genetically modified organisms and limitations
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction
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What is GMO’s?
• Genetically modified organism (GMO) “GMO is any organism whose genetic
material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques”
Genetic engineering• Also called genetic modification“Genetic engineering is the manipulation
of an organism's genome using biotechnology
”
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Specifically, “ Any living organism that
possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.”
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Production procedure of GMO
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1. Identification of the gene interest.
2. Isolation of the gene of interest.
3. Amplifying gene to produce many
copies.
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4. Associating the gene with an
appropriate promoter and poly A
sequence
5. Insertion into plasmids.
6. Multiplying the plasmid in bacteriaBacteria
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6. Transference of the construct into
the recipient tissue, usually fertilized
eggs
7. Integration of gene into recipient
genome;
8. Expression of gene in recipient
genome
9.Inheritance of gene through further
generations.
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Examples Of GMO’s
•Genetically Modified Animals•Genetically Modified Plants•Genetically Modified Bacteria
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Glofish Web-spinnnig goat
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Genetically modified PLANTS
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Genetically modified crops• Also called GMCs, GM crops,
or biotech crops) • Plants with modified DNA by
using genetic engineering techniques• The aim is to introduce a new trait to
the plant which does not occur naturally in the species
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Examples in food crops
• Crops resistant to certain pests diseases environmental conditions fast spoilage chemical treatments
• Crops with improved nutrient profile
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Examples in non-food crops
• Include crops for production of-pharmaceutical agents-biofuels-other industrially useful
goods-for bioremediation.
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Examples
Insect resistant cotton – Bt toxin kills the cotton boll worm• transgene = Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis
Insect resistant corn – Bt toxin kills the European corn borer.• transgene = Bt protein
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Herbicide resistant crops -soybean, corn, canola• transgene = EPSP synthase
Virus resistance papaya- resistant to papaya ring spot virus• transgene = virus coat protein
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Golden rice
Sweet corn
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Yield• In 2014 the largest review yet
concluded that GM crops’ effects on farming were positive
• Yields increased -9% for herbicide tolerance-25% for insect resistance-GM crops made 69% higher
profits • GM crops help farmers in developing
countries by increasing yields by 14%
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Genetically Modified Bacteria
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Genetically modified bacteria
• 1st organisms to be modified- due to their simple
genetics.
• Used for several purposes • important in producing large
amounts of human proteins -for use in medicine
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•
Bacterial synthesized transgenic products
• Insulin• Hepatitis B vaccine• Tissue plasminogen activator• Human growth hormone• Interferon• bt corn
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Example:
In 1978, a version of the human insulin gene was inserted into the bacterium Escherichia coli
to produce synthetic "human"
insulin.
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Examples of GM Bacteria
• E. coli bacteria - to produce clotting factors to treat hemophilia
• Streptococcus mutants: if properly colonized in a person's mouth, could reduce the formation of cavities
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Genetically modified Animals
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Genetically modified Animals
“A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been
deliberately inserted into its genome”
•The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methedology.•Process of GMO animals is slow
-tedious-expensive
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Examples of genetic modified Animals
•Transgenic sheep•Transgenic cow•Genetically modified fish•Genetically modified mice •Genetically modified Chicken•Genetically modified Goat•Genetically modified pig
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Dolly sheep
•Born 5 July 1996•Roslin institute•Died 14 febrary 2003•National museum of scotland•First mammal to be cloned from somatic cell•Offspring six lambs
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Transgenic sheep
•Tracy is the first transgenic animal•Produce a recombinant protein in her milk
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Uses of transgenic sheep
It is used as a model for studying•Immunology •Human blood clotting factor 8•Transplantation•Haematology•Drug production in milk•Recombinant DNA
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Genetic modified cow•Transgenic cows carrying two types of cassiene genes •Results in 13% more milk proteine•A bovine growth hormone used in cows to increase milk production
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Transgenic fish
• Tilapia • Trout• Catfish ,Zebra fish• Grow 6 times faster than wild fish• Extra copies of growth hormone
gene.• To detect pollution in waterways.
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Genetically modified chicken•Featherless chicken are produced to increase the quantity of meat.
•Used to increase quantity of meat and eggs
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•GM goats
•GM pigs
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Advantages • Higher yields• Increased muscle bulk (animals)• Prolonged shelf-life • Higher nutritional value
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• Inbuilt resistance to pests, weeds and disease
• More environment friendly• Decrease in food prices (due to
lower costs and higher yield)
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• Less environmental hazards• Decrease costs of growing and farming• Source of more income for farmers• Production of medicines and vaccines
(biotechnology)
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Disadvantages
• Upsetting the ecosystem • Development of super pests • Ethical issues (religious, health) • Interfering the normal DNA system
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• Disappointing crop yields (may be)• Doubt over the environmental benefits• No good or natural taste• Unpredictable results
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• Increasing financial gaps between developed & developing countries
• False claim of ending world hunger with GMOs
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Reported problems
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Farmers reported:• Pigs and cows became sterile from GM
corn• Workers exposed to BT-cotton developed
allergies• Sheep died after grazing in BT-cotton fields
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Scientists reported:• GM peas generated an allergic-type
inflammatory response in mice• Rats fed BT- corn had multiple health
problems• Mice fed GM BT- potatoes had intestinal
damage
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Are GM foods safe?
• Many people are not sure either the GMO’s are safe to use or not.
• A very small proportion of population prefers the use of modified foods.
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Issues
• Religious issues–Banned human cloning
• Social issues–No to human cloning only for organs–Difference between developed &
under-developed countries
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