genetics.the way to "perfect" the human condition.?
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Genetics.....the way
to “perfect” the human condition.....??
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Genetics - the good .and the bad
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Design-a-Kid
Athletic Ability
Creativity
Intelligence
Bravery
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Height, Strength
Cloned human growth hormone
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The Fugates of Troublesome Creek (Trost et al, Science 82, 1982).
Too much.....Nitrate
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Too Much Growth Hormone
Acromegaly
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“Andre the Giant”
Height: 7’4”
Weight: 500 lbs
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At 7 feet 8 inches, De-Fen Yao, is considered the world's tallest woman. Her
abnormal growth was due to Acromegaly, a disease resulting from a tumour on the
pituitary gland causing it to pump out excess growth hormone, that inflicted her
when she was 15 years old
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Unregulated Production of Growth Hormone
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Unregulated Production of Growth Hormone
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Unregulated Production of Growth Hormone
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Creativity
Virginia Woolf
Vincent Van Gogh
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Manic Depression?
Individuals recognized for creativity are ~40x more likely to be diagnosed as manic depressive
Creativity
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Bravery
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Bravery “Thrill-seeking?”
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Genetics - Old and New
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Gregor Mendel – the first geneticist
Conducted genetic crosses with pea plants
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Trait Studied Dominant Form Recessive Form
SEED SHAPE
SEED COLOR
POD SHAPE
POD COLOR
FLOWER COLOR
FLOWER POSITION
STEM LENGTH tall dwarf
long stem short stem
purple white
yellowgreen
wrinkledinflated
yellow green
smooth wrinkled
Fig. 11.5, p. 178
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carpel stamen
Cross-fertilizing peas
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Mendel looked at 34 different physical characteristics (traits) of pea plants that varied among plant populations
Then he made quantitative calculations of these traits as they appeared in subsequent generations
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ExampleYellow Seeds (Y) X Green Seeds (y)
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Example
All Yellow
Yellow Seeds (Y) X Green Seeds (y)
Yellow: dominantGreen: recessive
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Example
All Yellow
Yellow Seeds (Y) X Green Seeds (y)
Self-fertilization Yellow: dominantGreen: recessive
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Example
All Yellow
Yellow Yellow Yellow Green
Yellow Seeds (Y) X Green Seeds (y)
Self-fertilization Yellow: dominantGreen: recessive
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Example
All Yellow
Yellow Yellow Yellow Green
All Green
Yellow Seeds (Y) X Green Seeds (y)
Self-fertilization Yellow: dominantGreen: recessive
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Example
All Yellow
Yellow Yellow Yellow Green
All Yellow All Green
Yellow Seeds (Y) X Green Seeds (y)
Self-fertilization Yellow: dominantGreen: recessive
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Example
All Yellow
Yellow Yellow Yellow Green
Yellow Yellow Yellow Green
All Yellow All Green
Yellow Seeds (Y) X Green Seeds (y)
Self-fertilization Yellow: dominantGreen: recessive
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Mendel proposed that:
• Traits segregate as discrete units (alleles or genes)
• In diploid organisms, alleles come in pairs (one inherited from each parent)
• If the two alleles in a pair are heterozygous (i.e, different), one allele will be dominant and the other allele will be recessive
• A “homozygous” pair of alleles are the same
• A “heterozygous” pair of alleles are different
• Inheritance of alleles is random
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Phenotype the appearance of the organism
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Phenotype the appearance of the organism
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3 1
Phenotype the appearance of the organism
dominant phenotype
75%
recessive phenotype
25%
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3 1
Phenotype the appearance of the organism
Genotype the genetic composition of the organism
dominant phenotype
75%
recessive phenotype
25%
Yy Yy
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3 1
Phenotype the appearance of the organism
Genotype the genetic composition of the organism
dominant phenotype
75%
recessive phenotype
25%
Yy Yy
YY Yy Yy yy
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3 1
Phenotype the appearance of the organism
Genotype the genetic composition of the organism
dominant phenotype
75%
recessive phenotype
25%
Yy Yy
1 2 1
YY Yy Yy yy
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3 1
Phenotype the appearance of the organism
Genotype the genetic composition of the organism
dominant phenotype
75%
recessive phenotype
25%
Yy Yy
1 2 1
hetero-zygous50%
homozygousdominant
25%
homozygousrecessive
25%
YY Yy Yy yy
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The Punnett Square: method to determine genotypes of a genetic cross
Y y
Yy Yy
Y
y
YY Yy
Yy yy
One parent
The otherparent
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Mendel's First Law: Two members of a gene pair segregate from each other into the gametes, whereby one half of the gametes carries one of the traits, the other half carries the other.
A Law is "a descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves.... under stated circumstances".Mendel's First Law: Two members of a gene pair segregate from each other into the gametes, whereby one half of the gametes carries one of the traits, the other half carries the other.
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Mendel’s Data
Smooth Wrinkled
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Mendel’s Data
Smooth Wrinkled
Predicted 750 250
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Mendel’s Data
Smooth Wrinkled
Predicted 750 250Observed 751 249 746 254 758 242
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Mendel’s Data
Smooth Wrinkled
Predicted 750 250
Too good to be true?
Observed 751 249 746 254 758 242
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Trait Studied Dominant Form Recessive Form Dominant-to- Recessive Ratio
SEED SHAPE
SEED COLOR
POD SHAPE
POD COLOR
FLOWER COLOR
FLOWER POSITION
STEM LENGTH
2.96:1
3.01:1
2.95:1
2.82:1
3.15:1
3.14:1
2.84:1tall dwarf
long stem short stem
purple white
yellowgreen
wrinkledinflated
yellow green
smooth wrinkled
Fig. 11.5, p. 178
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Mendel's Second Law: During gamete formation the segregation of one gene pair is independent of all other gene pairs
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