genetics: the science of heredity coach julien team 7-2
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Genetics: The Science of Heredity
Coach JulienTeam 7-2
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StandardS7L3 Students will recognize
how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.
a.. Explain the role of genes and chromosomes in the process of inheriting a specific trait.
c. Recognize that selective breeding can produce plants or animals with desired traits
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VocabularyHeredity- the passing of physical
characteristics from parents to offspringTrait- a characteristic that an organism
can pass on to its offspring through its genes
Genetics-t he study of heredityFertilization-the joining of sperm and
eggPurebred- organism is the offspring of
many generations that have the same trait
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Gene- factor that controls a traitAlleles- different forms of a geneDominant allele- trait always
shows up in the organism when the allele is present
Recessive allele- is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present
Hybrid- organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Probability- a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur.
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Punnett Square- chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.
Phenotype- is the physical appearance of an organisms
Genotype- an organism’s genetic makeup or allele combination
Homozygous- an organism that has two identical alleles for the same trait
Heterozygous- an organism with two different alleles for the same trait
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Codominancce-the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive: both alleles are expressed in the offspring.
Meiosis-the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells (sperm & eggs).
Messenger RNA-copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus, and carries the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
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Transfer RNA-carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein
Mutation-any change in a gene or chromosome
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Chromosomes are made up of
Many genes joined together
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A heterozygous organism has
Two different alleles for a trait
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Which nitrogen base in RNA is NOT part of DNA
Uracil
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An organism’s genotype is its
Genetic make up
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Where does protein synthesis take place?
On the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell
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The different forms of a gene are called
alleles
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Which term refers to physical characteristics that are studied in genetics?
phenotype
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A mutation is harmful to an organism if it
Reduces the organism’s chances for survival and reproduction
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What is a mutation?Any change in a gene or
chromosome
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What do transfer RNA molecules do during protein synthesis?
Carry amino acids and add them to the growing protein
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What does messenger RNA do during protein synthesis?
Copies the coded message from the DNA and carries it into the cytoplasm
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The order of the bases along a gene determines the order in which
Amino acids are put together to form a protein
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What determines the genetic code?
The order of nitrogen bases along a gene
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When sex cells combine to produce offspring, each sex will contribute
Half the number of chromosomes in body cells.
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What happens during meiosis?
Chromosomes pairs separate and are distributed into new sex cells.
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Walter Sutton discovered that the sex cells of grasshoppers have
Half the number of chromosomes found in the body cells.
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What is the chromosome theory of inheritance?
Genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes.
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Purebred chicken with white feathers is crossed with a purebred chicken that has black feathers. Each of their offspring has both black and white feathers. Why does this happen?
The alleles for feather color are neither dominant nor recessive.
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An organism’s physical appearance is its phenotype
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If a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) is crossed with a homozygous white guinea pig (bb) ,what is the probability that an offspring will have black fur?
75%
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What does a Punnett square show?All the possible outcomes of a
genetic cross
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What is the probability of producing a tall pea plant from genetic cross between two hybrid tall pea plants?Three in four
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What is probability?
A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur
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What does the notation Tt mean to geneticists?One dominant allele and one
recessive allele
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What does the notation TT mean to geneticists?Two dominant alleles
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Scientists call an organism that has two different alleles for a trait ahybrid
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Factors that control traits are calledgenes
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In Mendel’s experiments, what proportion of the plants in the F2 generation had a trait that had been absent in the F1 generation?
One fourth (1/4)
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What did Gregor Mendel do to study different characteristics in his genetics experiments?
He cross-pollinated plants.