genomics 101 jun 15 2012
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“Genomics 101”
David Bailey, Ph.D.President & CEO
Genome Alberta
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What is Genomics? Genetic information is contained with DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acids)
Each plant, animal or bacteria carries its entire genetic code inside almost every one of its cells
Genomics is the discipline that aims to decipher and understand the entire genetic information content of an organism
Genomics marked the beginning of a new age in biology and medicine
What is a Gene?Genes are both units of inheritance and encoded messages for the creation of a functional unit in a cell (usually a protein, but sometimes functional RNA).
What is a Genome?This term refers both to the full set of genes carried by a single organism and to that carried by that organism’s species. The precise ordering of As, Ts, Cs and Gs in organisms’ genomes is the foundation of life’s diversity.
Concept of Dominant vs. Recessive Genes
25,000
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Some Interesting Genome Facts
Human Genome contains about 3 billion basepairs
Corn Genome contains about 2.6 billion basepairs but…….
Wheat Genome contains more than 16 billion basepairs
Not all genetic information encodes for functional molecules or life functions
Cont’d… Some Interesting Genomics Facts
Humans only have 20% more genes than worms Around 99% of our genes have counterparts in
mice Our genetic overlap with chimpanzees is about
97.5% The genetic difference between one person and
another is less than 0.1 % But because only a few regions of DNA actively
encode life functions, the real difference between one person and another is only 0.0003 percent
More Interesting Facts Human Genome:
- Took 12 years to complete at a cost of US $3 billion
Mouse Genome:- Took 3 years to complete at a cost of US $300
million
Bovine Genome:- Took about 1 year at an estimated cost of US $30
million
Breeding and Selection– Parentage & Performance testing of breeding stock– DNA based selection of economically important traits:
• Environmentally-sensitive traits (e.g. methane production)• Behavioural traits (e.g. docility and pain sensitivity)• Nutritional traits (e.g. milk and meat composition)• Animal health traits (e.g. disease resistance)• Genomic information for crossbreeding and heterosis
– Segregation of animals based on desirable attributes
Livestock Genomics: Potential Roles
Food Quality & Consumer Confidence–Animal & breed identity/ authenticity–Product traceability & Consumer Confidence
Chromosome Numbers in Different Species
Common Name Genus and Species Diploid Chromosome Number
Buffalo Bison bison 60
Cat Felis catus 38
Cattle Bos taurus, B. indicus 60
Dog Canis familiaris 78
Donkey E. asinus 62
Goat Capra hircus 60
Horse Equus caballus 64
Human Homo sapiens 46
Pig Sus scrofa 38
Sheep Ovis aries 54
Leptin - fat deposition / DMI DGAT – milk production BHGR – milk components Thyroglobulin - marbling Calpastatin - tenderness Calpain - tenderness Somatostatin -- marbling
Important Genes Affecting Production Traits
1. What are the new technologies?
2. What are the beef industry priorities for using these genomic tools?
Previous Tools Canadian Animal Pedigree Act
Performance Testing (ROP)
EPDs
Ultrasound
Electronic Identification
New Technologies are Available
Genetic Markers/Parentage
Whole Genomes Sequenced
Next-Generation Sequencers
Bioinformatics
Epigenetics
DNA-Based Diagnostics on a Chip
GrowthFeed Efficiency Disease
ResistanceCarcass Traits
Branding
• Source Verification• Traceability
• Breeding• Management & Selection
Courtesy of MMI Genomics
Delta Genomics
50K Panel
3K Panel
Potential Areas of
Interest Breed improvement Growth rate Feed efficiency Carcass merit Animal welfare Zoonoses Product verification Others ?
Computer capability in Alberta associated with oil and gas industry via seismic data
Benefits Data management and integration of
genomic data into evaluation systems
Enhance our accuracy of selection or to identify new traits
Identify superior cattle and provide validation to customers
Cont’d … Benefits
Rapid integration of: – different kinds of feed (management)– rumen microflora – health records and samples on
individual animals, and – Birth, growth, and carcass data upon
termination
Reproductive or Health Technologies
Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)- Checking the fertilized egg for mutations
Gene Enhancement- Could include inserting genes to create the ‘best’
expression possible
Treatments for monogenic diseases (single gene mutation or the more challenging multigenic disorders)
Cont’d … Reproductive or Health Technologies
Gut Microflora- Introducing or eliminating specific microbial
communities
Gene Regulation- Possibility of switching genes on and off in response
to environmental stimuli
Breeding is a lot like playing poker – it has
a lot to do with probabilities.
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Summary New technologies offer new opportunities for
the cattle industry
Expression of traits or disease resistance can be influenced by:– pre-partum environment– prepubertial environment– gut or rumen microflora – Feed, stress, exercise
Real competition will come from other protein sources
Cont’d … Summary Opportunity to conduct some genomic trials
and identify individuals with superior expression
Apply genomic tools such as proposed in the new Alberta Livestock & Meat Strategy, and utilize the services of genomics provider companies
Ultimate goal is to differentiate cattle in the market place and add value
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