gentner, d., spatial metaphors in temporal reasoning 2001

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Chapter8 SpatialMetaphorsinTemporalReasoning DedreGentner Weoftentalkabouttime intermsofspace :oflooking forward toa brightertomorrow,oftroubles thatlie behind us,orofmusicthatplayed all through thenight .Thelanguage ofspatialmotionalsoseemstobe importedintotime,aswhenwe saythattheholidaysare approaching, or thatatheorywasproposed ahead ofitstime .Manyresearchershave notedanorderlyandsystematic correspondencebetweenthe domainsof time and space inlanguage(Bennett,1975 ; Bierswisch,1967 ;Clark, 1973 ; Fillmore,1971 ;Lehrer, 1990 ;Traugott,1978). Thefollowingexamples illustratetheparalleluseofstaticspatialandtemporal expressions : at thecorner-> at noon from here to there -> from twoo'clock to fouro'clock through thetunnel--> through thenight Thereappeartobesomeuniversal propertiesinimporting language aboutspacetodescribetime (Clark,1973 ;Traugott, 1978) .First,since timeisusuallyconceived asone-dimensional,the , spatialtermsthatare borrowedareuni-dimensional terms (e.g., front/back, upldown) rather thantermsthatsuggesttwoorthree dimensions (e .g ., narrow/wide,shallow/ deep) . Second,tocapture temporalsequencing, directionallyordered termssuchas front/back and before/after areused,ratherthansymmetric termssuchas rightlleft . Overall,spatialterms referringto frontlback relationsaretheonesmostwidely borrowedintothe time domaincross- linguistically(Traugott, 1978) . Therearetwodistinctspace-time metaphoricsystemsinEnglish and manyotherlanguages(seeBierwisch,1967 ;Clark,1973 ;Traugott, 1978) : the ego-moving metaphor,wherein thespeakerismovingalongthe time-linetowardsthefuture, andthe time-moving metaphor,whereinthe

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