genetics since mendel. incomplete dominance occurs when neither allele for a trait is dominant. the...
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Genetics Since Mendel
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Incomplete Dominance
• Occurs when neither allele for a trait is dominant.
• The phenotype produced is intermediate between the two homozygous parents
• Ex. Coat color in purebred dogs
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Multiple Alleles
• More than 2 alleles are multiple alleles
• Traits controlled by multiple alleles produce more than 3 phenotypes.
• In humans, blood type is controlled by 3 alleles (A,B,)- A & B are dominant. O is recessive
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Polygenic Inheritance
• A group of gene pairs acts together to produce a trait, which creates more variety in phenotypes.
• Many human traits are controlled by polygenic inheritance, such as hair and eye color, height, body build, shape of eyes, lips and ears.
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*Height is controlled by fourgenes working together.
*Skin color is controlled by atleast three genes, each onecontaining two different alleles.Various combinations ofalleles produce the many skincolors in humans
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Mutations- genes that are altered or copied incorrectly
• A mutation can be harmful, helpful, or have no effect
• Chromosome disorders- caused by more or fewer chromosomes than normal
• Down Syndrome- caused by 3 copies of chromosome 21
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Significance of Mutations• Most are neutral
• Eye color• Birth marks
• Some are harmful• Sickle Cell Anemia• Down Syndrome
• Some are beneficial• Sickle Cell Anemia immune to Malaria• Immunity to HIV
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What Causes Mutations?
• There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated:– Mutations can be inherited.
• Parent to child
– Mutations can be acquired.• Environmental damage• Mistakes when DNA is copied
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Chromosome Mutations
• Down Syndrome– Chromosome 21 does
not separate correctly.– They have 47
chromosomes in stead of 46.
– Children with Down Syndrome develop slower, may have heart and stomach illnesses and vary greatly in their degree of inteligence.
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Chromosome Mutations
• Cri-du-chat– Deletion of material on 5th
chromosome– Characterized by the cat-like
cry made by cri-du-chat babies
– Varied levels of metal handicaps
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Recessive Genetic Disorders
• Both parents have a recessive allele responsible for the disorder and pass it on to their child.
• Because parents are heterozygous, they don’t show symptoms
• Cystic Fibrosis is a homozygous recessive disorder
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Recessive Genetic Cont.
• Genes that determine the sex of an organism are XX in females and XY in males. Males determine the sex of the offspring
• Females produce eggs with x chromosomes only. Males produce sperm with either an x or a y chromosome.
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Sex Linked Disorders
• 1. An allele inherited on an X or Y chromosome is a sex linked gene.
• Colorblindness is a sex linked disorder caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome. More common in males- females have to inherit it on both x’s.
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Example of sex-linked traitcontrolled by a recessiveallele: red-green colorblindnessAffects moremales thanfemales
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What is a pedigree chart?
• Pedigree charts show a record of the family of an individual
• They can be used to study the transmission of a hereditary condition
• They are particularly useful when there are large families and a good family record over several generations.
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Symbols used in pedigree charts
• Normal male• Affected male• Normal female• Affected female• Marriage
A marriage with five children, two daughters and three sons. The eldest son is affected by the condition.
Eldest child Youngest child
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Organising the pedigree chart
• A pedigree chart of a family showing 20 individuals
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Organising the pedigree chart
– Generations are identified by Roman numerals I
II
III
IV
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Organising the pedigree chart
• Individuals in each generation are identified by Arabic numerals numbered from the left
• Therefore the affected individuals are II3, IV2 and IV3
I
II
III
IV© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Advances in Genetics
• Genetic Engineering: Genes
from one organism are
transferred into the DNA of
another organism
• Used to produce medicine(insulin),
improve crops, and cure
genetic disorders
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Bright face of genetically modified corn plant: pest-infected non-GM (left) and pest-free GM plant (right)
planted side-by-side in a field trial. (photo: Dr. Yu Jialin, China Agricultural University)
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French genetic researchers created Alba for artist Eduardo Kac. Thanks to genes borrowed from a jellyfish, the albino rabbit glows green when placed under special lighting. In regular light, Alba appears like any other furry white rabbit. But place her under a black light, and her eyes, whiskers and fur glow a otherworldly green.
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http://www.fluorescentpets.com/index.htm
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Gene Therapy
• A normal allele is placed into a virus, which delivers the normal allele when it infects its target cell.
• May be used to control cystic fibrosis and other genetic disorders
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Selective Breeding: Breeding organisms with desired traits so that their offspring will havethose traits
Hybridization: Breeding twogenetically different individuals
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SELECTIVE BREEDING
• The Liger is the result of breeding a female Tiger to a male Lion.
• The liger has both stripes and spots. The stripes are inherited from its tiger parent and the spots from the lion parent.
• On their hind legs, ligers stand approximately 12 feet tall. At most, ligers may weigh up to 1,000 pounds.
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The Cama is the result of breeding a Llama to a Camel.
Parents in background of picture.
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The Zebroid is the result of breeding
a female Horse and a male Zebra.
The Zedonk / Zonkey is the result of breeding a female Donkey and
male Zebra.
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The Mule is the result of breeding a female horse(mare) to a male donkey (jack). The
mule is superior to the horse in strength,endurance, intelligence and disease resistance.
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The Human Genome Project:The main goal of the humangenome project is to identifyevery gene in human DNA.How can this help improvemodern medicine?