gentrification as an end game

7/26/2019 Gentrification as an End Game

1/16

GENTRIFICATION AS AN END GAME, AND THE RISE OF SUB-URBANITY

by Richey Piiparinen01/31/2013

http://www.newgeography.com/content/003445-gentrifcation-end-game-and-

rise-sb-rbanity

It took a bit of wind out of my sails, watching what happened in this

neighborhood, watching how it happenedI dont know how to beat this

[gentrication]. I dont know how anyone can beat this machine.!"rom

the artic#e!he Ins and "uts

The Generalizatin ! Gentri"#atin

$he %orces o% gentrifcation are ta&ing ho#d in 'merica(s a#pha cities. )o can

chec& the nmbers or see the maps* bt to get a good idea o% its

nprecedented rapidity* +(d sggest the b#og#anishing $ew %ork. $here* yo

wi## see near#y each day the annoncement o% yet another o#d-schoo#

estab#ishment #osing the rent batt#e: ,eno ,onge in ar#em* ies hinese

Restarant on #ee&er t.* the entra# +ron and eta# scrap yard be#ow the igh

,ine. 'nd with the sma##-bsiness so# o% the city goes the reg#ars that gae

p#aces #i&e ew )or& ity its identity be%ore its g#oba# city branding.

"or instance* spea&ing abot the c#osing o% the ig 'pp#e meat mar&et in e##(s

6itchen* writer 7eremiah oss entson the city(s whitewashing:

$he 8ig 'pp#e9 eterior is wonder%##y dreary* coered in grati and pigeon

shit. tanding here* yo co#d dream yorse#% into a #ost ew )or&. t not %or

#ong. +t(s a## coming down %or more g#ass* more chain stores.
http://www.newgeography.com/users/richey-piiparinenhttp://narrative.ly/2013/01/the-ins-and-the-outs/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2013/01/class-divided-cities-los-angeles-edition/4296/http://vanishingnewyork.blogspot.com/http://vanishingnewyork.blogspot.com/2013/01/big-apple-meat-market.htmlhttp://narrative.ly/2013/01/the-ins-and-the-outs/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2013/01/class-divided-cities-los-angeles-edition/4296/http://vanishingnewyork.blogspot.com/http://vanishingnewyork.blogspot.com/2013/01/big-apple-meat-market.htmlhttp://www.newgeography.com/users/richey-piiparinen


2/16

' cop#e o% years ago* the $imes did a piece on ig 'pp#e. $he artic#e inc#des

a wonder%# s#ideshow o% photos* %eatring the sort o% person who shops at ig

'pp#e* the sort o% person that is a#so anishing %rom ew )or&* rep#aced by the

se#te and distracted* the ho##ow men and women* tapping away at iPhones in

steri#ied ;ho#e "oods ais#es.

ortesy o% $he ew )or& $imes

$his is not a #oca#ied thing* as cities eerywhere are grapp#ing with the

abrptness and conse


3/16

+n his artic#e>ew @#oba#ism* ew Arbanism: @entrifcation as @#oba# Arban

trategy?* mith eamines how gentrifcation has morphed %rom an

n%ortnate eBect to an otright aim. Cne ep#anation %or this re#ates to the

eer-morphing priate-pb#ic partnership in cities in which e#ected ocia#s

hae %orgone goerning %or inesting* with po#icy no #onger aspiring to gide

economic growth bt rather being cra%ted to >ft in the grooes? o% mar&et%orces* partic#ar#y in the rea#m o% rea# estate.

;hy rea# estateD

Part o% the reason is that economic #eaders now primari#y see 'mericans as

consmers as opposed to prodcers* and so cities!partic#ar#y a#pha dog

g#oba# cities!hae shi%ted their %ocs %rom payro##s to price per s


4/16

)et this >i% yo can ma&e it here yo can ma&e it anywhere? p## is argab#y not

what(s driing the genera#iation o% gentrifcation. Rather* it is the idea o% big

city sbrbaniation* or more eact#y: the hybridiation o% city >ita#ity? with

the com%orts o% sbrbaniation* creating %or a &ind o% third p#ace ca##ed >sb-

rbanity?.

+n many respects* this is not srprising* as the most recent >retrn-to-city?

moement is #arge#y %e#ed by yonger sbrbanites who are tired o% missing

ot on big city action. ot the action per se o% har#es &ows&i(s ,.'. or Patti

mith(s ew )or&* bt the action o%* we##* hand#er* 6ramer* and

arrie. aid'#an Ehrenha#t* athor o% !he &reat In'ersion and the (uture of

)merican *ities:

$his is the generation* don(t %orget* that watched ein%e#d and e and the ity

and "riends H sa##y %rom so%as sa%e in the confnes o% the sbrbs. + thin& they

fnd sbrban #i%e #ess eciting than rban #i%e. ;hi#e they are in a sing#e or

chi#d#ess sitation* they(re partic#ar#y eager to try it.

'nd try it they sho#d: aried eperiences ma&e aried #ies ma&e more rich#y

conteta#ied societies. t the rb here is that the menta#ity sewn %rom >the

confnes o% the sbrbs? is not being sacrifced %or the beati%##y nnering

eperience that is >the rea#? o% city #i%e* bt rather that creatie c#ass enc#aes

are increasing#y being appropriated into the domesticated #i%esty#e embodied

by traditiona# sbrbia.

C% corse 7ohn ,ennon(s @reenwich Gi##age this is not. 'nd this bodes i## %or

a#pha dog cities in that ani##a-ing a peop#e and a p#ace is a death &ne## to

co##ectie rgency* i% on#y becase com%ort pts to s#eep the brn that hastraditiona##y spar&ed the net generation o% ideas. ;ritesarah ch#man*

athor o% !he &entrication of the +ind -itness to a ost Imagination:

@entrifcation is a rep#acement process. o it is where diersity is rep#aced by

homogeneity* and this* + be#iee* ndermines rbanity and changes the way we

thin& becase we hae mch #ess access to a wide ariety o% points o% iew. ;e

are diminished by it. o #itera##y* the range o% or mind(s reach is mch more

#imited becase o% gentrifcation.
http://www.minnpost.com/cityscape/2012/06/shift-growth-may-be-harbinger-good-times-minneapolis-st-paulhttp://www.12thstreetonline.com/2012/02/22/sarah-schulman-interview-part-i/http://www.minnpost.com/cityscape/2012/06/shift-growth-may-be-harbinger-good-times-minneapolis-st-paulhttp://www.12thstreetonline.com/2012/02/22/sarah-schulman-interview-part-i/


5/16

t again: #est we thin& this is a## a mista&e* or simp#y the byprodcts o%

shi%ting demographics or economic and c#tra# change. Rather* it is the point.

+t is today(s path toward rban renaissance. 'nd it(s a path creating %or a >sb-

rbanity? that is emerging when the genera#iation o% gentrifcation meets the

gentrifcation o% the mind.

o* what does this mean %or the %tre o% rban dee#opmentD y gess is that

there wi## be a growing nhappiness with sb-rbanity that(s going to create %or

a #ot o% peop#e #e%t wanting* be they yong sbrbanites #onging %or rban

athenticity or indigenos rbanites who are tired o% the schtic&. 's sch* cities

wo#d do we## to prepare %or the >retrn-of-the-city moement?* which

means prioritiing rban integrity and commnity capita# against thetemptations o% the gentri%ying machine.

/ichey 0iiparinen is a writer and policy researcher based in *le'eland. 1e is co2

editor of /ust 3elt *hic !he *le'eland )nthology. /ead more from him at his

blogand at /ust 3elt *hic.

ead photo by i4 (erla, 5ickr user lism.
http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/morning-file/walkabout-upper-lawrenceville-looks-to-revitalize-without-losing-grit-672447/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/morning-file/walkabout-upper-lawrenceville-looks-to-revitalize-without-losing-grit-672447/http://rustbeltchic.com/rust-belt-chic-the-cleveland-anthology/http://richeypiiparinen.wordpress.com/http://richeypiiparinen.wordpress.com/http://rustbeltchic.com/http://www.flickr.com/photos/lastyearsgirl_/4859765621/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/morning-file/walkabout-upper-lawrenceville-looks-to-revitalize-without-losing-grit-672447/http://rustbeltchic.com/rust-belt-chic-the-cleveland-anthology/http://richeypiiparinen.wordpress.com/http://richeypiiparinen.wordpress.com/http://rustbeltchic.com/http://www.flickr.com/photos/lastyearsgirl_/4859765621/


6/16

I

,oginto post comments

Emai# this tory

hare$his

b=ects:

Arban +sses

Femographics

osing

brbs

Po#icy

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7/16

e#ect yor pre%erred way to disp#ay the comments and c#ic& Jae settingsJ to

actiate yor changes.

@entrifcationD Cr =st p#ain o#d ethnic c#eansingD

bmitted by artinehron $e* 12/31/2013 - 11:24.

ae been seeing this in the ay 'rea %or some time. $his is =st the %orced

re#ocation o% some minorities in %aor o% others. Cn the ots right nowD

rprising#y '%rican-'mericans hae #ess inKence in a#i%ornia than eer

be%ore. an "rancisco is ordering hinese to go. 'nd o#mn does not inc#de#ac& peop#e. Cther cities in the orth;est promote their radica#ism bt are

simp#e temp#ates %or Jgentrifcation with a hman %aceJ. ops patro# Caand

#i&e a war one* an "rancisco prices %or rent psh ot JthoseJ peop#e and the

e#ites get to sanctimonios#y cast their bread pon the ay waters. 'nd 'ntioch

gets the spi##oer.


Emai# this comment

+t is an End @ame.

bmitted by ar&et'ndhrchon "ri* 02/01/2013 - 04:0L.

+ thin& 'nthony ordain sort o% toches pon

this http://www.yotbe.com/watchDM425r'gN

$hose bsyheads at city-ha## are so entrenched in a#e-creation oer =ob-

creation* mch o% their adacity is resered %or the art o% attracting entre

capita#* %rom pb#ic and priate sorces a#i&e. +t isnOt their =ob to create

=obsrather to promote in %## %orce the best enironment that a##ows %or priatesector =ob creationQ* bt they are ery o%ten sing sch gise to gie handots

to the inte##ecta# c#ass who gie them a#idity.

any o%ten enter the city as a ser%* and on#y #eae when they no #onger choose

to remain one. 'nd o% corse* a #arge sm #ie oB o% their parents* which was

especia##y the case when + #ied oB o% ar&et 'nd hrch in " and now here in

the Port#and area where a high nmber o% yoth are #iing a %antasy. 'nd +

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8/16

nderstand the criti


9/16

+ thin& yo #e%t something ot

bmitted by Ei#eon n* 02/03/2013 - 1L:0T.

Gancoer* ;ashington. +t is the 'nti-Port#and. +tOs a J&ot&in-escJ dream. o

defned rban growth bondary* %ood carts are i##ega#* they bi#d %reeways* to

se## sbrban homes that haenOt been bi#t. $hey ro## ot the red carpet %or;a#mart* and downtown has #arge#y been abandoned. +t is the sbrban idea#.

oweer* =st abot any %orm o% emp#oyment* is irta##y impossib#e. Ch* sre

thereOs fe wa#marts* bt can yo by a sbrban hose whi#e wor&ing thereD

Gancoer* is a c#assic eamp#e o% how the mar&et compensates %or

goernment interention. Port#and has a rather we## determined rban growth

bondary. Gancoer is the J#ow income eceptionJ to that bondary. Poor %o#&s*

that are Jpriced otJ o% the core rban area can sti## get a p#ace in Gancoer

%or cheap* and =st endre hor-#ong commtes into Port#and* where the on#y

rea# emp#oyment is.

$here is a hitch thogh. $here is on#y two ways across the rier. one is an aging

si #ane bridge* with a #i%t span* and one is a #arger* newer bridge that is %arther

%rom the core. Property dee#opers arenOt ab#e to se## more dee#opments

erban %rom Gancoer %or that reason. $he hosing mar&et in Gancoer has

been 'EREF in the #ast fe years* and thatOs a ma=or reason. ow there is

a proposa# to rep#ace the aging interstate fe draw span* with a new* 12 #ane

bridge* to open p more #and ot throgh ,aenter. Cn#y one prob#em thogh.

$he mar&et is changing. ore peop#e are rethin&ing being RENA+REF to drie

an atomobi#e. Enogh peop#e are pondering ro##ing that T*000 do##ars per year

aerage ehic#e ownership cost* toward a p#ace to #ie c#oser to their wor&* and

c#oser to amenities. Gancoer has no amenities. +t has ery #imited serices*and no ciic eistence at a##. +tOs where peop#e go at night to s#eep* or to #oc&

themse#es away and watch rea#ity te#eision. +tOs an Jatomobi#e s#mJ in the

ma&ing. 7oe# sho#d consider retiring here* + thin& it fts in remar&ab#y we##.

any on this site comp#ain abot Jsmart growthJ. ;hat no one is mentioning* is

many aspects o% smart growth* are acta##y FERE@A,'$+C. +Od thin& that rea#

#ibertarians wo#d #oe thatU ost o% sbrbia was %onded on goernment

mandate* oning re


10/16

bmitted by ar&et'ndhrchon ;ed* 02/0L/2013 - 01:5L.

The Bi( 'i#t)re

Ei#e* )o hae to start accepting the sbrbs as part o% the #arger pictre*

since* in 2013* no one rea##y on#y #oo&s %or the per%ormance o% iso#ated sbrbs

or #arge rban cities* bt rather* the metropo#itan at #arge. )o canOt iew

Gancoer or Port#and in iso#ation* especia##y when the hea#th o% either is

crcia# to the otherOs sccess. $hey are an integra# part o% the

Port#and/eaerton mar&et and there%ore are a part o% a 1.1 mi##ion =ob mar&et*

S proiding =obs and hosing %or Cregonians. +O## isit my therapist who

practices in Gancoer* stop by the eaerton ,ibrary to retrn some boo&s*

head oB to an eening c#ass at the P y#ania camps in Port#and* and

maybe eat dinner in $igard on the way home to eaerton. 'mp#i%y this rotine

by seera# tens* i% not hndreds o% thosands o% peop#e a#so doing the same

thing* and yo can rea##y see the point#essness o% borders in assessing the

hea#th o% a city. $his inter-connected web o% re#ationships then comes to the

%ore%ront in importance* and so yo hae to stop diiding rban and sbrbaninto two iso#ated bodies who can %nction independent#y o% each other.

Tra*#

'nd no* it is not a #onger commte to Port#and then the stand-sti## trac on 2L

connecting eaerton* $igard* i##sboro* and "orest @roe to the rban core. +

wo#d arge that itOs probab#y %aster anyways* and with $rimet connecting to

Gancoer* yo wi## soon see many o% them commting to Port#and ia rai#.

$hat is the prob#em with the ways they p#anned or metro* and itOs not

E$RCOs %a#t necessari#y since no one co#d %oresee the pop#ationOs we are

now sstaining today* bt it is ery annoying now to dea# with a## these new

peop#e moing into the area* and with no one in #eadership standing p with a

transportation epansion that co#d &eep s competitie whi#e meeting the

needs o% a## the new peop#e who hae re#ocated here oer this past decade.

'riritizin( Cn#ern+

)or concerns abot ancoer are a#id. $hose are isses to consider* bt they

are not isses %or the ma=ority o% peop#e who hae re#ocated there to aoid

CregonOs taes* and %or the many %ami#ies who are priced ot o% the ;est-sideOs

inKated hosing mar&et* bt donOt want to sett#e %or the East-sideOs

nappea#ing and nrefned aesthetics* crime* and poerty. 'nd een i% they are

isses* they pa#e in comparison to more important things.

There+ he !r %an#).er /et000

'#so* yo are a#so spea&ing as i% Gancoer canOt ad=st. +tOs isse with trac to

Port#and wi## be ta&en cared o% by the new bridge. $he ma #ight rai# wi## now

connect Gancoer residents to the greater Port#and area. 'nd no* or transit

mar&et in Port#and* een ad=sted %or pea& trae# times #i&e when most peop#e

are going to* or #eaing %rom wor&* has not great#y increased with the adent o%
http://www.newgeography.com/users/marketandchurchhttp://www.newgeography.com/users/marketandchurch


11/16

more and more ma #ines. Peop#e are as dependent on their cars as they eer

were* and the transit mar&et has remained #arge#y the same %or the #ast

decade. o* Gancoer is in a position to change* and that change is not #imited

by its share o% the car-driing pb#icV herwood* i##sboro* ;i#soni##e* are

eception to yor point. 'nd i% Cregon contines on too progressie a rote and

cases i&e and other bsinesses to #eae* then yo wi## see a shi%t toGancoer. mart growth has its #imitations* there are downsides to it* and

Gancoer is in a position to capita#ie on this.


Emai# this comment

JFrie to Na#i%yJ is )CAR %a#t* pa#.

bmitted by Phi#eston on* 02/04/2013 - 03:1W.

$he sing#e best insight in the %amos Josts o% praw# 2000J report* was that

the higher the median price o% a home is pshed p* the "AR$ER peop#e hae

an incentie to commte to get a home they can aBord. JFrie to


12/16

sitation eer does eist in an rban economy* where rea#-#i%e comparab#e

>hosing p#s transport costs? got #ower the c#oser one gets to the cityOs most

signifcant concentration o% =obs and amenities* the wor&ings o% %ree mar&ets

wo#d ensre that enogh peop#e wo#d ery soon re#ocate more ecient#y*

that this sitation wo#d reerse. ar&ets do not fnd their e


13/16

Emai# this comment

trict#y nmbers

bmitted by Ei#eon $e* 02/05/2013 - 1:10.

$he cost o% transport/hose price determining mode# is Kat. +t %ai#s to address

what is driing re-occpation o% rban areas* and the %ai#ings o% sbrban #i%e.

Een i% + sae YZ.ZZ by increasing my per-%oot prchasing power by re#ocating

an hor otside o% town* whatOs my compensation %or the two hors a day that

+Om trapped in my carD ;hat abot amenities* sch as pb#ic mar&ets* shopping

districts* a %armers mar&et* etcD those are now an hor away as we##. $he

comparison doesnOt %a## down to do##ars and cents. $here are more than

monetary reasons %or sch a massie demographic change. any peop#e are


14/16

+t is possib#e to hae city amenities and access to the contryside* in Jedge

citiesJ* as we## as short trip times and high#y democratised J#ocationJ attribtes

to hosing. JonocentricJ regiona# p#anning po#icies are =st as wrong and

harm%# as %ringe containment.

$here is no rationa# reason to Jpresere %arm#andJ when sieab#e srp#ses o%

%arming prodce are eported at a net #oss when the cost o% sbsidies to that

sector are ta&en into accont - inc#ding sbsidies to transport in%rastrctre*

which are %ar greater than the JsbsidiesJ to transport in%rastrctre in cities*

which is where a## the growth in rea# incomes in the g#oba# economy has ta&en

p#ace %or L decades. +n any case* there is so mch more %arm#and than rban

#and* that een i% a## new %ringe growth was 1 acre #ots* it wo#d se p #ess

than 0.1[ o% the rra# #and spp#y per decade. 'nd this process wo#d reach

satration at some point #ong be%ore %ood prices began to rise de to pressres

on the spp#y o% #and.

)o need to read Jperstar itiesJ by @yor&o* ayer and inai. )es* p#aces#i&e Port#and are ery nice. t they are de %acto gated commnities against

the great ma=ority o% peop#e who cannot aBord to #ie there in the way that

they wo#d pre%er. +t is ironic that anti spraw# actiists hate Jec#sionaryJ

sbrbs yet they #oe ec#sionary who#e cities.

'## sch cities that thrie* do so becase o% #c&y historica# accident re the &ind

o% emp#oyment that their #oca# economy is based on. +% it is fnance* acconting*

#aw* breacracy* media* and high techV it becomes a de %acto gated

commnity %or the e#ites who wor& in those sectors. or can more #and-

intensie sorces o% emp#oyment aBord to #ocate there. +% the creation o% these

ec#sionary cities is =stifed* then it is per%ect#y =stifed to hae a ba#ance o%cities where #and-intensie sorces o% emp#oyment* and their wor&%orces* can

aBord to #ocate. ,i&e oston.

's + hae a#ready tried to ep#ain to yo* the otcomes in the A6 show what

happens when yo app#y rban growth containment to a## cities withot the

s#ightest nderstanding o% the diBerent re


15/16

$he Jp#anningJ adocates who #oe ,ondon and ) and Gancoer and

Port#and* are gi#ty o% the Jphysica# determinismJ %a##acy. $hey assme that the

density and mass transit are what ma&es those cities what they are. $his is #i&e

assming anyone can be @eorge #ooney or #adia chiBer i% they se the

same ma&e-p* c#othes and diet. +t is simi#ar in its ignorance* to the Jcargo c#tJ

ew @inean =ng#e tribes who saw amaing white men bi#d an airstrip in the=ng#e* %o##owing which some magic Kying monsters descended and n#oaded

cargoes o% se%# goodies. o the tribesmen proceeded to bi#d %acsimi#es o%

airstrips in the =ng#e* becase obios#y that is what the JgodsJ saw* and

hope%##y wo#d send more o% the magic Kying monsters down.

' transit system is a E'* not an end in itse#%. a&ing it an end in itse#% when

it is #ong since obso#ete as a means* has in most cities now worsened the

otcomes in the $RAE JendsJ rather than improed them. $ransit energy

eciency is ,C;ER than the 'GER'@E %or cars in many cities* and ') $+E

,C;ER than the energy eciency o% the most ecient cars* or o% cars with 2 or

more peop#e on board. Girta##y eery JanJ serice in eistence today is orderso% magnitde more ecient than mass transit.


Emai# this comment

$he JFemocraticJ hosing mar&et erss Jmart growthJ

bmitted by Phi#eston "ri* 02/01/2013 - 1L:45.

)o =st said something ery important.

J.....'nd many trn on this midd#e-c#ass raising to protest it* not rea#iing the

eception they are both in hman history* in the wor#d today* and een in the

A. ot eeryone #ies as we## as we do* or has eer had the chance to escape

the trappings o% athentic poerty.....J

+n A cities with a hose price median m#tip#e o% 3* + wo#d wager that

something #i&e 0[ o% the pop#ation gets to en=oy the Jattribtes o% hosingJ

that on#y the top 5[ get in a high density* growth constrained* p#anned city in

the A6* which is the most etreme eamp#e o% the opposite &ind o% city.

+ mean* the sie o% home* the sie o% #ot* the age and condition o% home* and

the access to desirab#e amenities. ongestion is sch a power%# negater o%

a##eged Jcompact cityJ adantages that it ta&es the Eng#ish on aerage %ar

#onger to get to wor&* to get to shops* and to get their &ids to schoo#* than it

does %or the residents o% a typica# aBordab#e* #ow density A city. 'F %or many
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16/16

hoseho#ds* they are Jpriced otJ o% ecient #ocations anyway* and sBer

,C@ trae# distances in dire congestion....U

$heir hoses are %ar sma##er on aerage and %ar o#der on aerage. $he #ot sie

is eponentia##y sma##er.

ecase a## the attribtes o% hosing are rationed by price* the end res#t in theA6 is that on#y the top 5[ o% the pop#ation acta##y get to en=oy the sort o%

conditions that as mch as 0[ o% peop#e in an aBordab#e A city ta&es %or

granted. Cn#y among the top 5[* is there a genine choice between a nice

Jwa#&ab#eJ* transit %riend#y rban area c#ose to the FV or a decent sbrban

%ami#y home with iews o% the @reen e#t. Eeryone e#se gets the worst o% a##

wor#ds: #ess space* #ower

gentrification as an end game

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