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Gender Mainstreaming

by Cristina Bratu



Gender relations

Refer to the sum of social norms, conventions andpractices which regulate the multifaceted relationshipsbetween men and women in a given society at a giventime (Cagatay and Erturk, 2004: 5).



Gender analysis

A way of looking at reality that takes into account thedisparities and inequalities between women and men insociety.



Gender mainstreamimg

A strategy for integrating gender analysis into what theorganization does.

The objective of gender mainstreaming is theachievement of gender equality goals in everything thatthe organization does.



What is the goal?

Does the goal pay attention to both men and women?

If men and women have different needs, then the goal should be

to meet both the needs of women and the needs of men.

If men or women are disadvantaged in the given situation, thenthe policy goal should seek to redress this imbalance.

These goals are thus corrective ; they are about meeting the

practical needs of both men and women.



Does the goal include a broader commitment toimproving gender equality? Or balancing

gender?

P erhaps elements of the institutions, structures or underlying principles that contextualize the issue

fundamentally hinder de facto equality betweenmen and women. If so, the goal should bebroadened to address these elements as well.These goals are thus transformative ; they areabout transforming institutions and structures

(social, political, economic, cultural, etc.) so that full gender equality can be more readily achieved.(strategic)



H ealth, nutrition and population

-Gender issue is clearer, however-Planning and budget allocations often give priority toexpensive, modern urban based hospitals and healthservices which are less accessible to women(particularly rural women) than to men.



-Lack of capacity for training for women medicalprofessionals-Cultural factors continue to maintain inequities in

access to and use of services and also contribute toinequitable allocation of food within the household.-Gender based violence also has important health, aswell as economic and political, implications.



R ural development

Women farmers currently under-perform due to alack of access to credit, information, extensionservices and markets and because household duties

and child-

care limit the time they have available. Removing these constraints can significantly increase

agricultural productivity - particularly in regionswhere women play an increasingly important part infarm management and production.



T ransport, energy and infrastructure

Route planning frequently constrains women's economicproductivity by not responding to their needs to combine workrelated travel with travel relating to their householdresponsibilities in the fields of education, health and marketing.

The failure to consider the gender dimensions of transportdemand imposes high monetary, physical and temporal costs onfemale users. It also results in sub-optimal economic and time-allocation decisions by the household and particularly women.

Women's access to transportation also determines theirutilization of existing health, education and other services.

Women's insights can also mitigate negative impacts of projectdesign in areas such as the impacts on child safety, access tomarkets, women's time-burden etc.

Finally, increasing women's ownership of projects cansignificantly contribute to maintenance and sustainability.



E nvironment

How are women and men impacted differently by the environment? How do men and women participate differently in environment protection

practices? How are men and women consulted separately on environment policies?

By nature of the different jobs and duties (in society , in household ) that

men and women do , the impact of the environment is different on them ,and men and women , if consulted separately , would have different solutions to environment problems seen from their an gles . T his is more felt at the community/household level , and to a lesser de gree at the national level . Pro jects that wor k on environment policies mi ght want to consider that and those that wor k with communities mi ght want to study/monitor this question .

Here , as in elsewhere , the different gender impact and gender participation has implications for plannin g efficiently (both in order not to a ggravate the situation for one or the other gender by mista ke , and to use the opportunities presented by the different approaches for a more realistic and holistic approach .



Both women and men have productive roles in relation tonatural resources, and the (usually different) roles of eachmust be taken into account for effective programme design

in initiatives for environmental sustainability Unequal access to assets and resources results in insecurity

of access to land by women, with consequences for theirability to adopt environmentally sustainable practices, whichhas implications for policy on land tenure and programmesrelated to agriculture

women and men are often differently affected byenvironmental degradation because of different workpatterns and tasks of women and men in both the workforceand the household

Degradation of the environment has specific implications forwomen ² negative effects on income possibilities, health and

quality of life. Women remain largely absent from formal policy formulation

and decision-making, even though they have taken aleadership role in promoting an environmental ethic.



E ducation

Is there a discrepancy in equal opportunity toeducation?

Is there a difference in access to education, higher,lower, urban, rural?

What is the education occupation segregation? Whodoes what?

Is the drop-out rate a gender issue? What is the impact of the drop-out trends on gender

relations in the future?

Is the enrollment rate at higher educationdifferentiated? Is there an impact on enrollment rates in higher

education on gender relations in the future?



Studies have shown that the economic rate of returnof investing in girls education is at least as high, andusually higher than the return on investing in boys

education. Social returns on girls education (improved health and

education levels of children, lower population growthrates etc.)



The introduction of paid education, conscription intothe army, the involvement of girls/boys into familyagriculture, etc., would probably mean that some

families might have to make choices between thefuture education of their boys or their girls.

When women dont have job possibilities, theycontinue higher education, which might explain theh

igh

er numbers of educated women th

an men However, the spheres of education is also gender

specific. This means that some professions, in thefuture, will be the domain of men or women andthat may not be good for efficiency, and the different

wealth (assets and incomes of men and women),etc.



C onclusion:

In order to achieve Gender Equality set targets forthe Millennium, we need to focus more on

programmes aiming at empowering women, increasethe financial support , improve on accountabilityand reporting on results as well as seek strategicinvolvement of men.



B ibliography

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:iur6UzD_78wJ:un.by/pdf/GM.ppt+I.+GENDER+MAINST REAMING+ppt&cd=15&hl=ro&ct=clnk&gl=ro



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