genetic transformation. history of transformation 1928 – fredrick griffth first described...
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GENETIC TRANSFORMATION
HISTORY OF TRANSFORMATION• 1928 – Fredrick Griffth first
described transformation Pneumococcus bacteria
(pneumonia) and mice
1944 – Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty identified the “transforming principle” as DNA
TRANSFORMATION • The transfer of genetic material• Discover by Griffith• Experiment injected
mice with disease causing & non-disease causing bacteria • Found combination of
dead disease bacteria with live non-disease still killed the mice• Later Avery discovered
DNA to be the agentThink: What does this picture show.
HISTORY OF TRANSFORMATION• 1952 – Alfred Hershey and
Martha Chase provided final proof that DNA was the molecule of heredity
1970 – Morton Mandel and Akiko Higa developed a protocol for transforming E. coli bacteria
WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION?• When a cell takes up and expresses a new piece
of genetic material—DNA— in order to change the organism’s traits
• A gene is a piece of DNA which provides the instructions for making (coding for) a particular protein
DNA Protein Trait
WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION USED FOR?
• Agricultural Genes coding for traits such as frost, pest or drought
resistance can be genetically transformed into plants
WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION USED FOR?
• Environmental Bacteria can be genetically transformed with genes
enabling them to digest oil spills or remove pollutants from the environment
WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION USED FOR?
• Medical Production of human proteins to
treat genetic diseases
Protein Disease/Disorder
Human insulin Diabetes mellitus
Human Growth Hormone
Deficiency in children
Erythropoietin Anemia
DNase I Cystic fibrosis
Human antibody blocker
Asthma
WHAT ARE WE DOING?• We will transform bacteria (E. coli), giving it the
ability to make green fluorescent proteins
GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN• Used in science as a visual marker…
Biological processes (protein production) Localization and regulation of gene expression Cell movement Cell fate during development Formation of different organs Marker to identify transgenic organisms
DR.AMINA EL SHAIBANY PHG 424