genus musa bananas and plantains - aggie horticulture · – bananas, 72 million mt (56% asia) –...
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Bananas and PlantainsBananas and Plantains
Family: Family: MusaceaeMusaceaeGenus: Genus: MusaMusa
Species: Species: M. M. acuminataacuminataM. M. balbisianabalbisiana
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Genus Genus MusaMusaSection Section EumusaEumusa
Major species of economic importanceMajor species of economic importance–– Musa acuminataMusa acuminata (A genome)(A genome)–– Musa balbisianaMusa balbisiana (B genome)(B genome)
Ploidy levels of commercial bananasPloidy levels of commercial bananas–– Diploid, AA and BBDiploid, AA and BB–– Triploid, AAA, AAB, ABBTriploid, AAA, AAB, ABB–– Tetraploid, AAAA, AABB, ABBBTetraploid, AAAA, AABB, ABBB
Major evolutionary eventsMajor evolutionary events–– Probably millennia agoProbably millennia ago
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Types of BananasTypes of Bananas
BananaBanana–– Desert banana, fresh Desert banana, fresh
consumptionconsumption–– AAAAAA
PlantainPlantain–– Cooking, Meal, Cooking, Meal,
Vegetable bananaVegetable banana–– PlátanoPlátano, , banano banano
machomacho–– AAB or ABBAAB or ABB
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Banana Origin and DomesticationBanana Origin and Domestication
AA
AAA
AAB
ABB
AABBAAAB
ABBBABBAAB
ABIndustry developed in Late 19th Century
AABAAA
AA
Before 200 AD
Reached Europe by 1516
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Adaptation: Hot Humid TropicsAdaptation: Hot Humid TropicsTemperatureTemperature–– Frost freeFrost free–– Mean temperature of 27 C (80 F)Mean temperature of 27 C (80 F)–– Minimum winter temp of 15.5 C (60 F)Minimum winter temp of 15.5 C (60 F)
MoistureMoisture–– Rain, 100 mm (4.0”) per monthRain, 100 mm (4.0”) per month
SoilSoil–– Good drainage is neededGood drainage is needed–– Slightly acid, pH 5.5 to 6.5Slightly acid, pH 5.5 to 6.5
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January 15.5 C isotherm
June 15.5 C isotherm
1,270 mm isohyets
1,270 mm isohyets
Banana Cultivation and ClimateBanana Cultivation and ClimateMost Banana/Plantain Production within Region with Most Banana/Plantain Production within Region with
Winter Temperate Greater than 15.5 C (60 F) and Winter Temperate Greater than 15.5 C (60 F) and Rainfall greater than 1,270 mm (50”)Rainfall greater than 1,270 mm (50”)
(Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966)
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Banana Cultivation and ClimateBanana Cultivation and ClimateBananas Grown for Local ConsumptionBananas Grown for Local Consumption
January 15.5 C isotherm
June 15.5 C isotherm
1,270 mm isohyets
1,270 mm isohyets
BBB
B BB B
B
B
BBB
B
B
B
BB
BB
B B
B
BB
B
(Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966)
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Banana Cultivation and ClimateBanana Cultivation and ClimateBananas Grown for Export = TBananas Grown for Export = T
January 15.5 C isotherm
June 15.5 C isotherm
1,270 mm isohyets
1,270 mm isohyets
BBB
B BB B
B
B
BBB
B
B
B
BB
BB
B B
B
BB
B
TTT
TTT
T
T
T
T T
T
T
TT
TT
(Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966)
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Weather ProblemsWeather Problems
WindWind–– 1515--20 mph 20 mph -- leaf damage, twisting, breakageleaf damage, twisting, breakage–– 40 mph 40 mph -- considerable damageconsiderable damage–– 60 mph 60 mph -- complete destructioncomplete destruction
WhyWhy–– Pseudostem Pseudostem not as strong as woody stemnot as strong as woody stem–– Large leaves that catch windLarge leaves that catch wind–– Shallow root systemShallow root system
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World Production World Production (1,000s (1,000s mtmt))
Region Bananas Plantains
Africa 7,051 22,478
Asia 40,738 996
Americas 24,378 1,835
Total 72,167 25,309
FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002
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World Production World Production (%)(%)
Region Bananas Plantains
Africa 10% 89%
Asia 56% 4%
Americas 34% 7%
Total (1,000s mt) 72,167 25,309
FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002
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World Production World Production Leading Producing CountriesLeading Producing Countries
Region Bananas Plantains
Africa Burundi, Uganda,Egypt, Cameroon,
Congo
Uganda, Rwanda,Ghana, Nigeria,
Ivory Coast
Asia India, Philippines,China, Indonesia,
Thailand
Myanmar, Sri Lanka
Americas Ecuador, Brazil, CostaRica, Colombia,
Guatemala
Colombia, Peru,Venezuela, Ecuador,
Cuba
FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002
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World ProductionWorld ProductionFAOSTAT database, 2000-2002
ProductionProduction–– Bananas, 72 million MT (56% Asia)Bananas, 72 million MT (56% Asia)–– Plantains, 25 million MT (89% Africa)Plantains, 25 million MT (89% Africa)
Staple food for 70 million AfricansStaple food for 70 million Africans
–– 90% grown on small farms and 90% grown on small farms and consumed locallyconsumed locally
–– 10% exported from plantations10% exported from plantationsLatin America and Caribbean regionLatin America and Caribbean region
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World Yields (World Yields (mtmt/ha)/ha)
Region Bananas Plantains
Africa 6.5 5.6
Asia 19.9 10.4
Americas 18.7 10.0
FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002
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Plant StructurePlant StructureMonocotMonocot
Perennial herbPerennial herb–– All leaves/inflorescence All leaves/inflorescence
origin from under ground origin from under ground cormcorm
Spreads via rhizomesSpreads via rhizomesPlants “walk”Plants “walk”
–– Largest plant without woody Largest plant without woody trunktrunk
PseudostemPseudostem, leaf bases, leaf bases
–– Fruits onceFruits onceTropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Banana VarietiesBanana VarietiesGros Gros Michel (Big Mike)Michel (Big Mike)–– Leading Leading cv cv for 100 yearsfor 100 years–– Good production, cycle 13Good production, cycle 13--15 months15 months–– Tall plants (4Tall plants (4--8 m), wind damage8 m), wind damage–– Good post harvest qualitiesGood post harvest qualities
Ripened uniformlyRipened uniformlyResistant to bruising and discolorationResistant to bruising and discoloration
–– Shipped as bunchesShipped as bunches–– Susceptible to Panama diseaseSusceptible to Panama disease
Replaced by Replaced by Cavendish Cavendish -- resistant to Panama resistant to Panama diseasedisease
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Banana VarietiesBanana VarietiesCavendishCavendish–– Currently the leading Currently the leading cv cv for exportfor export–– Heavy production, cycle 11 monthsHeavy production, cycle 11 months–– Smaller plant (2Smaller plant (2--3 m) 3 m) -- less wind damageless wind damage–– Marginal post harvest qualitiesMarginal post harvest qualities
Does not ripen uniformly Does not ripen uniformly -- use special use special chamberschambersSusceptible to bruising and discolorationSusceptible to bruising and discoloration
–– Shipped packed in boxesShipped packed in boxes–– Resistant to Panama diseaseResistant to Panama disease
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Many Locally Important Many Locally Important VarietiesVarieties
Active breeding Active breeding in Africa, South in Africa, South America, and America, and AsiaAsia
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Flower StructureFlower Structure
Three types of flowers on Three types of flowers on inflorescenceinflorescence–– Female flowers Female flowers -- develop into fruitdevelop into fruit–– Hermaphroditic flowersHermaphroditic flowers–– Male flowersMale flowers
Fruit is a berryFruit is a berry
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Banana Banana flowerflower
Female
Male
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Banana Banana flowerflower
Male
FemaleThree months from
flowering to harvest
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Botanically the Banana is a BerryBotanically the Banana is a BerryOne pistilOne pistil
One or many seedOne or many seed
Seed Remnants
Other Berries
Tomato
Kiwi
Grape
Persimmon
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Production CycleProduction CyclePropagationPropagation–– VegetativeVegetative–– Rhizomes that are 6Rhizomes that are 6--8” diameter8” diameter–– Planted within hours of diggingPlanted within hours of digging–– Special fields for production of Special fields for production of
rhizomes for new orchardsrhizomes for new orchards
Nematode problemsNematode problems–– Hot water treatment (65°C)Hot water treatment (65°C)–– Chemical dipsChemical dips
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PlantingPlantingDensityDensity–– 2.9 m (8.5’) square2.9 m (8.5’) square–– 1,812 1,812 plpl/ha (725 /ha (725 plpl/ac)/ac)
Size of export plantationSize of export plantation–– Need to supply 36,000 Need to supply 36,000 mtmt/year/year–– Yield Yield 40 40 mtmt/ha/ha --> 1,000 ha> 1,000 ha–– Supply 1,000 Supply 1,000 mtmt/ship every 10 days/ship every 10 days–– Four years to attain commercial Four years to attain commercial
productionproduction
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ProductionProductionBanana plantsBanana plants–– Take 8Take 8--9 months to flower9 months to flower
1111--14 leaves14 leavesSix leaves needed for good productionSix leaves needed for good production
–– Bunch take 3 months to develop Bunch take 3 months to develop –– Fruiting cycle for Dwarf Fruiting cycle for Dwarf Cavendish Cavendish is is
11 months11 months
Banana plants “walk”Banana plants “walk”
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Training and Plant SelectionTraining and Plant Selection
Banana plants “walk”Banana plants “walk”–– Select and train sucker for next crop Select and train sucker for next crop
to not interfere with growing bunchto not interfere with growing bunch–– When harvest fruit the sucker should When harvest fruit the sucker should
be 2 m (5be 2 m (5--6’)6’)–– Eliminate suckers that areEliminate suckers that are
Poorly positionedPoorly positionedToo smallToo smallUnhealthyUnhealthy
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ProductionProductionFruiting Stem
1st ReplacementDaughter
2nd ReplacementGrand daughter
Fruiting Mat
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Panama DiseasePanama Disease
Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporum–– Caused the demise of Caused the demise of Gros Gros MichelMichel–– Plantains are generally resistantPlantains are generally resistant
ControlControl–– Resistant varietiesResistant varieties–– New strain of the pathogen in Asia New strain of the pathogen in Asia
overcomesovercomes CavendishCavendish resistance generesistance gene
Need to develop a wider range of Need to develop a wider range of varieties for the export marketvarieties for the export market
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Panama DiseasePanama Disease
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Black Black SigatokaSigatokaBanana Leaf SpotBanana Leaf Spot
Mycosphaerella Mycosphaerella -- CercosporaCercospora–– Native to Southeast AsiaNative to Southeast Asia
HistoryHistory–– Early 1960s Early 1960s -- Pacific and AsiaPacific and Asia–– Early 1970s Early 1970s -- Latin AmericaLatin America–– Late 1970s Late 1970s -- Gabon in Africa Gabon in Africa -- spread through Africaspread through Africa
SymptomsSymptoms–– Small translucent pale yellow streaksSmall translucent pale yellow streaks–– Necrotic lesions (light gray w/ yellow halo)Necrotic lesions (light gray w/ yellow halo)–– Lesions coalesce and destroy leafLesions coalesce and destroy leaf
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Black Black SigatokaSigatokaBanana Leaf SpotBanana Leaf Spot
Yield Losses Yield Losses -- by losing leaf areaby losing leaf area–– This is generally not a problem in mixed This is generally not a problem in mixed –– 50% yield loss50% yield loss–– Also cause premature ripening in harvested Also cause premature ripening in harvested
fruitfruit
ControlControl–– Mixed plantingsMixed plantings
Generally not a serious problemGenerally not a serious problem
–– MonocultureMonocultureFungicides (Fungicides (ManzateManzate))Resistant varietiesResistant varieties
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Bagging of the FruitBagging of the FruitWeekly inspectionWeekly inspection–– Last true hand is 4” longLast true hand is 4” long–– Remove terminal end of bunchRemove terminal end of bunch–– Mark with ribbon Mark with ribbon -- colors change with the colors change with the
weekweek–– Cover with perforated polyethylene bagCover with perforated polyethylene bag
WhyWhy–– ProtectionProtection
PestsPestsDamage from leavesDamage from leavesDust and dirtDust and dirt
–– Advance ripeningAdvance ripening
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FertilityFertility
Forty tons of bananas per hectareForty tons of bananas per hectare–– 80 kg N 80 kg N == 80 kg N80 kg N–– 20 kg P20 kg P22OO55 == 9 9 kg Pkg P–– 240 kg K240 kg K22OO == 200 kg K200 kg K
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Supporting the CropSupporting the Crop52% of plant weight is the raceme52% of plant weight is the raceme–– Prop with polesProp with poles–– Guide lines to base of adjacent plantGuide lines to base of adjacent plant–– Leaf pruning can reduce problems Leaf pruning can reduce problems
with wind damagewith wind damage
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HarvestHarvest
Crew harvests at 3Crew harvests at 3--4 day intervals4 day intervals–– Look for colored ribbons which Look for colored ribbons which
indicate age of bunchindicate age of bunch
Minimum sizeMinimum size–– 5 hands5 hands–– Pick green, with certain sizePick green, with certain size
Banana bunch weighs 90Banana bunch weighs 90--110 110 lbslbs–– Two man operationTwo man operation–– Hung on hook on cable systemHung on hook on cable system
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Cable system runs Cable system runs from banana field from banana field to the packing to the packing househouse
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Fruit Packing and GradingFruit Packing and Grading
Separate into Separate into handshandsWash to prevent Wash to prevent stainingstainingPack in boxesPack in boxes
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Pack in boxesPack in boxes–– Only pack Only pack
unblemished unblemished fruitfruit
Fruit Packing and GradingFruit Packing and Grading
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Post HarvestPost Harvest
Storage temperatureStorage temperature–– 57 57 -- 59 F59 F–– Below 56 F may cause chilling injuryBelow 56 F may cause chilling injury
Bananas are ripened for marketingBananas are ripened for marketing–– 5858--64 F64 F–– Ethylene treatmentEthylene treatment
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Nutritional ValueNutritional Value
100 gm edible pulp100 gm edible pulp–– 85 calories, mostly carbohydrates85 calories, mostly carbohydrates–– Vitamin, A, C, BVitamin, A, C, B11, B, B22, niacin, niacin–– Minerals, very high in KMinerals, very high in K
Reduce risk of high blood pressure and Reduce risk of high blood pressure and strokesstrokes
Any Questions?Any Questions?