There are three kindscharacters can be seen

TVetkatakana fvii

of characters in fapanese:in a single sentence.

f,- -* f"hir,gggna

katakana, and kanii.l All three

I watch television.

Hiragana and katakana,llke the alphabet, represent sounds. As you can see in the above ex-ample, hiragana has a roundish shape and is used for conjugation endings, function words,and native )apanese words not covered by kanji. Katakana, which has rather straight lines, isnormally used for writing loanwords and foreign names. For example, the |apanese word for"television" is written in katakana as 7 V C (terebi), Kanji, or Chinese characters, representnot just sounds but also meanings. Mostly, kanji are used for nouns and the stems of verbsand adiectives.

@tt i rogonq

l. Bosic Hirogono SylloblesThere are forty-six basic hiragana syllables, which are listed below. Once you memorize thischart, you will have the skill to transcribe all of the |apanese sounds.

*)4

\ \ )u

fte

-t, \bo

i \ka

tki

(ku

Itke ko

tsa

Lsm

tsu

rtse

zcso

t:ta

t,cnt

a-tsu ate Yto

tgna

t:ni

&bnu

frne

ano

Itha

Um

. ) .f" he

t1ho

' Th.t. is another writing system called romaji (Roman letters) which is used for station names, signs, and so on.

)t*4

Japanese Writing System >> > 25

* The syllables L, 6, ' t, and .j ' areromanized as shi, chi, tsu, and fu, re-spectively, to closely resemble Englishpronunciation.

* * ? is also pronoun ced as" wo '"

The romanization is given for general pronunciation reference.

2. Hiroganowith Diocriticol Morksyou can transcribe 23 additional sounds by adding diacritic marks. With a pair of short

diagonal strokes ( " ), the unvoiced consonants k, s, t, and h become voiced consonants g, z'd, and,b, respectively. The consonant lr changes to p with the addition of a small circle (

' )'

.6 (jr) and - (zu) are Pronounced thesame as U (7i) and f (zu), resPec-tively, and have limited use.

3. Tronscribing Controcted SoundsSmall , O, and I foilow afer letters in the second column (i-vowel hiragana, except \ \)and are used to transcribe contracted sounds. The contracted sound represents a single syl-

lable.

Ln

, rga

t'gi

( "gu

rfge go

)r"za

tiji

fzu

rtze

?zo

flda

.t;ji

-j'zu

?de

rdo

tfba

(/bi

. ) \bu

.{be

tfbo

rfPa

Upi

\ o. ) .pu pe

tfpo

3rkyo

3oky,

+Fkyo

Lrsha

Lashu

Ltsho

t t rcha

t tOchu

t r tcho

l - tnya

l : onyu

l : tnyo

0rhyo

Uohy,

(/rhyo

l t *mya

l jAmyu

l j Jmyo

r)rrya

I)aryu

I) Jryo

3'rgya

3"ogyu

{rgyo

[ - tja

t-oju

t-tjo

( / *byo

tj ,tby,

Crbyo

CfrPya

UaPyu

UtPyo

4. Tronscribing Double ConsonontsThere is another small letter, l, which is used when transcribing double consonants such astt andpp.

Examples: t'-' t: katta (won) cf. i,t: kata (shoulder)t - /' sakka (writer)ll - lf hap2a (leaf)t"-L zasshi (magazine)

Note double consonant z's as in sannen (three years) are written with zL + a hiragana withan initial r sound (/J, l-, Ye, l.J, and A).

Examples: I LfJ L sannen (three years)fi, futS r t annai (guide)

5. Other lssues Reloting to Tronscription ond Pronunciotion

A. Long VowelsWhen the same vowel is placed one right after the other, the pronunciation of the vowelbecomes about twice as long as the single vowel. Be sure to hold the sound long enough,because the length of the vowel can change one word to another.

Japanese Writing System >|> 27

tj lf /, a l, obaasan (grandmother)*j D r 'a /L ojiisan (grandfather)f?U sryi i (number)

The long ee sound is usually transcribed by adding an \ \ to an e-vowel hiragana.There are a few words, however, in which i is used instead of t ''

i I , zrs ggga (movie)Bt'ti I L oneesan (big sister)

The long oo sound is in most cases transcribed by adding an i to an o-vowelhiragana. There are, however, words in which the long vowel is transcribed withan D, for historical reasons.

It ) t) - hooritsu (law)Y t' tge (ten)

B. Pronunciation of fuL "n" is treated like a full syllable, in terms of length. Its pronunciation varies, however'

depending on the sound that follows it. |apanese speakers are normally not aware of thedifferent sound values of ,L. Therefore, you do not need to worry too much about its pronun-

ciation.2

C. Vowels to Be DroppedThe vowels i and, u are sometimes dropped when placed between voiceless consonants (k, s, f,p, and h), or at the end of an utterance preceded by voiceless consonants.

Example: t ! Tt s(u)kides(u) (I like it')

D. Accent in the |apanese Language|apanese has pitch accent: all syllables are pronounced basically either in high or low pitch.Unlike English stress accent in which stressed syllables tend to be pronounced longer andlouder, in )apanese each syllable is pronounced approximately in equal length and stress.The pitch patterns in |apanese vary greatly depending on the region of the country.

2 One variety of the ,L pronunciation merits discussing here. When it is followed by a vowel or at the end of anutterance, ,L indicates that the preceding vowel is long and nasalized. (Nasalized vowels are shown here with atilde above vowel letters. you hear nasalized vowels in French words such as "bon," or the English interjection"uh-uh," as in "no.")

ex. lL L t>r , rlai (romance) ll L ho (book)Followed by n, t,d, s, and z sounds, .L is pronounced as "n." ex. *- Ltt onna (woman)Followed by ^ ,p,and b sounds, ,L is pronounced as "m." ex' a Llf sampo (stroll)Followed by k and g sounds, ,L is pronounced as "ng" as in "song." ex. t Ltt mat1ga (comics)

aa

ii

uu

cf. 6lI*t L obasan (aunt)cf. F ti i /, ojisan (uncle)

oo

28

Examples: t, f

t t * . i

/ : r J . t ,

@rqrokqno

asa

m a ena

ka

(morning)

(name)

(high)ta

7a

4i

,

uIe

to

/7ka

+ki

7ku

7ke

3ko

+sa

/snl

7su

tse

,,/so

vta

+cm

'y*tsu 7te l.to

tna nt

7nu

4ne no

haLhi

7f" he

fiho

?ma mi

Amu

/me

+mo

iya

ayu

3yo

7ra

t )rt

)vru

vre

aTO

vwa

7o

n

*The syllables -/ , +, '/ , and 7 are

romanized as shi, chi, tsu, and fu, re-spectively, to closely resemble Englishpronunciation.

Japanese Writing System >>> 29

-

+ (jr) and ')/' (zu) are pronounced thesame as 'z (j i) and A (zu), respec-tively, and have limited use.

The pronunciation of katakana and its combinations are the same as those of hiragana, ex-cept for the following points.

(1) The long vowels are written with -

Examples: ll - kaa7 + - sukii7 -'y suutsu

(car)(ski)(suit)

t r -+,t - /1,

keeki (cake)booru (ball)

When you write vertically, the - mark needs to be written vertically also.

Example: ,t,f:- )V -+ |)v

o

pacpi

7"pu

o

pe,t:po

*tkyo

-l-{zkyu

* =

kyo

/+sha

/zshu

/3sho

t+cha

t=chu

f=cho

: tnya nvu nyo

Lthyo

L=hyu

L,=hyo

: fmya

:amyu

\ =myo

Utrya

t )=ryu

t )3rlo

ftgya

f=gyu

+.'f 3

gyo

/ tja

/zju

/3jo

Htbyo

U=by,

E=byo

L"tPya

C=Pyu

C=Pyo

(2) Additional combinations with small vowel letters are used to transcribe foreign soundswhich originally did not exist in fapanese.

Examples: j ' tj .I t2 t) -t t7T747 t7 t7. tf ' t? -

, , t a j . t - Z

"4 i z4a 47 )v, t - , -/ r - . /) t - - L 7A t ' y 77r 'v ' /e /7 4 t) e >/ lz .7 t -7t f - 7 4 -

f ' t A=- , > f 'f z ry l '

harowiinhaiweemineraruwootaashefujeemusuchekkufasshonfiripinkafefookupaatiiDizuniirandodyuetto

(Halloween)(highway)(mineral water)(chef)(James)(check)(fashion)(Philippine)(cafe)(fork)(party)(Disneyland)(duet)

(3) The sound "v" is sometimes written with ?". For example, the word "Venus" is some-times written as C-l 7 or U' I -t 7.

@roniiKanji are Chinese characters which were introduced to fapan more than 1,500 years agowhen the fapanese language did not have a writing system. Hiragana and katakana evolvedlater in /apan based on the simplified Chinese characters.

Kanji represents both meanings and sounds. Most kanji possess multiple readings, whichare divided into two types: on-yomi (Chinese readings) and kun-yomi (lapanese readings).On-yomi is derived from the pronunciations used in China. Some kanji have more than oneon-yomi due to temporal and regional variances in the Chinese pronunciaJion. Kun-yomi arefapanese readings. When people started to use kanji to write native ]apanese words, Japanesereadings (kun-yomi) were added to kanji.

By the time of high school graduation, |apanese are expected to know 2,136kanji (calledfoyo kanji), which are designated by the Ministry of Education as commonly used kanji. Atotal of 1,006 kanji are taught at the elementary school level, and most of the remainder aretaught in junior high school.

There are roughly four types of kanji based on their formation.

(1) PictogramsSome kanji are made from Pictures:

Japanese Writing System >>> 31

a___,

-f t"n)

(3) Compound ideogramsSomekaniiaremadefromthecombinationoftwoormorekanji .

B (day; sun) *

| (n"rtott) +

n (moon) --+ Efi o'isno

/t to..l ---+ {f fto '.'tl

(4) Phonetic-ideographic charactersSome kanii are made up of a meaning element and a sound element'

*

"..> /R(t'"'l

B (day; sun)

(2) Simple ideogramsSome kanji are made of dots and lines to represent numbers or abstract concepts'

_-+ - (1hree)-

Meaning element\) (water) +

On-Yomi---) ) rr, (clean)

Sound element

fi "i(blue)

ft 'r,(blue)B (day; sun) + --' ffi rr; (clear sky)

34>r>*FE-fuf, i f f i

bl,)df @ roo"cGreetin 9s

+j f f l , . /g l r . . .

f r> t ) t ' y ) : " t " r ' * f .

6L l t : > r r 35

\ \ - ( b -> L t \ \o

:/ - ;G\zf{-J.)v

\J

f iH l i .* j l l l i : '5 r , * -d- ": l , t *6( t ": L lJ l ,H"l l i t tb .fi \''d- J" (tt J t ,).b r ) t rY) "t> t ) t :Y) t " t " r ' ' * 'd - .tA* tL"\ . \ r i _ o\ \=(3*-d-"\ \ r ( b - > L t \ \ o/ : / : t ' * .I ) r t ' l _ I ) ( t r J t ' ) .t ' / : t t * -d-"

:" t '? i a * ( -e 'L/ . ) 'HU&r* L( .J4L ( fCa l r r ' ,L f -d- .

Ohayoo.Ohayoo gozaimasu.Konn ich iwa.Konbanwa.Sayoonara.Oyasumi (nasa i ) .Ar igatoo.Arigatoo gozaimasu.Sumimasen.l i e .I t tek imasu.I t terasshai.Tadaima.Okaer i (nasa i ) .I tadak imasu.

Coch isoosama(desh i ta).

Ha j imemash i te .Yorosh iku onegaish imasu.

Good morning.Good morning. (polite)Good afternoon.Good evening.Good-bye.Good night.Thank you.Thank you. (polite)Excuse me.; I'm sorry.No.; Not at all.I'll go and come back.Please go and come back.I'm home.Welcome home.Thank you for the meal.(before eating)Thank you for the meal.(after eating)How do you do?Nice to meet you.

t _ w a c . F ' "' : l l f f i i a! '-r

i 36>>>*FE.lxf f iE > r p r e s s i o n N o t e s I

*IE /-l--.......1O*- lJtu

Af*

I,gHti'ljI!a

I

6V\t) >>> 37

tl.tvl'W) P C AAct out the following situations with your classmates.

l. You meet your host family for the first time. Greet them.

2. It is one o clock in the afternoon. You see your neighbor Mr. Yamada.

3. You come to class in the morning. Greet your teacher. Greet your friends.

4. On a crowded train, you stepped on someonds foot.

5. You dropped your book. Someone picked it up for you.

6. It is eight o'clock at night. You happen to meet your teacher at the convenience store.

7. You are watching TV with your host family. It is time to go to sleep.

8. You are leaving home.

9. You have come back home.

10. You are going to start eating.

11. You have finished eating.

CO

6u',32t *dti3"Greetings and BowingAisatsu to ojigiJapanese people greet each other by bowing, which has manyother functions, such as expressing respect, gratitude, or apologies.There are different ways of bowing, ranging from a small nod of thehead to a 45-degree bend at the waist . General ly, the longer andthe deeper you bow, the more formal and respectful it appears toothers.

Many Japanese tend to feel uncomfortable with physical contact, although handshaking isbecoming quite common in business si tuat ions, especial ly those involving foreigners.

When meeting someone in a business situation for the first time,it is customary to exchange meeshi (business cards) with a smallbow. Etiquette guides list a vast number of rules and pointers, butjust remember that the important thing is to clear ly show yourrespect when exchanging meeshi.

' \ """*

38 >>'A;fr'*,*tffi-

mlm/ELl Ll: it

]rl ....'.'...".,.""' -",r.,"' f

bfcaltu .I-bt-5 New Friends

Mary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student.

K0l -01 , /02

DIU\b D i

et e, r) r".. / 7 t ) -Mear i i

/ : t lL :Takeshid t b t ) \ \. / 7 t ) -Mear i i

/ : t l L :Takesh i

t / "* . t L" t ' * t LCf-C-r ' "Sumimasen. lma nanj i desu ka.

U o i t : t l l l LTf .Juuni j i han desu.

t> t ) t ry ) I ' t " r . * f "Arigatoo gozaimasu.

\ r \ r i - ol i e .

)'\af2/

. i r : 1 ( r # r i r ' 4 - - j " a i : , '

*>o>- t ) w ) r r ( 1 | t ,? f / ' oAno, ryuugakusee desu ka.

b 9 ? t ti ^ , T t ) , / i / j r l rs < A t r ( t t r ' , T t

"Ee, Arizona daigaku no gakusee desu.

Z i Tt l r " 1t l , : i l t t LTtr t , "Soo desu ka. Senkoo wa nan desu ka.

l - l lL l '? f . \ \ t l : tJL+\ \ ( " f .Nihongo desu. lma n inensee desu.

H l = # r > > 3 9

@ @*o'-or/0,f : l l LTakeshib b t )/ 7 t )Mear i i

f : l l LI aKesnle t b t )/ 7 t )Mear i i

Mary: Excuse me. What time is it now?Takeshi: It's half past twelve.Mary: Thank you.Takeshi: Youte welcome.

Takeshi: Um . . . are you an international student?Mary: Yes, I am a student at the University of Arizona.Thkeshi: I see. What is your major?Mary: Japanese. I am a sophomore now.

Ii

I

\38 >>>*86.{ t* f f i

*l+ntELr Ur? b!

Jrl """"""'',""""" ""' I

6fcatuu'\ t b f-b New Friends

D\U\b D iMary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student.

@ *o'-o'zo,d, 6 U r \. / 7 t ) -Mear i i

/ : l l L .Takeshib e, r) r\. / T t ) -Mear i i

/ : l l L :Takeshi

i / " t j lL " t ' * tLCT. i - i ' .Sumimasen. lma nanj i desu ka.

U'oi l :Ul lLT ' f .Juuni j i han desu.

t> r ) t ry j : " t ' r ' , * f "Arigatoo gozaimasu.

\ , \ r i . ol i e .

!-,rfz

fctuC KOI-05:*

:f

rf

{.*

i*.5

. i i.*

.,is,.f*

;q,*. ?

' ? . (

s'.r'!*t$si'"u.

t>ar , *

i r , : 'i i4 s ( { r r

_ ? _ ?: ' : '

:'{f l,- J \ t- t r0-u

-VL

+L=)+t ,Lt t ,

" )?t?)Ti t '/ jr rzJs (TLhv +, t:t,t t * , itt L,/ttt=l: l1 /L- 1 1 / u $ t , t

I t t '* l t L

l I l , : ' ?* . )O r rs(1| \ \

h t :L

ano

imaeegoee

gakusee. . . 8o

kookoogogogozen. . . sa i. . . san

. . . j i

. . . j i n

senkoosensee

soo desusoo desu kadaigakudenwatomodachinamae

nan/naniNihon. . . nensee

haihan

um. . .

now

English (language)yesstudent. . . language ex. l : 11/ , l(nihongo) fapanese languagehigh schoolP.M.

A.M.

.. . years oldMr./Ms... .o clockex. \ \ 6 C (ichiji)one dclock. . . peop le ex . 13 l1 LCL(nihonj in) )ap anes e peoplemajorteacher;Professor...That's right.I see.; Is that so?college; universitytelephonefriendname

what|apan...yearstudent ex. \ r6 *lLltv(ichinen s ee) fi rst-year studentyeshalf ex. ll U lt L (niji han) half

*

*

*

rt

'F

past twobangoo numberryuugakusee internationalstudentwatashi I

ff i1--=&>>> 41

ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY K0r -06

G o u n t r i e sT / t ) / l6 b t l h ,

4 + t ) 7r ' 3 t 1 3 -

t -z | , t ) Tt ; t ; ' f L c : t ) b tn'L: ! LEY ) ! Li ;n f t a Lf i l - r ' , t Ir , t i LEY ) Y

Amerikalg i r i suOosutorar iaKankokuSuweedenChuugoku

kagakuaj ia kenkyuukeezaikokusai kankeekonpyuutaaj in ru igakuseej ib i j inesubungakurekishi

shigotoi s h aka isha inkookooseeshufuda igaku inseedaigakuseebengoshi

oKaasanotoosanoneesan

o n i i s a nimootootooto

U.S.A.BritainAustraliaKoreaSwedenChina

scienceAsian studieseconomicsinternational relationscomputeranthropologypoliticsbusinessliteraturehistory

job;work; occupationdoctoroffice workerhigh school studenthousewifegraduate studentcollege studentI

rawyer

motherfatherolder sisterolder brotheryounger sisteryounger brother

f . r

,3itutdf Gel xraycs"It is 12:30." "I am a studentl' "My major is the fapanese language." These sentences will allbe translated into |apanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu.

-e9" I t i s - . .

Note that none of these sentences has a "subjectj'like the "iti'"I;'and "my majorl'found intheir English counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in |apanese; Iapa-nese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listenerwhat or who they are referring to.

What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicitwhat we are talking about, we can say:

t : I l L : " r f "n ihongo desu.

is the lapanese language.

Where stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic," which is later in thesentence identified as nihongo. For example,

- t f L : ? l l t : t tL : " r f .Senkoo wa n ihongo desu.

(A4y) major is the Japanese language.

Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desrz to identify a person or a thing X as item Y.

Xl*YCd. X isY. As forX, i t i sY .

t ) 5 cht :L l t 7- '+AT' f .Watashi wa Suu Kimu oesu.

t io i t :U l lLT. i ' "Juuni j i han desu., r ( t \ \? f .Gakusee desu.

t . f t L : "?f .Nihongo desu.

(It) is half past twelve.

(I) am a student.

(My major) is the lapanese language.

t iwa

I am Sue Kim.

H1f f i ' > ' 43

r { ' * L f : I L I tYamash i ta san wa

i+,:i-.,orrMear i i san wa

j dL ]d \ \ f -d - .Sensee oesu.tt d) t) 1)'T ./ t) /7 C Lf-d-"amer ikaj in desu.

I ) a ) / { ( t t \ \? f .Ryuugakusee desu.(I am) an international student.

r t l , t i l l tLTt i ' "Senkoo wa ian des, *u.What is your major?

Mr. Yamashita is a teacher.

Mary is an American.

t) a ) rr ( t\ ' , r-d-r.. rRyuugakusee desu ka.(Are you) an international student?

@ L: i H) i r ' t "? 'd- .(Senkoo wa) eego desu.

(My major) is English.

Wa is a member of the class of words called "particles." So is the word, no, which we will turnto later in this lesson. Particles attach themselves to phrases and indicate how the phrasesrelate to the rest of the sentence.

Note also that nouns like gakusee and sensee in the above examples stand alone, unlike theirEnglish translations "student" and "teacher," which are preceded by "a." In Japanese, there isno item that corresponds to "ai' nor is there any item that corresponds to the plural "-s,, atthe end of a noun' Without background situations, a sentencelike gakusee desu is thereforeambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations; it may mean "We arelyouarelthey are students," as well as "I amlyou arelshe is a student."

Gl,,,,Qoestion SentencesIt is very easy to form questions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka at the endof a statement.

The above sentence, Ryuugakusee desu ka, is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences mayalso contain a "question word" like nan2 (what). In this lesson, we learn how to ask, andanswer' questions using the following question words: nanji (what time), nansai (how old),nannensee (what year in school).

I It is not customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in fapanese.'Th"

;upu,t.r. question word for "what" has two pronunciation s: nan and nani. Nanis used immediately beforedesu or before a'tounter" like jl (o'clock). The other form, nani,is used before a particle. Nani isalso used in thecombination nanijin (person of what nationality).

r44>>>a;8.{ ;* f f i

\ \ * t tLC.Tt t ' "lma nanj i desu ka.What time is it now?y ) a * t ) t , \

/7 t ) -aL1J *rLt r rTt i , .Mearii san wa nansai desu ka.How old Are you, Mary?

t L t tL t t ,Tf ' r l , "Nannensee desu ka.What year are you in college?

T L+r ll '1, :" ) It t LT-f /t'"Denwa bangoo wa nan desu ka.What is your telephone number?

Li t3 La T Lb t f l , : " '7Takeshi san no denwa bangoo

/ : r , / . ( d t t i ,L t t r ,daigaku no sensee

t : l tL :a 4s( { r , . .nihongo no gakusee

l : ( l LA / : t , / r (Nihon no daigaku

( r ' * ) ( D?-d- .( lma) kuj i desu.It is nine oblock. '

UoiS ' l i t t 'T - i , "Juukyuusai desu.I'm nineteen years old.

f : ra,Lt \ ,7 ' f "Ninensee desu.I'm a sophomore.

86 A nB Ti .lchi hachi roku no nana san yon san desu.It is 186-7343.

Takeshi\ ohone number

a college professor

nounl @ noun,No is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Sakura daigaku no gakusee means "astudent at Sakura University." The second noun gakusee provides the main idea3 (beinga student) and the first one Sakura daigaku makes it more specific (not a high school, buta college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below it acts like the possessive(""'s") in English, but that is not the only role no can play. See how it connects two nouns inthe following examples.

a student of the lapanese language

a college in lapan

Observe that in the first two examples, the English and ]apanese words are arranged in thesame order, while in the last two, they are in the opposite order. |apanese seems to be moreconsistent in arranging ideas here; the main idea always comes at the end, with any furtherdescription placed before it.

3 Here is what we mean by the "main idea." In the phrase Takeshi san no denwa bangoo (Takeshis phone number),the noun denwa bangoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something is Takeshi's phonenumber, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeshi san is not the main idea, because Takeshit phone numberis not Takeshi.

H ] E * r > > 4 5

i?i:''::t,

:o

.;:tr:5

nounl o noun2

trI main ideaI

further restriction

A phrase of the form "noun L no notJn2" acts more or less like one big noun. you can put itwherever you can put a noun, as in the following example:

t jl d :? : ja t l t t r , Tf"

kookoo no sensee oesu.

Takeshi\ mother ts a high school teacher

l:l*A,u^ /v0) rf ii Japanese NamesNihoni in no namaeWhen Japanese give their name, they say their family name first and given name last (middlenames do not exist). When introducing themselves, they often say only their family name.Here are some typicalJapanese names.

Family nameGiven name

Men Womend t i- f - f3

t ' ;h' l t U/c/i h'

r \L i

Satoo

Suzuki

Takahashi

Tanaka

Itoo

/ - -

I 46'>'A;E.t t* f f i*IE /-;

OJ - lJtv

6a) Ano indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you aregoing to say next. You may be worried about interrupting something someone iscurrently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, forexample.

l*v\/zz)Both hai and ee means "yes" in response to yes-no questions. com-pared to hai, ee is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal situations.trz is used.

Hai is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one,sname' meaning "Here," as follows. (Ee cannot be replaced in this case.)

Teacher: i i i a /- ? Mr. Smith?Sumisu san?

Student: il ! \oH a i .

ziTth\)soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what was justsaid. "Is that so?" or "I see."

Pronunciation of l* >The particle fl is pronounced."wA,', not,,ha.',It should bewritten with fl. All other instances "wa,, arewritten with b.

bl:La 1cA,bt IL:" i i t 37-8667r ' f .Watashi no denwa bangoo wa san nana no hachi roku roku nana desu.My telephone number is 37-g667.

There are few exceptions, such as konnichiwa (good afternoon) and konbanwa(good evening). They are usually written with r. A,t :r, t *and i /-d /-tt.Numbers)Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer to thetable at the end of this book for a general picture.

0 '; and itt,r are both commonly used.1 V\6, but pronounced as Vr-> in lz\a, ! . / , (one minute) and V.-: E V.(one year old).2 tr? all the time. when you are reading out each digit separately, as when

you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with a long vower,as t l l l r .

3 5 A, all the time. The part that follows it may change shape, as in 3 d..!i,L, instead of 3 /-.}./-.

Here.

E x ' p r e s s i o n N o t e s 2

k_ _ _ -

H1-:.f-rrr47

E x p r e s s i o n N o t e s 2

4 I /- is the most basic, but fourth-year student is I ia&rll,r and fouro'clock is I D. In some combinations that we will later learn, it is readas L (as in Lrt;">, April). The part that follows this number maychange shape too, as in J /-l:/-.

5 I' all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced with along vowel, as I'i .

6 b l , A 'a n d D @ z E v t / D c 3 v t .

Giving one's telephone number>The particle ro is usually placed in betweenthe local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the number 012-345-6789 is zero ichi ni, sln yon go no, roku nana hachi kyuu.

UfuUtl )The word sensee is usually reserved for describing somebody else's oc-cupation. Watashi wa sensee desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant,because the word sensee actually means an "honorable master." If you (or a mem-ber of your family) are a teacher, and if you want to be really modest, you can usethe word kyooshi instead.

t lvr. San is placed after a name as a generic title. It goes both with a given nameand a family name. Children are referred to as chan (and boys in particular askun), rather than san. Professors and doctors are usually referred to with the titlesensee. San and other title words are never used in reference to oneself.

Referring to the person you are talking to )The word for "ydu," anata, is notvery commonly used in Japanese. Instead, we use the name and a title like sanand sensee to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like "Ms.Hart, are you Swedish?" should be:

, \3 1 E^,ri ; i ; :+i t.A,:.tn'"Haato san wa suweedenjin desu ka.

instead or ,,\3 i 3 a,. hre,,lL. ),i;.:+ 9 C./-r|rj,,laato san, anata wa suweedeniin desu ka.

\:48>>)*=#.g;* f f i

t].fulu.W)ProctiOg:U (Numbers) @ *ot-ot

t b0 ts/* t r , t

zetQ ree

1 r '6 11 Uoir '6 30 t , f t io iich i juu ichi sanjuu

2 l : LZ t jo i l - 40 l l ,Uo)ni juuni yonjuu

3 t l , L3 t j ,o i t , f 50 l ' t jo isan juusan gojuu

4 JL, /L/ (J) 14 t io) tL/DorL 60 4(Vo)yon shi (yo) juuyon juushi rokujuu

5 : " 15 t io i l ' 70 *r*eUorgo juugo nanajuu

6 4< 16 Ca)41 80 t t4Doiroku juuroku hachijuu

7 t t t t , lL t , L7 t io i t t . /Ca)Lt , 90 to i t ip).

nana shichi juunana juushichi kyuujuu8 116 18 t io i l t6 100 ( / r (

hachi juuhachi hyaku9 !o) ,2( 19 t io i !a) ,zCa)1

kyuu ku juukyuu juuku10 t jo i 20 l :Urr jj uu n i juu

A. Read the following numbers. @ Kor-oB

CE

(a ) 5( f ) 8

(b) 9(g) 2

(b) 83(g) 38

( c ) 7(h) 6

(c ) 19(h) 61

(d) I( i ) 4

(d) 76( i ) 24

.

(e) 1o( j ) 3

(e ) 52( j ) et

B. Read the following numbers. @ Kor-oe(a) 45( f ) 100

What are the answers? @Jror-ro(a)5+3 (b)9+1 (c )3+4 (d)6-6

C.(e) 10 + 9 ( f ) 8 -7 (g 40-25

ff i l-#.>>> 49

@Vn't" fl-ime) @ *o'- r ,

r ,6 Uichi.f i

4

50 >>>a;fr.gttffi

B. Answer the questions. l{Jror rrExample: Q :

_L i 3 t i l t l ' *lookyoo wa lmaA: r"{ f ' t aLu?f.

Cozen sanji desu.

rFi:I

t t LLTt / t ' "nanji desu ka.

t o i l ' l ,L*rrrKyuu 8o yon nana

/ j t ' d s (daigaku

t lL t t r ,sensee

95r-0326

362-4519

J .

4.

1. London 6:00 p.rr.r.

Ex. Tokyo3:00 e.ivt. 7. New York

c=rs l:00 eU.

8. Rio de Ianeiro3:00 p.tvt.

2. Stockholm7:00 p.ivt.

4. New DelhiD 1l:30 p.r 'r .

:-....-5.Bangkok\= l :oo l .u.

@en nl$fuCf f|-elephone Numbers)A. Read the following people's telephone numbers. @ror-ra

Example : f *L / : 283-9547 + l : l l 6 ILAYamashi ta n i hachi san no

t . . / 7 t ) -Meari i

/ : t l LTakeshi

: T LbILL I ' i l t t LTI rJ,"Denwa bangoo wa nan desu ka.

:283-9s47 ("-c-"Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu.

: 283-9547 Tt *J: (* trt= right?)Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu ne.

I l t r , . zc j T t "Hai, soo desu.

020-6921-4236

030-8522-1032

B. Pair Work-Read the dialogue below with your partner. [$j ror-rs

@t;txn ca bi(tfurTranslate the following phrases into Japanese using A @Q. @ro'-'o

Example: student of |apanese language

l. my teacher2. my telephone number3 .myname4. Takashi's major

b 6 D U l 6 $ D b \/7U-dtult V> r> 5 t

Group Work-Use the dialogue above and ask three classsmates theirtelephone numbers.

name telephone number

+ l= l lL :A 4s ( { r , rnihongo no gakusee

5. Mary's friend6. student of the University of London7. teacher of the |apanese language8. high school teacher

@A.

r. t:t l L t l, 2.Takeshi san

b t t b L3. r : r r -F : rL

Robaato san

n ) b t ) t , \. /7 t ) - t /L l tMearii san wa

& ) a u r '/T t ) - t l , l tMearii san wa

4. t * L / : t f ,L t f t 'Yamashita sensee

7/ t ) l jCLTt"amerikajin desu.

l .* t Lt r , ?-f .ninensee desu.

t )^_I LSuu san

(a)

(b)

Nationality @ror-ttD A U r .

Example : /7 t ) - tLMearii san

Year in school @ror-reb & > r ) t ,

Example : . /7 t ) - l r0Mearii san

(c) Age @ror-ree) b t) t"\. /Tt ) -aLMearii san

e t : 4 , \ \ '. /T t ) -a r l t t i o ) ! a ) t r , t - f .Mearii san wa juukyuu sai desu.

52 >>>a;E.qt*f f i

(d) School @Jrorzot ) b t) t \ \

Example: ./ T t) - t l, --,Mear i i san

(e) Major @*0,_r,d> &> t) u'

Example: ./ 7 t)- t l, ---+Mearii san

b t ) < t rTt ) ' / / / . r , r j { (a>Arizona daigaku no

t t ,0 : i l l t= f tL t "?f "senkoo wa nihongo desu.

d> b t) t" t

. /7 t ) - i& t iMearii san wa

, r ( t \ \T f .gakusee desu.

b b t ) r '/7 t ) - ILaMeari i san no

ffi4ffifr1

B. Ask and answer questions using the given cues, @*0,-r,b b t ) ' " \ b b t ) 7 t '. /T t ) - !L , /T / t ) f iCL

b b u. /T t ) -a l , l lMear i i san wa

?)Tt"soo desu.

Hart, Mary 3t ' t , / : t lLKimura Takeshi Kim, Sue Smith, Robert f * L / : t l , t r ,Yamashita sensee

Nationality American JapaneseKorean( t 'L: ( u , t )

kankokujin

Britishr . 5 r r t -

u+t)7cL)ig i r isu j in

|apanese

Year 2ndyear 4thyear 3rd year 4thyear

Age 19 22 20 22 47SchooI U. of Arizona Sakura Univ. Seoul Univ. U. ofLondon Sakura Univ.

Major Japanesehistory( / r t L )reki sh i

computer. a t " u b ) t : t ,(=yYz-/-)konpyuutaa

businessU U i a f

E) +z)bi j inesu

(Japaneseteacher)

7 / t ) l t C LTt i , "amerikajin desu ka.

A: i^ .F p

?IgfIiIrii

ExamPle2:b b t ) \ '/7 t ) - !L , / !L t t l t t r ' ,

H1ifl >>> 53

and describe each person with

Mear i i san

---) Q :

A:

sannenseeb & r t ) L l. /7 t ) - a Lt t ! L t t ,L t f r ' , r f , . "Mearii san wa sannensee desu ka.

\ \ \ \ i_. l -a,Lt tur f"l i e , n inensee desu.

i? !) -r L/+ l r+rr,dr( o rs( rh\ \Mearii san Arizona daigaku no gakusee

i? i ' l -_IL,zvt , t r ,Lr lp

3,

4.

5.

7

8.

9.

10.

11 .

ich inensee

f : l lLa L, / l : l lLCLTakeshi san n ihonl in

t : l l L ! L , / l - l tL / j r ' rs < a t : ( t t r ,Takeshi san Nihon daigaku no gakusee

t : l lL IL, / t io i to i t t 'Takeshi san juukyuusai' t a i ) i Z < LZ- tL ,zZ j t - f>CLSuu san suweedenjin- f aX_ i LA t L : ) , / l l t r { r r ( economics )Suu san no senkoo keezai4 t { b t d D i a fEui- l .aLo ] tL : j ,zv)+zRobaato san no senkoo bii inesu4 t ! & ) Lrzu i - F I L , / I CaLt l 'Robaato san yonensee4 l i & r L .Ez i - | ! L , / l - U D ) r r 2 { r ' ,Robaato san n i iuu issai,P* L t : ]+Lt \ \ / l : l lLCLYamashita sensee nihonj in

i t i 2 t '12. y * L/ :+L1f \ , \ , / ) ,V4 f i r \ t r

54>>r*Ff ; . t ) * f f i

(b) Age @*o'-r,Example : I ;Y) IL - * )

otoosan

Mary's host family

* ;Y ) aLl t l ,L U rD i l t - iuTf .Otoosan wa yonjuuhassai desu.

II

I B. Answer the. questions using the chart above. @ *ot.r,t ;Y) a/0 l l d '1 ,L t \ \ /LTt t ' "Otoosan wa kaishain desu ka.

EY) t /0 l t t tL ! \ \? f r ' .Otoosan wa nansai desu ka.

Btt 'b t L l t + Lt \ \Tf d 'oOkaasan wa sensee desu ka.

I ) f i 'b a / , , l l t t L! \ \?f , ' .Okaasan wa nansai desu ka.

* j f : r ,a L l t / . r , L r \ \LTtr t , "Oniisan wa kaishain desu ka.

} . r l : r , , t /L l t t t L I \ \ ( " f z } . "Oniisan wa nansai desu ka.

\ \ L ) t l t / j r , ,1s( t l r ,T t i , .lmooto wa daigakusee desu ka.

\ , t , jL l l + tLI \ \? f r . "lmooto wa nansai desu ka.

l .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

BY ) ! Lotoosan(father)

t;t,t> a Lokaasan

(mother)* i l : t 'aL

oni isan(elder brother)

\ \g ? Limooto

(younger sister)

Occupation/School

zJ . l ,L t \ \ /Lkaishain

(works fora company)

L o. i 'shufu

(housewife)

i l r 'd* ( r r l , . [ r rdaigakuinsee(graduatestudent)

: i : i r t \ . 'kookoosee

(high schoolstudent)

Age 48 45 23 I 6

Name Nationality/HometownOccupation/

School Age Major, etc.

i1:

f f l i * > > > 5 5

@te&)O ttlvt-ro) (Review Exercises)

Q : f, tt *, i lt ? ffhat is your name?)Onamae wa?

Q : l ' L a - L /r l t ? (wheredoyoucomefrom?)Coshusshin wa?

Q : tj L l'U li ? (whatisyouroccupation?)Oshigoto wa?

Q : /J L)AL+r , ,? f / .oNannensee desu ka.

Q : /J ,L t r r? fz l . "Nansai desu ka.

Q : { t L: ) l t r r LTt t r"Senkoo wa nan desu ka.

A. Class Activity-Ask five classmates questions arid find in the chart below.E > e > t ) ! ' t t b Z/7 t ) . - l ' ? f .Mearii Haato desu.& r U f tT t ) ' / t r f .Arizona desu.

,s ( { t \ \? f .Cakusee desu.

l : t tL+t \ \? f .Ninensee desu.

t jo j !a) t r , ( " f "Juukyuusai desu.

t : l t L:" r f .Nihongo desu.

B. Self-introduction-lntroduce yourself to the class.

Example:

A:

A:

A:

A:

A:

A:

d ) b t ) r , t t 6 LI t U&t* L (

" ) tT t ) - . / \ - l ' . T- f

"Hajimemashite. Mearii Haato desu.t r I ) ? t rT t) . / t / j r l rs I A> t ' ( t tu Tid-.Arizona daigaku no gakusee desu.

\ \ * l - t tL tc \ \? f "

t L : i l t I , l tL l? f .lma ninensee desu. Senkoo wa nihongo desu.

l , io i !a ) t r ,T f " J4L ( * i laz f t 'L* -C-"Juukyuusai desu. Yoroshiku onegaishimasu.

Ys6 >>>A;E't)*ffi

C. Class Activity-Ask your classmates whatwho has the following major.Example: Q : ]tfu : ? lt rt LTt /t,"

Senkoo wa nan desu ka.A: l : l I l , : "? f .

Nihongo desu.

l. /apanese

2. economics

3. English

4. history

5. business

their majors are, and find someone

D' Role Play-Using Dialogue as a model, make skits in the following situations.l. You don't have a watch with you, but you need to know what time it is.

2' You',ve just met a Japanese person and want to get to know the person.

Useful Expressions

uD\fu .tl,Time / Age

8

r .6 t iich i j il :Uni j it l ,usanjiJUyojiJU80ji4 ,;i L,/juuhappunU o i l t6 . i . ,Ljuuhachifunt i ro i to i . i . , fjuukyuufunf :Uo- , i iL , /nijuppunl : u c . i i ,Lnijippunt /vU o- . i iL , /sanjuppunt /v U - . i i / ,sanjippun

9

10

Age *erL t \\Ttt '.,/ Br , ( oTti," (Howold areyou?)Nansai desu ka. Oikutsu desu ka.

The counter suffix - t t, ( . . . sai)is used to indicate ". . . years old."

9

10

11

20

5

6

7

8

I234

1 r - { 1 rissail : t \ \nisait l , t t ,sansail l , t t ,yonsai

: " t r ,gosai5 ( t t "rokusaifa./4 ! r rnanasaiI t - t t ,hassai

t o r t t 'kyuusaiU O" , ! t ' , / U - tujussai j issait j O i l r - l 1 rjuuissaiI t / : 6*hatachi

*For20yearsold"ltt:t>(hatachi)isusuallyused,although l: U r, a a \ \/t: U - !rt (nijussai/nrlissai) canbeused.