genetics. process of dna being copied before cell division occurs must make an exact copy or...
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Bio Boot Camp
Genetics
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Process of DNA being copied before cell division occurs
Must make an exact copy or mutations will occur (which could be harmful)
The 2 strands of the DNA helix split and each side serves as a template for the other side
Process makes sure that information is not loss during the replication process
DNA Replication
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Protein SynthesisTranscription Translation
Information from the DNA (in the nucleus) is copied in the form of messenger RNA.
Copies only the information for the protein that needs to be made
The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome.
Decodes the information from the mRNA
Occurs in the ribosome Needs tRNA and mRNA
to make the protein correctly according to the directions that were specified in the original DNA
Genetic code for each amino acid is the same in ALL organisms.
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Genetic Mutations
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Frameshift Mutations
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Original DNATHE CAT ATE THE FAT RAT.
Silent MutationTHA CAT ATE THE FAT RAT
Nonsense MutationTHE CAT ATE THE.
Missense MutationTHE CAR ATE THE FAT RAT.
Frameshift MutationTHE CCA TAT ETH EFA TRA T.THC ATA TET HEF ATR AT.
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Chromatin to Chromosomes
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DNA
Individual Nucleotide
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Types of Inheritance Dominant One trait completely masks/dominants the other trait when it is expressed. Can be homozygous or heterozygous dominant
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Types of Inheritance Recessive
The recessive trait is seen when there are 2 copies present (homozygous recessive)
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Both traits are equally dominant and neither will give in so both traits are shown.
Types of Inheritance Codominance
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Codominance
Black Feathered Chicken
White feathered chicken
Checkered feather chicken
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Types of Inheritance Incomplete Dominance
Traits are not dominant or recessive. The traits “blend” together to make a new color/trait.
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Types of Inheritance Sex-linked
The trait is carried on the sex –chromosome (x-chromosome) so the inheritance is different for males and females.
Males inherit one gene from mother on X
chromosome and an unaffected Y from father.
Females inherit an X from their father and an X from
their mother.
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Trait controlled by 2 or more genes and produces a range of outcomes (examples: skin color, eye color, hair color, height)
Types of Inheritance Polygenic
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More than 2 forms of a gene control the trait.
Types of Inheritance Multiple Allele
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These mutations alter the composition or number of chromosomes in the organism.
Usually have severe consequences for the organism.
Usually occur during meiosis
Chromosomal Mutations
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Nondisjunction
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Translocation
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Insertion
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Deletion
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Duplication
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Inversion
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Genetic Engineering
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Making human from bacteria
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Cloning
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Forensics