genghis khan war council
TRANSCRIPT
Genghis Khan War Council
Background Guide
EagleMUNC
Boston College Model United Nations
Conference
Chairs:
Paul Howard [email protected]
Taylor Belval
Website:
www.EagleMUNC.org
March 17-19 2017
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Letters from the Secretariat
Delegates,
It is my distinct pleasure to welcome you to EagleMUNC V! My name is Kerianne
DiBattista, and I am the Secretary-General of EagleMUNC V. I am a senior at Boston
College in the Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences majoring in International Studies
with a concentration in Economics. I am originally from Long Island, NY, and I have
been participating in Model UN conferences since I was in tenth grade, rising to become
Head Delegate and Secretary-General of my high school conference. At BC, I travelled
to several conferences with our MUN team and I have participated EagleMUNC since
my freshman year. As you begin your EagleMUNC V experience, I implore you to
explore the conference theme, "The Interplay of Power and Ethics," and make your
EagleMUNC experience the best it can be! Thank you, and I'll see you at EagleMUNC!
Best Regards,
Kerianne DiBattista
Secretary-General, EagleMUNC V
Dear Delegates,
It is my great pleasure to welcome you to EagleMUNC V! My name is Jack
Massih and I am the Under Secretary-General of Political Affairs. I am a senior at
Boston College studying Political Science and Economics. I began participating in MUN
my sophomore year of high school and have been hooked ever since. I joined the
EagleMUNC team as a freshman for the first year we moved off BC’s campus and into
Boston, and it has been a joy to witness the conference continuously grow and evolve
since then. The Political Affairs team has been working incredibly hard to prepare for
the most innovative and exciting conference in EagleMUNC history. I am looking
forward to seeing all of your creative and thoughtful responses to the diplomatic
predicaments and crises you confront over the weekend.
Best,
Jack Massih Under Secretary-General Political Affairs, EagleMUNC V
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Introduction from the Chairs
Dear Delegates,
Welcome to EagleMUNC V! My name is Paul Howard and I am happy to serve as
the chair of the Ad Hoc Committee this year.
I am a senior at Boston College studying Business with concentrations in
Marketing and Management & Leadership and a minor in Environmental Studies. I have
been participating in Model United Nations since my freshmen year of high school. My
experiences at conferences have taught me about many international issues and how to
interpret, analyze, and react to them. I have also learned numerous public speaking
skills and how to listen to others’ arguments and present my own. It’s a great
organization to be a part of and I encourage you all to remain involved at your schools.
During my time at Boston College I have been on the Secretariat of EagleMUNC III and
IV and have loved watching the conference grow into what it is today. I hope you all
have a fantastic time this year and are looking forward to the debating as much as my
co-chair, Taylor, and I are.
In our committee at EagleMUNC V, you will be serving as members of Genghis
Khan’s political and military council, the Kurultai. The year is 1218 and I, Genghis Khan,
have just called you to council after learning that ambassadors which were sent to the
Khwarezmian Shah, Muhammad, have been killed. This is an outrage and affront to the
honor of every person in our great empire. We need to devise a way to punish the
offenders for their betrayal and make sure this never happens again. I look forward to
working with you all as we wage war against these murderers and keep our empire
great and prosperous.
If you have any questions prior to the conference, I encourage you all to reach out to me
via email. I look forward to meeting you at EagleMUNC V!
Regards, Paul Howard Boston College, 2017
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Dear Delegates,
Welcome to EagleMUNC! My name is Taylor Belval and I will be the co-chair for
this year’s Ad Hoc. I am a freshman at Boston College studying marketing. I have been
involved in Model UN since my freshman year of high school and have participated in
around 10 conferences. Model UN has really helped my confidence in public speaking.
My favorite thing about MUN is definitely how creativity can completely change the
course of committees. Last year, I attended EagleMUNC as a delegate and caused a
small amount of mayhem in the Security Council. At BC, I play on the Women’s Club
Ultimate Frisbee team. I am also a member of EagleOps which works with BC’s
marketing team during sporting events. Good luck with your preparation, I cannot wait
to meet you all!
Best,
Taylor Belval
Boston College, 2020
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History:
Between 1206 and 1227, Genghis Khan, a native of present day Mongolia,
created the largest contiguous empire in human history.1 The Mongols first emerged as
a powerful tribe around 1130 but then were scattered into clans after being defeated by
the Tartars in 1160. These clans experienced large amounts of conflict and therefore the
Mongols were kept weak and divided. One
of the clan leaders, Yesugei, in 1167, had a
son named Temujin.2 This son was deserted
by his tribe, along with his mother and
siblings, at nine years old when his father
was poisoned and died. At the age of 16, he
enlisted the help of his father’s old friends when his wife was captured, and he used
these allies to become a well-known, powerful figure on the steppes of Mongolia. He
quickly became the head of the family and was
even suspected of killing one of his step-brothers
who stole a fish from him. With his childhood
friend, Jamugha3, he was able to take control
over most of the Mongol clans. Around 1206,
after some setbacks, Temujin took the title
1 History.com Staff. "Genghis Khan." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2016. 2 http://www.allempires.com/article/?q=The_Mongol_Empire 3 http://historiarex.com/e/en/333-genghis-khan-1162-1227-temujin
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Chingis Khan (Genghis Khan).4 This made him the Great Khan or the supreme leader of
all the Mongol people.
Genghis was a brilliant strategist and forced people to listen to him. This was
accomplished by his aptitude for psychological warfare and creating high amounts of
terror among his opponents. However, he was also a compassionate leader and sought
surrender wherever possible, not wanting to perform violent acts with no justification.
Military Strength:
Around 1187, Genghis decided to unite more of Mongolia after his longtime
friend, Juamugha, attacked his troops,5 and in order to do this he created an army of
more highly trained warriors. This army was mounted on horseback and capable of
moving 60-120 miles per day which was unheard of for any army of comparable size.
This was possible partially because each Mongol warrior maintained three or four
horses which they could switch between over long journeys.6 This provided a large
advantage in being able to wage quick, accurate strikes against enemy forces and cover
large amounts of distance in minimal time. The army was also organized by a simple,
traditional decimal system which consisted of groups of tens, hundreds, and thousands
of men regardless of ethnic origin.7 This division of troops is contributed to much of the
Mongol military success as orders were able to be delivered to specific units efficiently
and rapidly. Even though they were a highly mobile military, the Mongols were still
4 "Genghis Khan: Terror and Conquest." Infobase.com. A&E Television Networks, 1997. Web. 05 Sept. 2016. 5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamukha 6 Morris, Rossabi (October 1994). "All the Khan's Horses" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2007-11-21. 7 Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.95
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skilled in the art of siege warfare and could construct simple yet effective machines
such as trebuchets and catapults. A more cruel
tactic employed by the Mongol army during
battle was the kharash, which entailed gathering
residents or soldier previously defeated. This
crowd served as a human shield which would
push forward to take the brunt of the enemy
long-range weapons and to break down
obstacles so the Mongol army could move forward unimpeded.8
Campaign in China:
In 1206, at age 40, Genghis began looking toward China. His gathering of the
Mongols to prepare for this venture was the largest in history. In 1210, he sent envoys
to the Jin Empire. The envoys were captured and killed. This was an unforgivable thing
for Genghis and he decided to invade in 1211 after meditating and saying that he was
told by the gods that it was the right thing to do. His forces easily got past the Great
Wall and laid waste to most the of the Jin Empire in northern China.
Campaign in the Middle East (Current Issue):
After campaigns in northern China, he
sent envoys to the ruler, or Shah, of the
Khwarezmid Empire, Ala ad-Din Muhammad,
in the Central Asia/Persia area. In 1218, the
8 http://mongolmania.weebly.com/
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envoys were slaughtered there as well. At the time of this committee, there is no clear
successor of the Mongol Empire should something happen to Genghis Khan, and
decisions are being made regarding what to do regarding the slaughter.
Political Landscape:
When Genghis first came to power, there was no Mongol capital, empire, or
even nation.9 The Mongols as a group living on the steppes were viewed towards the
bottom of the social order. However, this quickly changed as Genghis made alliances
and conquered other groups. He carefully vetted his allies and chose them accordingly.
In the regions Genghis conquered, he would replace the elite with Mongol rulers to
govern the conquered people but left everyone else in society as they were, promising
to include them into his new rule if they paid respected his leadership. The men he
selected for these roles had to be absolutely loyal to him.10 Genghis’ overall strategy of
trying to assimilate the local groups into the Empire was revolutionary for its time
period. Because the empire’s vast expanse, it featured a significant amount of diversity,
which impacted how Genghis had to rule and create laws. When he became Great
Khan, Genghis believed he had no room for a traditional clan and the ties it brought
along.
Values of Loyalty:
Genghis emphasized his vision of absolute loyalty from his subjects to himself.
As Great Khan, he expected obedience and allegiance from all classes. One of the
9 Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.91 10 https://global.britannica.com/biography/Genghis-Khan
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myths about his rise to power to explain his decisions regarding diversity among his
troops involves having a “multiethnic, multicreedal oath of brotherhood [which] would
come to symbolize the form of society” which Genghis wanted to create.11 This was the
idea behind the “arbans,” the groups of ten in the army, which were commanded to be
loyal to one another regardless of their ethnic or religious backgrounds.
Yassa:
The code of law created by Genghis Khan and adopted throughout the empire
was called Yassa.12 This code necessitated severe punishments for minor crimes, strict
obedience to Genghis Khan, and a binding together of the nomad tribes.13 Because of
such strictness, the Mongol Empire was seen as a safe place and the army was
extremely disciplined. Because of Yassa, leaders of the empire, such as chiefs and
generals, were elected based on merit—crimes such as
thievery were banned, and religious intolerance was
prohibited. This was the first set of written laws used
by the Mongols. As the Genghis Khan grew in power,
there was a significant need for laws that the whole
empire would have to follow. The strange aspect to
this code of laws was that the physical script was
supposedly only known to and read by the royal family because there was some semi-
sacred or magic view of the text.
11 Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.95 12 http://web.archive.org/web/20060112130533/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Pantheon/3055/yasa.htm 13 http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/mongols-sup.htm
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Potential Punishments:
Two of the most common crimes in the steppe were the “stealing of animals and
the kidnapping of women.”14 Under Genghis’s rule, stealing a horse was punishable by
being “cut into two parts.” Beheading was the most common method for killing
someone who was not of noble blood, and even minor offenses such as not picking up
something someone dropped could be punishable by death. Another is examples is that
a hunter could be beaten with sticks or put to death if he let an animal escape during a
community hunt.15 However, if someone was favored by the Khan, they had multiple
strikes before being punished.
Effect on Economics and Trade:
The Mongol Empire created the first direct contact between East and West and
allowed a new flow of technology, people, trade, etc. between different parts of the
world which had no contact before. A postal system called yam was created.16 This
entailed a system of relay stations where riders could pass along messages, rest, and
resupply. Heavy taxes were laid on everyone except artists, lawyers, and teachers.
During his reign, the Mongols essentially controlled trade along the Silk Road. Genghis
Khan’s laws were enforced so well within the empire that it later created a time referred
to as “Pax Mongolica” (Mongol peace) which allowed for more open commerce and
14 Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.96 15 Lamb, Harold. "Genghis Khan Emperor of All Men." Scribd. Scribd, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2017. 16 http://www.warriorsandlegends.com/mongol-warriors/mongol-war-communications/
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communication.17 This peace was parallel to the “Pax Romana” which was the time of
the Roman Empire’s minimal expansion and relative peacefulness.
Kurultai:
The kurultai was the gathering of Genghis Khan and his advisors in order to
make decisions for the Empire. These meetings were often held as a form of war
council. The root word “khurim” in Mongolian
means a “feast” or festive gathering, but today
stands for an event more like a wedding.18 This
body of counselors was modeled after both
Mongol and Chinese tradition. The Khan held the
power of final decision and was heavily involved in
the process, but would delegate some tasks to
those he trusted.
Concerns of the Committee:
What will happen when Genghis Khan cannot find the elixir of life he so
adamantly seeks and he passes away leaving a number of possible successors? That is
one of the issues which this committee is going to resolve. There needs to be a clear
establishment of succession. Genghis Khan had several children who could be suitable
Great Khans after him, but he also had many capable generals, ministers, and even his
wife who may all qualify for the position. This committee can decide what is best
17 http://www.silk-road.com/artl/paxmongolica.shtml 18 http://dictionary.babylon-software.com/kurultai/
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whether the traditional passage of rule based on lineage is applicable or if Genghis’s
ideology of those who are best suited for a position should be given it.
There are also many issues that can plague an empire of such a vast size. A
system of logical steps needs to be established for how problems are to be dealt with
and then it needs to be initiated. Certain policies may need to be implemented in order
to continue the growth of the empire. The current system of communication and trade
throughout the empire may need to be reexamined or perhaps put to different
purposes.
However, the most pressing matter is how we will wage war and be victorious
on the western front of the empire against the Khwarezmian Empire, while also being
cautious of the eastern front and the remnants of the Jin Empire. The outcomes from
how we engage with both these foreign empires may have lasting impacts on the future
of our empire. We must understand what resources will be required and what strategies
will be used so that they are deployed efficiently.
This all must be done while maintaining your roles as delegates. Your positions
require maintaining not just military power, but also an unfaltering loyalty to the Khan
and a good image for the people of the empire to see. This will not be an easy
committee, and much like life on the steppe...only the strong will survive. Think like
Genghis Khan using your intellect, loyalty, and persuasive skills and you will conquer
this committee.
Things to keep in mind:
1. What the current Empire looks like
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2. What you, as leaders of the Empire, want it to look like in the future
3. What kinds of issues may be arising now or in the near future within the Empire
and outside of the Empire
4. Who is going to rule when Genghis is no longer able or willing
5. How the empire will be governed and divided.
As Genghis’s trusted advisors, you should be aware of his two major goals: “to live
forever and conquer the world.”19
Members of the Imperial Council:
Borte Khan – Genghis Khan’s wife
After having a few hiccups early in your marriage such as how you were
kidnapped and held for ransom by an enemy tribe before being rescued by your
husband, as Grand Empress, and wife of Genghis Khan, you are considered one of his
most trusted advisors. You run the kingdom in your husband’s place while he is off on
his numerous military campaigns, and are beloved by the Mongol people.[1] Further
strengthening your position in Mongol society is the fact that you are the mother of
Genghis Khan’s four legitimate sons Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, and Tolui.
Jochi Khan – Genghis Khan’s eldest son
As Genghis Khan’s first son, you are the first in line to succeed your father
should he die in battle or be eliminated by internal political enemies. Recently, your
true paternity has been called into question given that your mother was given as a spoil
of war to another man following her abduction shortly after she and your father were
married.[2] You frequently go on your father’s military campaigns, and command your
own troops while on such campaigns. As one of Genghis Khan’s sons, you are entitled
to your own kingdom within the Mongol empire to rule over, with your respective
territory being the western portion, which is known as the Golden Horde or Kipchak
Khanate.[3] However, while being the heir of your father, you and him sometimes have
disputes about various issues and courses of action your father is planning to
implement or take.
19 Genghis Khan: Terror And Conquest. Prod. Lionel Friedberg. A&E Television Networks, 1995. Alexander Street. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
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Chagatai Khan – Genghis Khan’s second oldest son
As the second son of Genghis Khan, you also are in line to succeed your father
should something happen to him and your brother Jochi. There are some in the empire
who believe that you should be the rightful heir to your father citing your brother
Jochi’s questioned paternity. Like your older brother, you also accompany your father
on his many military campaigns, and command your own troops as well. You were also
given the responsibility of being the Guardian of the Mongol law code (“Yasa”), which
you strictly enforce.[4] Like Jochi, you also have your own kingdom that you preside
over within the empire, which consists of Turkestan, the Tarim Basin, western Tian
Shan, the Ili river valley, Kashgaria, Turfan and Kucha in China, and Transoxania.[5]
Together, these lands under your control would become known as the Chagatai
Khanate.
Ogedei Khan – Genghis Khan’s third oldest son
Being a rightful Khan born from Borte, you also are in line to succeed your father
should something happen to him and your two older brothers. It is rumored that you
are your father’s favorite son, and that your father would like you to succeed him upon
his death.[6] Similar to your brothers, you also accompany your father on his military
quests, and are often most noted for your willingness to listen to your father’s
generals.[7] In the locations that you have been responsible for capturing, you have
been able to establish a stable political and economic system, and actually lay the
groundwork for increasing trade with Europe.[8] You also have been given a certain
portion of the empire to govern, with your portion consisting of the Emil and Hobok
rivers, or what is western China.[9]
Tolui Khan – Genghis Khan’s youngest son
You are the youngest of your father’s legitimate sons. If your father follows
Mongol custom, you should be the rightful successor to him.[10] Like your brothers,
you also accompany your father on military campaigns to conquer those who pose a
threat to the Mongol empire, and you also control a certain portion of the empire, with
your respective area of control being the Mongol homelands.[11] Aside from being an
effective warrior, you are known to be an alcoholic.[12]
Jebe – Mongol General
You are one of Genghis Khan’s leading military commanders, and one of his
most trusted advisors. After initially shooting Genghis Khan at the Battle of Thirteen
Sides, you asked to be spared by the emperor, and he spared you in part to your
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honesty and loyalty to him.[14] You have control of many troops, as Genghis Khan has
allowed you and Subutai to conduct campaigns into Rus, China, and Central Asia.
Subutai – Mongol General
You are Genghis Khan’s chief military strategist. You come from humble origins
given that your father was a blacksmith, but through your hard work and dedication
you have quickly risen to your current position.[15] Aside from having troops under your
direct command, you also have knowledge of warfare, such as how to conduct sieges,
which few other military commanders have.[16] Genghis Khan has such confidence in
you that he has sent you on various campaigns across the world, with you sometimes
being accompanied by Jebe.
Bo’orchu - Mongol General
Bo’orchu, one of the Four Steeds of the Khan, is a close friend of the Khan who
has known him since boyhood. They met when Genghis Khan (then Temujin) was
looking for his stolen horses. After assisting Temujin, Bo’orchu returned him to his
father. He later helped the Khan retrieve his wife Borte after she was taken by the
Merkits. He, Jelme, and Belgutei spied on the Merkit camps. After Temujin took
Genghis Khan as a title, he made Bo’orchu and Jelme the heads of the Khan’s followers.
He is one of Ogodei’s most trusted friends. Bo’orchu has immunity for up to 9 crimes.
He is in charge of the Right Wing of the army.
Mukhali - Mongol General
Mukhali is the second of the Four Steeds, a four-man team mirroring the Four
Hounds. He was given as a slave in his late twenties to the Khan by his father after he
swore allegiance to the Mongols. He is known as a good planner and an excellent
archer. He and Bo’orchu are some of the Khan’s most loyal followers. Mukhali also has
immunity for up to 9 crimes. He is in charge of the Left Wing of the army.
Yelu Chucai - Prime Minister in Northern China
Yelü Chucai is a statesman of the Mongol Empire and takes the role of “Prime
Minister” and closest advisor to the Khan. He is a Confucian scholar well versed in
Buddhism and Daoism, being a Daoist himself. He is ethnically a Khitan, and was born
just outside Beijing. His wisdom and Chinese-influenced viewpoint may be mocked at
certain times by the Mongols, but none can deny his extremely skillful administrative
practices. He believes in Chinese administrative and economic policies. He is a
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moderating voice in the government and is generally against the bloody shows of force
the Mongols are apt to undertake. He is a close friend of Shikhikhutug.
Shikhikhutug - Expert in Legal Affairs and Yassa
Shikhikhutug is a high-ranking minister and statesman, and a step-brother of
Genghis Khan. He was discovered as a boy by the Khan’s men and brought to the
Khan’s mother Hoelun, who then adopted the boy as a son. He is primarily a lawmaker
and a judge, contributing greatly to the codification of the Yassa. He, like his very close
friend Yelü Chucai, is a more moderate voice but without decisive Chinese influence. He
is capable of leading armies but it not known as an amazingly skilled commander.
Sorkhan Shira - Minister for the Khan
You are one of the Khan’s ministers. Originally a guard for the Tayichuids, you
helped the Khan escape from Tayichuid captivity when he was still a boy. You are the
father of Chiluan, one of the Four Steeds, and as such you have a relatively close
relationship with the other three Steeds: Bo’orchu, Mukhali, and Borokhula. Genghis
Khan is extremely grateful to and trusting of you, as without your help it is likely that he
would have died a slave to the Tayichuids.
Khar Khiruge - Oirat General
A general from the Oirat horde in western Mongolia. The Oirats were
subjugated by Jochi, son of the great Genghis Khan, and control over these people was
given to Jochi while Genghis married one of his daughters to the Oirat Chief. As such,
he had a special relationship with Jochi that usually played out as extra support for the
Khan’s son. He was well-liked amongst the Oirat people, including their chief. He and
the Oirats were also exceptional horse trainers and responsible for providing a
substantial amount of the horses used by the Mongol military.
Belgutei - Half-brother of Khan
Belgutei was the half-brother of the Khan, sharing the same father. He served
sometimes as a general but was primarily known as a wise diplomat and counselor. He
was often employed as a messenger to foreign countries.
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Mahmud Yalavach - Economic Minister and Financial Advisor to Khan
The economic minister and financial advisor to the Khan. He was a Muslim from
Sogdia, an area north of Afghanistan with a heavy Persian influence. Some sources,
however, called him a Khwarezmian from Khwarezmia.
[1] http://www.biography.com/people/borte-ujin-307400#profile
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi
[3] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jochi
[4] http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2013/10/chagatai-khanate.html
[5] http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2013/10/chagatai-khanate.html
[6] http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/%C3%96gedei_Khan
[7] http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/%C3%96gedei_Khan
[8] http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/%C3%96gedei_Khan
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan
[10] http://www.tolui.com/
[11] http://www.tolui.com/
[12] http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/09/tului-khan-mongol-leader.html
[13] http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Batu_Khan.aspx
[14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebe
[15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subutai
[16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subutai
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https://global.britannica.com/biography/Genghis-Khan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire#/media/File:Mongol_Empire_map.gif
http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/link-suggestion/wpcd_2008-
09_augmented/wp/m/Mongol_Empire.htm
https://jspivey.wikispaces.com/JiHyung+and+Ding+Dong
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire
http://web.archive.org/web/20060112130533/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Pantheon
/3055/yasa.htm
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/paxmongolica.shtml
History.com Staff. "Genghis Khan." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009.
Web. 30 Aug. 2016.
"Genghis Khan: Terror and Conquest." Infobase.com. A&E Television Networks, 1997.
Web. 05 Sept. 2016.
Genghis Khan: Terror And Conquest. Prod. Lionel Friedberg. A&E Television Networks,
1995. Alexander Street. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
http://www.allempires.com/article/?q=The_Mongol_Empire
Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they
fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.95
Lamb, Harold. "Genghis Khan Emperor of All Men." Scribd. Scribd, n.d. Web. 22 Feb.
2017.
http://dictionary.babylon-software.com/kurultai/