genetically engineered crops allowed in the u.s. food supply productinstitution(s)engineered...
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Genetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supplyGenetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supply Product Institution(s) Engineered Trait(s) Sources of New
GenesNameDate Allowed on
Market
Canola Bayer Resist glufosinate herbicide to control weeds
Bacteria, virus LibertyLink2000
Canola Monsanto Altered oil (high lauric acid) for soap and food products
Calif bay, turnip rape, bacteria, virus
Laurical1995
Corn Bayer Resist glufosinate herbicide to control weeds/male sterile to facilitate hybridization
Bacteria, virus SeedLinkDate unknown
Corn Bayer Resist glufosinate herbicide to control weeds/Bt toxin to control insect pests (European corn borer)
Bacteria, virus StarLink1998 (approved
only for animal feed)
Cotton Monsanto/Bayer
Resist bromoxynil herbicide to control weeds
Bacteria, virus BXN Cotton1995
Cotton Monsanto Bt toxin to control insect pests (cotton bollworms and tobacco budworm)
Bacteria Bollgard1995
Cotton Monsanto Resist glyphosate herbicide to control weeds
Arabidopsis, bacteria, virus
Roundup Ready1996
Genetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supplyGenetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supply
Product Institution(s) Engineered Trait(s) Sources of New Genes
NameDate Allowed on Market
Flax Univ Saskatchewan
Resist sulfonylurea herbicide to grow in soils with herbicide residues
Arabidopsis, bacteria
CDC Triffid1999
Papaya Cornell Univ/Univ Hawaii
Resist papaya ringspot virus
Bacteria, virus Sunup, Rainbow1997
Potato Monsanto Bt toxin to control insect pests (Colorado potato beetle)/resist potato virus Y
Bacteria, virus NewLeaf Y1999
Rice BayerResist glufosinate herbicide to control weeds
Bacteria, virusLibertyLink2004
Tomato Monsanto/Calgene
Altered ripening to enhance fresh market value
Tomato, bacteria, virus
FlavrSavr1994
GM food production (1996 – 2004) GM food production (1996 – 2004) (million Ha)(million Ha)
total
Developed countries
Developing countries
GM food production (1996 – 2003) GM food production (1996 – 2003) (million Ha)(million Ha)
Soybean Corn Cotton Canola
Current ProductsCurrent Products
• Transgenic SoybeanTransgenic Soybean– Roundup Ready Roundup Ready
• Resistant to Roundup Resistant to Roundup HerbicideHerbicide
• Reduces the amount of Reduces the amount of herbicide applied to cropsherbicide applied to crops
– Altered Altered ffatty-acid atty-acid contentcontent
• Changes the nutritional Changes the nutritional valuevalue
Field after one round of application of Roundup herbicide
GlyphosateresistanceGlyphosateresistance(sugar beet, canola, soybean, chicory, corn)(sugar beet, canola, soybean, chicory, corn)
GlufosinatresistanceGlufosinatresistance
(sugar beet(sugar beet , canola, soybean, chicory, rice, corn), canola, soybean, chicory, rice, corn)
Male sterilityMale sterility(Canola, chicory, corn)(Canola, chicory, corn)
Increased oleic acid contentIncreased oleic acid content(soybean)(soybean)
Current ProductsCurrent Products
• CanolaCanola– Herbicide resistantHerbicide resistant
• Better for the environmentBetter for the environment
– Altered fatty-acid Altered fatty-acid compositioncomposition
• A value-added foodA value-added food
BromoxynilresistanceBromoxynilresistance(cotton, tobacco, canola)(cotton, tobacco, canola)
Sulfonylurea-resistanceSulfonylurea-resistance(cotton, canola)(cotton, canola)
Increased lauryl acid and myristic acid Increased lauryl acid and myristic acid contentcontent (canola)(canola)
Current ProductsCurrent Products
• TomatoTomato– Flavr Savr TomatoFlavr Savr Tomato
• Delayed softening Delayed softening • Consumers get a better tasting tomatoConsumers get a better tasting tomato• FailedFailed
– Virus resistant tomatoVirus resistant tomato• Resistant to pestsResistant to pests• Decreases the amount of Decreases the amount of
pesticide applied to cropspesticide applied to cropsTransgenic tomato plants show resistance (left) while non-transformed plants are susceptible to cucumber mosaic virus under field conditions (right)
Altered ripeAltered ripe(tomato, water melone)(tomato, water melone)
Current ProductsCurrent Products
• CornCorn– Bt CornBt Corn
The Monarch Butterfly debate:The Monarch Butterfly debate:– A microbial gene added results in the crop being resistant A microbial gene added results in the crop being resistant
to insectsto insects– Does it impact the Monarch Butterfly?Does it impact the Monarch Butterfly?
» Well planned experiments are critical to the survival Well planned experiments are critical to the survival of biotechnologyof biotechnology
Wild-type corn showing infestation - Bt corn is resistant to this
Current ProductsCurrent Products
• CottonCotton– Yes – clothes can be made from transgenic crops!Yes – clothes can be made from transgenic crops!
– Bollgard cotton Bollgard cotton • Insect resistanceInsect resistance
• Lowers pesticide Lowers pesticide usageusage
Insect infestation on Bt (right) and non-Bt (left) cotton bolls
Current ProductsCurrent Products
• PapayaPapaya– Virus resistantVirus resistant
• Restored the papaya industry in HawaiiRestored the papaya industry in Hawaii
• Reduced crop lossReduced crop loss
• Japan blocked imports of transgenic papayaJapan blocked imports of transgenic papaya
Virus-resisanceVirus-resisance(Papaya, potato, cucmber)(Papaya, potato, cucmber)
Current ProductsCurrent Products
• Golden RiceGolden Rice– Biotechnology’s poster child?Biotechnology’s poster child?
• A true value added foodA true value added food
• Vitamin A enriched rice Vitamin A enriched rice prevents disease and blindnessprevents disease and blindness
• Golden in colourGolden in colour
Golden rice and normal (white)www.fumento.com/ wsjbiotech.html
• Golden Rice has not been developed by and for industry. Golden Rice has not been developed by and for industry. • It fulfills an urgent need by complementing traditional interventions. It fulfills an urgent need by complementing traditional interventions. • It presents a sustainable, cost-free solution, not requiring other It presents a sustainable, cost-free solution, not requiring other
resources. resources. • It avoids the unfortunate negative side effects of the Green It avoids the unfortunate negative side effects of the Green
Revolution. Revolution. • Industry does not benefit from it. Industry does not benefit from it. • Those who benefit are the poor and disadvantaged. Those who benefit are the poor and disadvantaged. • It is given free of charge and restrictions to subsistence farmers. It is given free of charge and restrictions to subsistence farmers. • It does not create any new dependencies. It does not create any new dependencies. • It will be grown without any additional inputs. It will be grown without any additional inputs. • It does not create advantages to rich landowners. It does not create advantages to rich landowners. • It can be resown every year from the saved harvest. It can be resown every year from the saved harvest. • It does not reduce agricultural biodiversity. It does not reduce agricultural biodiversity. • It does not affect natural biodiversity. It does not affect natural biodiversity. • There is, so far, no conceptual negative effect on the environment. There is, so far, no conceptual negative effect on the environment. • There is, so far, no conceivable risk to consumer health. There is, so far, no conceivable risk to consumer health. • It was not possible to develop the trait with traditional methods, etc.It was not possible to develop the trait with traditional methods, etc.
Edible VaccinesEdible Vaccines
• Plants producing vaccines could eliminate Plants producing vaccines could eliminate or simplify vaccine distribution problems in or simplify vaccine distribution problems in developing nationsdeveloping nations
How a transgenic plant containing a vaccine is made
Edible VaccinesEdible Vaccines• May have advantages May have advantages
over injected vaccinesover injected vaccines• Plants being studied Plants being studied
include potato, banana, include potato, banana, papaya, tomato, lettuce, papaya, tomato, lettuce, carrot, rice, wheat, corn carrot, rice, wheat, corn and soybean – Quite a and soybean – Quite a salad!salad!
Potatoes are one of many plants being used to produce vaccines
Edible VaccinesEdible Vaccines
• Tomato and potato plant can make antigens Tomato and potato plant can make antigens from Hepatitis B, from Hepatitis B, E. ColiE. Coli and and V. choleraeV. cholerae
• Feeding to test animals induces an immune Feeding to test animals induces an immune responseresponse
• Potatoes fed to human volunteers induced Potatoes fed to human volunteers induced and immune response to an inactive form of and immune response to an inactive form of the the E. coliE. coli toxin toxin
Other Cool Plant Biotech ProductsOther Cool Plant Biotech Products
• Blue Carnations and RosesBlue Carnations and Roses– Nature can not make theseNature can not make these
• Non-allergenic peanutsNon-allergenic peanuts– Kids can take peanut butter Kids can take peanut butter
sandwiches to school again!sandwiches to school again!
• Decaffeinated coffeeDecaffeinated coffee– Less processingLess processing
How to constuct transgenic plants?How to constuct transgenic plants?
•Microinjection
•Viral vectors (e.g. lentiviruses, adenoviruses)(Univ. Pnnsylvania: Jesse Gelsinger)
How to constuct transgenic plants?How to constuct transgenic plants?
• Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciens– CancerousCancerous growth in plant cellsgrowth in plant cells
• ((bacterial bacterial DNA)DNA)
• GenGenee--gungun– Gold or WolframparGold or Wolframparticlesticles (DNA-coated) (DNA-coated)
• Particles must hit the cellsParticles must hit the cells• Cells must be able to repair the holes on cell membraneCells must be able to repair the holes on cell membrane• DNA DNA must intagrate into themust intagrate into the genomegenome
– Selection markers (e.g. Ab-resistance)Selection markers (e.g. Ab-resistance)
• The tThe transgenransgenee containscontains::– PromoterPromoter sesequencequence, , structural genestructural gene, , stop sequencestop sequence, , mmarker-genarker-genee
GM Products: BenefitsGM Products: Benefits• CropsCrops
– Enhanced taste and quality Enhanced taste and quality – Reduced maturation time Reduced maturation time – Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance – Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides – New products and growing techniques New products and growing techniques
• AnimalsAnimals – Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency – Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk – Improved animal health and diagnostic methods Improved animal health and diagnostic methods
• EnvironmentEnvironment – "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides – Conservation of soil, water, and energy Conservation of soil, water, and energy – Bioprocessing for forestry products Bioprocessing for forestry products – Better natural waste management Better natural waste management – More efficient processing More efficient processing
• SocietySociety – Increased food security for growing populations Increased food security for growing populations
GM Products: ControversiesGM Products: Controversies• SafetySafety
– Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
• Access and Intellectual PropertyAccess and Intellectual Property – Domination of world food production by a few companies Domination of world food production by a few companies – Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries – Biopiracy—foreign exploitation of natural resources Biopiracy—foreign exploitation of natural resources
• EthicsEthics – Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values – Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species – Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa – Stress for animal Stress for animal
• LabelingLabeling – Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States) Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States) – Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts
• SocietySociety – New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countriesNew advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries
Results of GM rice experiments in ChinaResults of GM rice experiments in China
GMGM non GM non GM
Costs of pesticidesCosts of pesticides 31 jüan/ha31 jüan/ha 243 jüan/ha 243 jüan/ha
Amount of pesticidesAmount of pesticides 2 kg/ha2 kg/ha 21,2 kg/ha 21,2 kg/ha
WorkWork 0,73 day/ha0,73 day/ha 9,1 day/ha 9,1 day/ha
YieldYield 6364 kg/ha6364 kg/ha 6151 kg/ha 6151 kg/ha
Health related problemsHealth related problems 00 3 3