.65438.622


OLA13Ollague-68.2-21.3Holocenelava62.22.418515290.70690.70690.51226-718.77615.64638.657












OLA33Ollague-68.2-21.3Holoceneignimbrite66.41.213424330.70830.7083

SPP-98-54San Pedro San Pablo-68.5-21.9Holocenelava63.01.717518300.70670.70670.51235-618.74615.63238.714

SPP-98-56San Pedro San Pablo-68.5-21.8Holocenelava62.92.318512280.70570.70570.51235-618.74615.65838.760

SP1San Pedro Poruña-68.5-21.9Holocenelava56.45.719578300.70660.70660.51238-518.73715.63838.674

PUT-98-44-2Cerro Putana-67.9-22.6Holocenelava59.83.732412130.70820.70820.51227-7

COR-98-72C°Colorado-67.9-22.7Holocenelava62.42.718445250.70800.70800.51222-8

COR-98-87C°Colorado-67.9-22.6Holocenelava63.12.517437260.70830.70820.51226-718.83115.66638.840

COR-98-87-2C°Colorado-67.9-22.6Holocenelava56.43.917522310.70630.70630.51243-418.85615.69038.940

SAI-98-40C. Sairecabur-67.9-22.7Holocenelava62.62.720429210.70820.70820.51222-8

SAI-98-41C. Sairecabur-67.9-22.7Holocenelava60.53.1224542118.79215.63338.747

SAI-98-42C. Sairecabur-67.9-22.7Holocenelava63.02.722419190.70830.70830.51222-818.83015.64338.817

SAI-98-42-BC. Sairecabur-67.9-22.7Holocenelava61.52.522481220.70810.70810.51226-718.82215.65638.808

LIC-98-11Licancabur-67.9-22.9Holocenelava60.92.522506230.70800.70800.51243-418.83015.64438.756

LIC-98-12Licancabur-67.9-22.9Holocenelava60.42.824489200.70770.70770.51227-718.85215.69038.893

LIC-98-37Licancabur-67.9-22.8Holocenelava60.82.724496210.70790.70790.51226-7

LAS-98-47Lascar-67.8-23.3Holocenelava59.53.823448190.51240-518.82315.65338.827

LAS-98-48Lascar-67.8-23.3Holocenelava57.53.621697330.70710.70710.51244-418.76615.62738.675

LAS-98-49Lascar-67.8-23.3Holocenelava58.74.422458210.70640.70640.51241-518.82215.65938.843

SOC-98-27-2Socompa-68.3-24.3Holocenelava63.72.113640490.70680.70680.51241-418.66715.59338.583

SOC-98-27-3Socompa-68.3-24.3Holocenelava56.44.615716480.70790.70790.51227-718.70915.63238.715

SOC-98-29Socompa-68.4-24.4Holocenelava63.02.314644460.70660.70660.51226-718.84015.63638.727

LUL-98-31LLullaillaco-68.6-24.8Holocenelava65.51.611627570.70660.70660.51240-518.76415.66338.848

LUL-98-32LLullaillaco-68.6-24.7Holocenelava65.61.6116265718.71715.59938.650

LTA-98-81-2Lastaria-68.5-25.1Holocenelava59.53.621560270.70700.70700.51246-318.87215.65938.916

LTA-98-82Lastaria-68.5-25.1Holocenelava60.14.320494250.70720.70720.51242-418.89115.66538.923

LTA-98-83Lastaria-68.5-25.1Holocenelava58.74.220517260.70710.70710.51243-418.91915.70039.066

OJO-98-86Ojos del Salado-68.5-27.1Holocenelava63.41.916535330.70630.70630.51246-418.84015.65638.975

SHO-01-65Quinzachatas-71.4-14.2Pleistocenelava56.85.5271244460.70710.70710.51234-618.72715.64138.884

SHO-01-66-2Oroscocha-71.4-14.1Pleistocenelava50.17.9292564880.70570.70570.51243-418.71115.66638.876

8_11_01Rumicolca-71.7-13.6Pleistocenelava64.32.325999400.70690.70690.51236-518.93315.69339.061

SHO-01-74Pisaq-71.8-13.4Pleistocenelava64.02.424963400.70670.70670.51240-518.90615.66939.002

SAR-00-03Sara Sara-73.3-15.3Plio-Pleistocenelava65.41.39697770.51246-418.67815.69638.939






OCO-03-01Ocoña-73.2-16.1Plio-Pleistocenelava57.14.1206553318.57815.65038.757

ANT-00-02Antapuna-72.7-15.4Plio-Pleistocenelava57.73.0181109620.70600.70600.51247-318.74515.68938.966

FIR-00-01Firura-72.7-15.3Plio-Pleistocenelava58.32.8141165830.70580.70580.51249-318.78515.70639.039

SolimamaSolimama-72.9-15.4Plio-Pleistocenelava0.70590.70590.51248

CORO-99-01Coropuna-72.6-15.5Plio-Pleistocenelava62.32.110874870.70610.70610.51246-318.55415.57238.555

CORO-99-02Coropuna-72.5-15.5Plio-Pleistocenelava60.42.213972750.70600.70600.51246-318.64315.59338.639

COR-00-03Coropuna-72.5-15.7Plio-Pleistocenelava60.12.615869580.51244-418.58515.63938.745







COR-00-21Coropuna-72.7-15.4Plio-Pleistocenelava62.51.712745620.70600.70600.51245-418.62415.67538.869


BAR-01-61Chivay-71.6-15.6Plio-Pleistocenelava59.13.218762420.70620.70620.51243-418.61915.63338.723

BAR-01-62Chivay-71.6-15.6Plio-Pleistocenelava58.62.6181160640.70590.70590.51249-318.77715.66738.931

BAR-01-59Hualca Hualca-71.8-15.6Plio-Pleistocenelava58.63.513792610.70620.70620.51243-418.35715.62538.585

BAR-02-01Hualca Hualca-72.1-15.7Plio-Pleistocenelava55.83.714761540.70670.70670.51235-618.31915.65738.724

BAR-02-14Paquetane-71.5-16.1Plio-Pleistocenelava57.02.220741370.70810.70810.51211-1017.88415.61138.600

SUA-013Aritinca-69.1-18.7Plio-Pleistocenelava73.90.410225230.70650.70650.51222-818.13515.62138.401

SUP-020Puquintica-69.0-18.7Plio-Pleistocenelava60.52.5151146760.70650.706518.01915.59738.247

SUP-022Puquintica-69.0-18.7Plio-Pleistocenelava56.03.427918340.70660.70660.51223-818.13415.62138.365

SUP-023Puquintica-69.0-18.7Plio-Pleistocenelava63.91.813858660.70640.706418.05715.58138.226

ELR-NEl Rojo Norte-69.2-18.5Plio-Pleistocenelava54.14.7211298620.70660.70660.51223-817.83415.61538.131

ELR1El Rojo Sur-68.6-20.9Plio-Pleistocenelava54.94.3261347520.70650.70650.51227-717.87315.60238.113

CUEV1Las Cuevas-68.5-21.6Plio-Pleistocenelava53.05.222796360.70560.7056

CUEV4Las Cuevas-68.5-21.6Plio-Pleistocenelava59.73.815711470.70590.705918.69915.63738.593

YAH-00-14Yarihuato-73.4-15.5Mio-Pliocenelava54.03.820650330.70560.70560.51252-218.60615.65938.780

YAH-00-16Yarihuato-73.5-15.5Mio-Pliocenelava61.61.726508200.70560.70560.51252-2

YAH-00-17Yarihuato-73.4-15.5Mio-Pliocenelava54.42.818707390.70550.70550.51252-218.56015.63938.697

BAR-00-19Yarihuato-73.7-15.2Mio-Pliocenelava59.82.223546240.70570.70560.51252-218.63715.66838.810

BAR-02-17Cotahuasi-72.7-15.1Mio-Pliocenelava60.92.212971810.70590.70580.51248-318.80415.67338.953

BAR-00-35Cotahuasi-72.9-15.2Mio-Pliocenelava55.43.2161041650.70600.70600.51248-318.66515.66138.844

BAR-00-33Chuquibamba-72.7-15.6Mio-Pliocenelava53.84.4191182620.70570.70570.51250-318.67015.67238.881

BAR-02-10Tuti-71.5-15.5Mio-Pliocenelava57.93.71812637018.71615.67038.865

BAR-01-79Morane-71.3-15.0Mio-Pliocenelava60.71.620639320.70510.70500.51256-218.91915.67539.050

BAR-01-85Colca-71.3-15.4Mio-Pliocenelava53.33.119933490.70600.70600.51246-318.61715.64838.775

BAR-00-28Pampacolca-72.6-15.7Mio-Pliocenelava56.54.430524170.70690.70690.51227-718.18615.62438.541

BAR-02-04Hualto-71.8-15.9Mio-Pliocenelava65.90.529401140.70740.70730.51224-818.13715.62638.674

BAR-02-05Hualto-71.8-15.9Mio-Pliocenelava62.42.521528250.70690.70680.51225-818.11615.66538.782

BAR-02-13Huacullani-71.4-15.9Mio-Pliocenelava58.83.118748420.70710.70710.51216-917.98415.62738.669

BAR-00-27Salinas-71.3-16.2Mio-Pliocenelava56.43.024631260.70740.70740.51213-1017.82615.58938.509



BAR-02-15Base Misti-71.4-16.3Mio-Pliocenelava58.04.312699580.70770.70770.51204-1217.65415.60238.461

PIP-01-026Pichu Pichu-71.3-16.4Mio-Pliocenelava60.22.713751580.70730.70730.51213-1017.94015.62038.709

PIP-01-42Pichu Pichu-71.2-16.5Mio-Pliocenelava62.12.413722560.70760.70760.51210-1117.79615.59538.595

BAR-01-43Pichu Pichu-71.2-16.5Mio-Pliocenelava60.12.411914830.70700.70700.51215-1018.03315.59738.576

BAR-01-44Pichu Pichu-71.2-16.5Mio-Pliocenelava58.43.120849420.70630.70630.51218-918.15415.63838.710

BAR-00-37Tarata-70.3-17.1Mio-Pliocenelava57.93.717685400.70650.70650.51228-718.13415.65838.779

BAR-00-39Tarata-70.3-17.1Mio-Pliocenelava61.12.115682450.70660.70660.51223-818.05115.60538.647

AJO 177Ajoya-69.2-18.2Mio-Pliocenelava60.82.419565300.70690.70680.51232-618.28315.61938.556

CMA 10Cerro Margarita-69.5-18.7Mio-Pliocenelava61.52.414726520.70680.70680.51223-818.22015.60038.430

ANO 07Anocarire-69.2-18.8Mio-Pliocenelava57.03.3181340740.70690.70690.51220-917.90115.59638.067

LAU 005Lauca-69.4-18.3Mio-Pliocenelava58.72.822534240.70670.70660.51229-718.20315.61538.518

LAU 102C° Tejene-69.4-18.3Mio-Pliocenelava61.52.119503260.70680.70670.51233-618.16215.60538.357

LAU 105Lauca-69.4-18.3Mio-Pliocenelava66.21.518444250.70690.70680.51230-718.17615.61938.467

LAU 94-172Lauca-69.0-18.5Mio-Pliocenelava50.76.217526310.70560.70550.51242-418.24515.60438.419

TOM 94-209 BQ. Carcones-69.7-18.4Mio-Pliocenelava56.83.119563300.70620.70610.51240-518.34015.61338.670

ACH 04Achecalane-69.3-18.8Mio-Pliocenelava55.83.119644340.70610.70610.51236-618.39515.61138.564

CUM-07Chuzmiza-69.1-19.6Mio-Pliocenelava53.55.116751470.70600.70600.51231-618.38115.63038.527

CUM-02Chuzmiza-69.2-19.7Mio-Pliocenelava57.63.026503190.70610.70600.51241-518.66715.65538.810

MAM 24Mamuta-69.3-19.1Mio-Pliocenelava53.25.619607320.70570.70570.51237-518.35315.61138.473

MAM 14Mamuta-69.4-19.0Mio-Pliocenelava57.62.516676420.70590.70590.51242-418.47315.61738.601

HUA1Huailla-68.8-20.4Mio-Pliocenelava59.92.219695370.70550.705418.63715.60238.576

PUN1Puntilla-68.3-21.4Mio-Pliocenelava56.52.721618290.70560.70550.51243-418.60615.61638.480

MIN2Miño-68.6-21.2Mio-Pliocenelava61.82.813596460.70550.705518.65015.62338.591

CHE6Chela-68.5-21.4Mio-Pliocenelava71.80.3109090.70580.70560.51243-4

CHE8Chela-68.5-21.4Mio-Pliocenelava57.14.716616390.70560.70560.51245-418.68915.62338.544

CAR1Carcote-68.4-21.4Mio-Pliocenelava58.13.819563300.70620.70620.51234-618.71415.62438.535

PAL4Palpana-68.5-21.6Mio-Pliocenelava58.13.018652360.70560.70550.51240-518.66015.61938.529

CEB5Cebollar-68.5-21.6Mio-Pliocenelava61.62.217549320.70580.705718.75315.63638.644

CHAN1Chanca-68.3-21.8Mio-Pliocenelava66.21.719357190.70690.706818.79315.65938.775

CHAN3Chanca-68.3-21.8Mio-Pliocenelava65.21.615493330.70610.706018.72415.62438.657

BAR-00-21Puquio-74.0-14.8Miocenelava70.70.42213960.70600.70540.51253-218.65215.64538.765

BAR-00-22Puquio-74.3-14.7Miocenelava54.62.818414230.70500.70480.51263-018.71915.65938.836

BAR-00-20Cora cora-73.7-15.2Miocenelava50.76.620689340.70500.70490.51257-118.61315.59738.550

BAR-01-81Condoroma-71.2-15.1Miocenelava53.43.926678260.70550.70530.51254-218.65315.64838.744

BAR-01-83Condoroma-71.2-15.3Miocenelava59.82.622510230.70560.70540.51253-218.84815.66639.047

BAR-01-87Colca-71.4-15.5Miocenelava51.96.322472210.70520.70510.51259-118.59915.66238.701

SHILAArequipa-72.2-15.6Miocenelava18.82015.665

BAR-02-11Huarancante-71.4-15.7Miocenelava61.02.722522240.70650.70650.51233-618.30615.63638.700

BAR-01-55Ananto-71.6-15.7Miocenelava61.22.417526310.70650.70650.51235-618.31515.64138.699

BAR-00-40Tarata-70.1-17.4Miocenelava60.02.219642340.70610.70610.51238-518.18315.57238.557



BAR-00-36Moquegua-70.7-17.0Miocenelava57.82.817630370.70600.70590.51240-518.32215.63638.747

CNE 94-161Co, Negro-69.7-18.2Miocenelava61.32.025593240.70620.70610.51234-618.18415.60638.618

GUG-182Guane Guane-69.3-18.1Miocenelava58.43.820681340.70610.70600.51241-418.18515.59738.431

ZAP-1Cordon Quevilque-69.6-18.3Miocenelava61.12.116565340.70600.70590.51235-618.22115.60638.646

ZAP-3Cordon Quevilque-69.6-18.3Miocenelava60.82.1186533518.26015.60038.560

COP 94-216Cerro Copaquilla-69.6-18.4Miocenelava54.64.019672350.70650.70640.51232-618.30515.60838.630

LAC 95-268Quebrada Laco-69.6-18.4Miocenelava56.23.520561280.70620.70610.51239-518.33715.61338.677

ANTA-01-72Cusco-72.2-13.6Eocenelava51.51.226560220.51261-118.66615.61438.705

TAZ-00-01Cotahuasi-72.9-15.3Eocenelava58.02.820559280.70550.70530.51250-318.57715.63038.691



PIG-00-06Caravelli-73.5-15.7Plio-Holoceneignimbrite72.20.32011060.70630.70620.51246-3

PIG-00-30Cotahuasi-72.9-15.2Plio-Holoceneignimbrite72.70.1158560.70620.70590.51245-418.63415.63538.749

PIG-00-28Cotahuasi-72.9-15.2Plio-Holoceneignimbrite70.90.2306720.70650.70500.51249-318.79215.65638.890

Pig-03-120Ocoña-73.2-16.1Plio-Holoceneignimbrite64.70.3145940.71010.70930.51248-318.72415.60738.753

Pig-03-125Cuno Cuno-73.1-16.0Plio-Holoceneignimbrite50.90.9109390.70860.70810.51249-318.80415.71939.168

Pig-03-126Ocoña-73.1-16.0Plio-Holoceneignimbrite69.80.216190120.70780.70770.51249-318.76815.76139.180

PIG-03-123Ocoña-73.1-15.6Plio-Holoceneignimbrite66.61.014481340.70610.70600.51246-318.62015.71438.992

PIG-02-85Salamanca-72.8-15.5Plio-Holoceneignimbrite64.20.63516350.70620.70610.51246-3

PIG-00-25Chuquibamba-72.7-15.8Plio-Holoceneignimbrite69.10.32110250.70670.70650.51246-418.61915.73039.042

PIG-00-24Chuquibamba-72.6-15.7Plio-Holoceneignimbrite70.40.52015880.70620.70610.51245-418.57015.66738.824

PIG-02-76Vitor-71.8-16.4Plio-Holoceneignimbrite73.20.1156240.70750.70710.51223-8

PIG-02-78Yura-71.8-16.4Plio-Holoceneignimbrite72.50.2101261317.84515.64538.854

PIG-03-118bYura-71.8-16.4Plio-Holoceneignimbrite70.21.21513990.70900.70870.51223-818.09615.69038.879

Pig-03-131Sumbay-71.4-16.0Plio-Holoceneignimbrite75.00.0166640.70750.70690.51224-818.19815.66938.847

PIG- 03-101Sumbay-71.4-16.0Plio-Holoceneignimbrite72.30.2207940.70750.70700.51224-818.27215.64338.732

Pig-03-130Sumbay-71.3-16.0Plio-Holoceneignimbrite70.60.613217170.70940.70920.51200-1217.73115.62938.790

PIG-00-12Chachani-71.6-16.3Plio-Holoceneignimbrite57.23.815853570.70730.70730.51223-8

PIG-03-106Chachani-71.7-16.2Plio-Holoceneignimbrite73.50.21413190.70810.70780.51222-818.09815.66538.829

PIG-00-19BAguada Blanca-71.3-16.2Plio-Holoceneignimbrite74.70.1169660.70730.70690.51225-818.15915.62438.692

PIG-00-20Aguada Blanca-71.3-16.2Plio-Holoceneignimbrite71.30.2204720.70720.7063

PIG-00-22Arequipa-71.6-16.3Plio-Holoceneignimbrite73.20.314208150.70870.70870.51206-11

PIG-00-34Arequipa-71.8-16.5Plio-Holoceneignimbrite72.80.1168250.70750.70700.51223-818.17515.62238.693

MIO-IG-99-01Moquegua-70.9-16.8Plio-Holoceneignimbrite75.20.49113130.70760.70740.51263-018.54015.60738.625

LAU-188Lauca/Pérez-69.4-18.4Plio-Holoceneignimbrite75.20.2173820.70800.70680.51227-718.01515.61338.146

LAU-189Lauca/Pérez-69.4-18.4Plio-Holoceneignimbrite74.30.5145240.70690.70610.51226-718.03215.69138.308

DUNKEL TOP-SUCerro Pichican-69.2-18.6Plio-Holoceneignimbrite65.92.620343170.70600.70590.51234-6

HELL LAB 16/32Cerro Pichican-69.2-18.6Plio-Holoceneignimbrite74.80.1132120.70840.70700.51227-7

PIG-00-31Cotahuasi-72.9-15.3Mioceneignimbrite72.70.52118090.70680.70620.51243-418.63715.71038.991

PIG-00-07Pausa-73.3-15.3Mioceneignimbrite69.10.715285190.70570.70560.51251-3

PIG-00-03Caravelli-73.4-15.8Mioceneignimbrite73.00.41816190.70590.70560.51251-318.63215.63538.716

PIG-00-04Caravelli-73.4-15.8Mioceneignimbrite72.90.315193130.70580.70550.51251-318.64815.64838.765

PIG-00-10Puquio-74.5-14.7Mioceneignimbrite74.40.3199850.70600.70600.51265018.80315.68138.995

PIG-02-78Yura-71.8-16.4Mioceneignimbrite71.80.212131110.70900.70860.51207-11

PIG-00-16Chili-71.5-16.3Mioceneignimbrite72.10.314206150.70940.70910.51206-11

PIG-00-17bChili-71.5-16.3Mioceneignimbrite71.10.5187540.70770.70630.51224-8

PIG-00-33Sihuas-72.1-16.4Mioceneignimbrite64.22.018301170.70700.70670.51236-518.50215.65838.792

PIG-00-32Corire-72.4-16.3Mioceneignimbrite70.20.51613080.70860.70860.51229-718.40015.66138.755

PIG-00-38Moquegua-70.6-16.9Mioceneignimbrite71.70.816159100.70780.70780.51225-818.13715.60038.687

PIG-00-41Moquegua-70.2-17.4Mioceneignimbrite59.81.619276150.70720.70720.51226-718.05515.60438.650

SUR 112Chucal-69.2-18.7Mioceneignimbrite71.80.515144100.70690.70650.51227-718.31415.67938.750

SUR 113Chucal-69.2-18.7Mioceneignimbrite72.10.414154110.70680.70650.51226-718.29215.65638.674

PER 95 273Mauri Turco-68.7-18.5Mioceneignimbrite71.40.88469590.70710.70690.51219-917.75915.72238.396

PER 95 275 AMauri Turco-68.3-18.0Mioceneignimbrite71.20.97491700.70700.70690.51219-917.67215.63538.115

CRD 38 121/2Oxaya-69.7-18.4Mioceneignimbrite75.50.296770.70880.70880.51231-618.25615.69938.875

CRD 15 124/2Oxaya-69.7-18.4Mioceneignimbrite63.01.318361200.70780.70780.51213-1018.19215.71038.885

POC-94 (29) 137AOxaya-70.1-18.5Mioceneignimbrite62.63.7129980.70730.70730.51227-7

S.LUCIA- 04-01Santa Lucia-70.5-15.7Oligoceneintrusion62.01.6216723218.39015.61538.490

GTC-01Cerro Guatacondo-69.0-21.0Paleogeneintrusion65.41.93625870.70580.704919.25015.67039.060

GTC-02Cerro Guatacondo-69.0-21.0Paleogeneintrusion61.22.427384140.70780.707419.35015.66038.670

BLA-21Quebrada Blanca-68.8-21.0Paleogeneintrusion63.91.414600430.70510.705018.65015.63038.620

CEU-25Cerro Ceucis-68.8-21.0Paleogeneintrusion62.32.424361150.70760.707018.64015.63038.520

COL-17Cerro Colorado-68.7-21.9Paleogeneintrusion60.71.128964340.70380.703418.64015.64038.680

OCO-03-06Ocoña-73.1-15.7Cretaceousintrusion72.30.843328318.63015.64138.682

CLE-18Clemesi-71.3-17.1Cretaceouslava56.12.226573220.70490.51262-018.60015.61538.559

CLE-03Clemesi-71.1-17.5Cretaceouslava58.02.729340120.70520.51264018.78915.65838.764

CLE-23Clemesi-71.4-17.2Cretaceouslava56.93.721427200.70510.51272218.61715.58438.555

APT-4-3Q. Cardones-69.7-18.4Cretaceousintrusion63.22.34219350.70490.70040.51260-118.18615.63438.756

HUA-01Cerro Huarallapo-69.1-19.9Cretaceousintrusion61.22.63228690.70630.705418.74015.62038.690

ABR-02El Abra-68.8-21.9Cretaceousintrusion65.71.310693690.70460.7044

MUR-44Q. Murmuntani-69.5-18.3Cretaceousintrusion60.33.030374120.70690.70610.51223-818.03815.54437.772

APT-11-rockArica-70.3-18.5Jurassiclava54.63.742411100.70480.70440.51285418.80515.62739.250

APT-11-glasArica-70.3-18.5Jurassiclava18.64015.60038.510

APT-11-matrixArica-70.3-18.5Jurassiclava18.90015.61038.780

ANB-01-01Tocopilla-70.2-22.5Jurassicintrusion565272851118.59315.61738.539

YaradaLa Yarada-70.7-18.2Jurassiclava59.13.221446210.70780.51265018.52515.62438.526

IloIlo-71.2-17.6Jurassicintrusion63.92.419394210.70490.51267118.76615.63838.675

PC-02Pachia-70.0-17.6Jurassiclava59.81.917479280.70700.70700.51222-817.97815.63038.900

PC-03Palca-70.0-17.7Jurassiclava54.52.92920470.70750.70680.51244-417.89215.59438.937

ARE-05Arequipa-71.8-16.3Jurassicintrusion60.92.716563350.70510.70450.51255-218.57115.60938.899

PB-03Punta de Bombon-71.7-17.1Jurassiclava50.35.816369230.70700.70540.51242-4

PB-12Punta de Bombon-71.5-17.0Jurassiclava52.53.018426240.70540.70410.51267118.49615.57238.471

IQ-04-01Iquique-70.1-21.1Jurassicintrusion64.12.0293221119.05215.60839.008

LAN_04_01Antofagasta-70.2-22.5Jurassicintrusion52.54.532292918.06015.59237.953

LAN_04_02Antofagasta-70.1-22.1Jurassicintrusion55.34.2243251418.21515.58938.108

CHJ-01Choja-69.1-20.0Paleozoicintrusion55.94.43021670.71400.714018.80315.67338.685


CHJ-09Choja-69.1-20.0Paleozoicintrusion52.211.719714



Bel-12-ABBelen-69.5-18.5Paleozoicgneiss18.49715.64740.594

Bel-45-VHBelen-69.5-18.5Paleozoicamphibolite46.65.5313671217.23415.54039.003

Bel-43-ABBelen-69.5-18.5Paleozoicamphibolite57.83.4233291417.60115.60938.755

Bel-48-VHBelen-69.5-18.5Paleozoicamphibolite17.62715.55138.539

Bel-53-JLBelen-69.5-18.5Paleozoicamphibolite47.67.536149417.08615.54138.544

BEL-02Belen-69.5-18.5Paleozoicgneiss68.31.514382270.71280.711517.73115.56639.307

BEL-03Belen-69.5-18.5Paleozoicdike53.52.02465827


BEL-06Belen-69.5-18.5Paleozoicamphibolite48.68.9231697


BEL-11Belen-69.5-18.5Paleozoicgneiss43.33.5

RCH-04-234Arequipa-71.8-16.4Proterozoicdike64.41.95374750.70560.70020.51275218.42815.62538.416

RCH-04-230Arequipa-71.5-16.3Proterozoicintrusion73.20.56241400.74930.72330.51135-2516.99715.58038.963

RCH-04-232Arequipa-71.7-16.4Proterozoicintrusion65.01.920376190.70750.70050.51226-717.94015.58038.809

OCO-04-01Arequipa-73.2-16.1Proterozoicintrusion71.51.63711930.78550.71770.51175-1717.89215.73538.597

OCO-04-01_2Arequipa-73.2-16.1Proterozoicintrusion46.78.65241480.71250.69230.51186-1517.80915.62938.767

BAS_21Arequipa-71.5-16.5Proterozoicgneiss67.11.96315530.73030.70250.51146-2317.11815.59538.197

041031_HPescadores-73.3-16.4Proterozoicintrusion17.31615.50437.428

041108_MHuacano-70.1-17.6Proterozoicintrusion71.21.4179150.77710.71270.51130-2616.71915.57340.714

Uya-06Cerro Uyarani-68.7-18.5ProterozoicCharnokite71.61.073154517.27315.63138.955

Uya-07Cerro Uyarani-68.7-18.5Proterozoicamphibolite47.97.0212131017.27515.55737.380

JK 11Cerro Uyarani-68.7-18.5Proterozoicintrusion17.39815.64438.469

Compiled data

SampleLocationLon (X)Lat (Y)SourceGeological ageTypeSiO2MgOSr/Y87Sr/86Sr87Sr/86Sr initial143Nd/144NdeNd206Pb/204Pb207Pb/204Pb208Pb/204Pb

Cda_1_4C. de Azufre-68.5-25.3Trumbull et al. 1999Holocenelava58.13.624.50.70650.70650.5124-418.80715.62838.784

Last_rw_3Lastaria-68.6-25.2Trumbull et al. 1999Holocenelava61.03.529.50.70690.70690.5125-418.83715.63238.784

N_1Argentina_Negrillar-68.7-24.3Kay et al. 1999Holocenelava0.70670.70670.5124-4

N_2Argentina_Negrillar-68.7-24.3Kay et al. 1999Holocenelava0.70650.70650.5124-418.69015.60938.637

PNArgentina_Negrillar-68.7-24.3Kay et al. 1999Holocenelava0.70630.70630.5125-3

LP199Argentina_La_Poma-66.3-24.6Kay et al. 1999Pleistocenelava52.68.90.70710.70710.5124-4

LP36Argentina_La_Poma-66.3-24.7Kay et al. 1999Pleistocenelava54.38.90.70760.70760.5124-418.75315.67139.074

P24_4Argentina_Chorrillos-66.5-24.3Kay et al. 1999Pleistocenelava52.16.90.70630.70630.5125-218.65815.66938.971

SJ25_2Argentina_geronimo-66.2-24.1Kay et al. 1999Pleistocenelava58.64.40.70750.70750.5124-418.73015.65938.861

T162Argentina-66.5-24.2Kay et al. 1999Pleistocenelava0.70630.70630.5124-418.76115.66638.844

Y83Argentina-66.5-24.1Kay et al. 1999Pleistocenelava0.70770.70770.5123-618.73915.66338.792

5213-S-23-b1Salar Isla-68.4-26.0Siebel et al. 2001Plioceneignimbrite74.10.110.20.70900.70870.5124-519.10015.65038.910

CO 339Incahuasi group-68.4-27.2Kay et al. 1999Pliocenelava53.69.40.70520.70520.5125-218.97915.61838.976

CO 340Incahuasi group-68.4-27.2Kay et al. 1999Pliocenelava53.19.00.70580.705818.89016.63139.008

Cy-94-1Salar Isla-68.6-26.2Siebel et al. 2001Plioceneignimbrite74.30.310.10.70710.70680.5124-418.85015.65038.920

Cy-94-2-b1Salar Isla-68.6-26.2Siebel et al. 2001Plioceneignimbrite73.50.27.818.89015.67038.970

JUNC-97-4Salar Isla-68.8-26.5Siebel et al. 2001Plioceneignimbrite73.20.25.90.70660.70600.5124-418.83015.63038.850

León-T2/13Salar de la Isla-68.5-25.9Siebel et al. 2001Plioceneignimbrite66.51.218.518.82015.62038.780

Pari_2-17Salar Isla-68.4-26.0Siebel et al. 2001Plioceneignimbrite70.21.016.50.70790.70780.5124-419.05015.62038.770

geochemistry g3 volume 9 geophysics 7 march 2008 geosystems · puna [whitman et al., 1996]. thinned...

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