genome characterization
DESCRIPTION
Genome Characterization. Assembly/sequencing. Assigned reading: Ch 9. BIO520 BioinformaticsJim Lund. The (original) genome sequencing process. Organism Selection. Library Creation. Sequencing. Assembly. Gap Closure. Finishing. Annotation. The (current) genome sequencing process. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Genome Characterization
Assembly/sequencing
BIO520 Bioinformatics Jim Lund
Assigned reading: Ch 9
Organism Selection
Library Creation
Sequencing
Assembly
Gap Closure
Finishing
Annotation
The (original) genome sequencing process
Organism Selection
Sequencing
Assembly
Annotation
The (current) genome sequencing process
Next gen. random sequencing lets library generation get skipped
Gap closure and finishing often get skipped, at least for now.
Contigs, Islands
contigs
Island
Assembly pipeline
1. Sequence reads.2. Phred: base calling.3. crossmatch: screen out vector, E.
coli sequence.4. Phrap: assemble contigs.5. Consed: view assembly, correct
problems.6. Finishing.
Assembly Methods
• Strip out vector (or contaminant)• Mask known repeats• Trim off unreliable data• Find Matches (n seq x n seq comparisons)
– how long (what ktuple [10 common])– how perfect (reliability index)– where to look? (ends only vs entire)
Assembly Programs
• PHRAP FAMILY– phred/phrap/consed/cross_match– Developed by Phil Green, U of Wash.
• Other assemblers– phrap, kangaroo, phrapo,– CAP, TIGRAssembler,...
http://www.phrap.org/
Assembly
• Phred -reads DNA sequencing trace files, calls bases, and assigns a quality value to each called base.– The quality value is a log-transformed error probability,
specifically: Q = -10 log10( Pe )– Q = quality value, Pe = error probability.– Q= 20 -> 1% chance of miscall, Q= 30 -> 0.1% chance of miscall.
• Phrap -assembles shotgun DNA sequence data.• Consed/Autofinish -view, edit, and finish sequence
assemblies created with phrap. – Allows the user to pick primers and templates– Suggests additional sequencing reactions – Suggest digests and forward/reverse pair information to
check accuracy of assembly.
Poisson statistics for sequencing completion
P0=e-L(N)/G L=read lengthN=#reads
G=genome size
E. coli 15kbH. sapiens 900kb
Coverage1 = 1-fold = 1X
1
3
8
10
50
% not sequenced
37
5
0.03
0.005
< 1e20
GapsNumber of Gaps = Ne-c
150kb Target Clone, 500 bp reads
N=# of readsc = fold coverage
Coverage,reads1, 300
5, 1500
8, 2400
10, 3000
50, 15000
Gaps
111
10
1
0
0
GapsNumber of Gaps = Ne-c
Human genome, 3Gb, 1,000 bp reads
N=# of readsc = fold coverage
454 Seq, 400bp reads
Coverage,reads1, 3e6
5, 1.5e7
8, 2.4e7
10, 3e7
50, 3.75e8
Gaps
1,000,000
100,000
8,000
1,400
7
Contigs, Islands
contigs
Island
TTTC
Finishing
• GOALS– >95% coverage on BOTH strands– every base covered 3X– resolve ambiguities
• Finish when random no longer productive (~8X range)
Sequence finishing. How?
• Identify gaps, ambiguities– Captured gaps: gaps is contained in a clone
• Extend from end of contigs– Resequencing, new chemistry.– Specific primers– Subcloning and sequencing.
• Uncaptured gaps.– New specific primers– PCR across gap, sequence PCR product.
• Resolve ambiguities– Consensus or resequence
• Specific primers, different chemistry
Large clone sequencing process
• Phase 1: Unfinished, may be unordered/unoriented contigs, with gaps.
• Phase 2: Unfinished, fully oriented and ordered sequence, may contain gaps and low quality sequences
• Phase 3: Finished, no gaps.
Genome assembly after initial contigs are made
• Order clones/contig sequences:– Sequence overlaps.
• Clone/contig end sequences.– Clone fingerprints.– Anchor using other maps
• Sequence based markers on genetic or physical maps.
• Conserved synteny to other genomes.
• Easiest when re-sequencing, e.g, another human genome!
Process Control
• LIMS– Laboratory
information management system
• AIMS– Analysis
information management system
Hard genome sequencing problems
• Repeats• Complex genome structures
Where does a clone from a repetitive region map?
Approaches to sequencerepeat problems
• Multiple fragment sizes in 1 project• Use length/distance info• New assemblers, eg. ARACHNE
Results of Multi-length Fragment Assembly
• Contigs• “Supercontigs”• Clone links for
finishing• Clone map
DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI) Prokaryote Finishing Standards
• All low-quality areas (<Q30) are reviewed and resequenced.
• The final error rate must be less than 0.2 per 10 Kb.• No single-clone coverage is permitted (minimum of 2x
depth everywhere).• Single-stranded regions are manually inspected and
quantified.• All positions where an aligned high-quality read (>Q29)
disagrees with the consensus base are checked.• All strings of xxxx are resolved in the final sequence.• All repeats are verified.• The ends of final contigs (chromosomes, plasmids) are
checked• The final assembly is given a manual QC check.
Completed genomes 23 complete, 329 in assembly, in progress 389Arabidopsis thaliana Caenorhabditis elegans Candida glabrataCryptococcus neoformansCyanidioschyzon merolae Debaryomyces hanseniiDrosophila melanogasterEncephalitozoon cuniculiEntamoeba histolytica
Plants Animal s Protists Fungi
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/leuks.cgi
Eremothecium gossypiiHomo sapiens Kluyveromyces lactisLeishmzania major Friedlin Mus musculusOryza sativaSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSchizosaccharomyces pombeTrypanosoma cruzi Yarrowia lipolytica
Genomes Complete
• Eukaryotes--23 complete, 329 in assembly, in progress 389– Human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, – Homo sapiens neanderthalensis– Drosophila, Anopheles, Caenorhabditis– Arabadopsis, oat, corn, barley, rice, tomato– Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces,
Magnaportha, Cryptococcus, Candida…– Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Guillardia theta – Toxoplasma, Plasmodium– And many more…
Eubacteria and Archaea genomes
• 608 Bacteria and 48 Archaea completed• Comprehensive Microbial Resource
– http://pathema.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/CmrHomePage.cgi
• Joint Genome Institute– http://www.jgi.doe.gov/genome-projects/– 2065 genome projects underway or
completed!• NCBI Genomes
Genome Centers
• Joint Genome Institute (DOE)• Whitehead Institute (MIT)• TIGR• Washington University (St. Louis)• Celera• Sanger Institute (the other UK)• RIKEN (Japan)• Beijing Genomics Institute (China)• Max Planck (Germany)…
Where do you find Genomic data?
• NCBI– Entrez (by clone, by Refseq)– Genome (view and search map)
• Genome center sites• Organism genome project sites
• Annotations projects– UCSC Genome Browser, – Ensembl Genome Browser
Arabidopsis
http://mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/plant/athal/index.jsp
C. elegans (nematode)
http://wormbase.org