genetic engineering genetic engineering then agriculture – study of heredity picking the best...
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Genetic Engineering Then Agriculture – Study of Heredity
Picking the best plants and using those seeds. Animal Breeding
Artificial Selection: Humans determine what animals get to breed
Genetic Engineering Now
Identifying and Manipulating DNA changing gene function or expression
Add, Delete, Change, or Turn Genes On/Off
Genomics Testing for Medical Purposes.
What is a gene A series of nucleotides
that code for a function or structure within the body. Humans have:
3 billion nucleotide pairs 30-40,000 Genes.
Only a small part of DNA codes for proteins
The other parts are still being studied
Current History Started with the discovery of DNA
1935- Andrei Nikolaevitch Belozersky isolated DNA in the pure state.
1953- James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin identified the structure.
Current History 1966 -The genetic code was "cracked". Marshall
Nirenberg, Heinrich Mathaei, and Severo Ochoa Discovered that three nucleotide bases (codon)
determines each of 20 amino acids.
Current History
1972 – 1st Cloning (Twinning)Dolly the sheep
1996
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/
Current History 1973 –Transfer of DNA to
another organism Recombinant DNA
Scientists placed human genes into bacteria to make medicines Ex. Insulin, thyroid hormones
Current History 1984 – Alec Jeffreys introduced technique
for DNA fingerprinting. 1985 – 1st court room use of DNA
fingerprinting.
http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/gelelectrophoresis.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/gelelectrophoresis.html
Current History 1989 - Human Genome Research Center
formed $3 billion to map the human genome
1990 – International effort for the Human Genome $13 billion
1997 – Dolly the Sheep 1st nuclear transfer clone
Genetic Engineering Focus 5 major areas of Genetic Engineering today
Stem Cell Research Genetically Modified Organisms
animals and plants for consumption Gene Therapy Cloning – Nuclear Transfer Human Genomics and Medicine
How do scientists manipulate genes?
Stem Cells Basics 2 Types
Embryonic: Can become any cell in the body
Adult: More specific and harder to manipulate This is becoming easier to do
Can insert into the body to replace or repair cells that have been damaged
GMOManipulation of Plant or Crop
DNA
Numbers vary but estimates are 50% to 80% of all crop seeds have been genetically altered:
Increased food productionImmunity to pestsMake the plants more suited to a specific environment
Putting genes in other animals such as cows – Transgenic Organisms
Produces and secretes hormones into milk
Manipulating Genes
Gene Therapy Using a virus
Virus injects the DNA into the cell
Becomes part of the host cells DNA
Injected into somatic (will affect person only) or sex cells (germ cells) which will be passed on
How do scientists manipulate genes? Cloning
Uses a body cell (Somatic Cell) and an egg cell DNA is extracted from the egg cell The body cell’s DNA is placed into the egg cell This will trigger the cell to start to divide and
create a new organism based on the new DNA
Therapeutic Cloning
Creating a clone of an already living individual to be used for
embryonic stem cells In theory could grow
any tissue in the individual which would be an exact genetic match.
Mapping of the DNA sequence of the human DNA – Finished April 2003.
Includes finding and identifying all genes and functions – Working in (NHGRI)
Purpose: Identify genetic problems early so treatment or prevention can start.
Human Genome Project
National Human Genome Research Institute Division of the National Institute of Health
(NIH). Mission is to understanding the structure and
function of the human genome and how it plays a role in human disease.
Embryo Identification Doctors can now screen embryos before or
after they are inserted for genetic disorders or certain traits. Example – sex, disorders
Genomes for All “Next-generation technologies that
make reading DNA fast, cheap and widely accessible are coming in less than a decade. Their potential to revolutionize research and bring about the era of truly personalized medicine means the time to start preparing is now” By George M. Church Scientific American – January 2006
Future Develop organs without bodies for
transplants
Mouse with human ear scaffold – not genetic, just a mold but mice can grow and then transplant on human.
Rat Heart – grown in University of Michigan Lab without another body
Neo-Bladder – grown in Tengion Lab in Pennsylvania – Replace the human bladder.
Future Used by insurance companies to
identify problems To insure or not?
Identify those with “ideal” genes
Currently there are several laws to attempt to protect, But will they always protect people?