genetic engineering chapter 13 selective breeding choosing the best traits for breeding. most...
TRANSCRIPT
Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Selective Breeding
• Choosing the BEST traits for breeding.
• Most domesticated animals are products of SB.
• Also known as: Artificial Selection
• Techniques used in SB:
1. Hybridization
2. Inbreeding
HORSES
• Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms
• Produces hybrids
• * Hybrids can be different species crossed together or different types within the same species.
Hybridization
Golden Doodle and Puggle
Designer breeds or mutts?
Can you think of other fruit or
vegetable hybrids?
PluotBroccoflower
Inbreeding Domesticated animals and plants are inbred to develop
“breeds” and “varieties.” Researchers use inbred strains to assure genetic
similarities in their experiments. Problems: it can increase the chance of unfavorable
traits showing up. Golden retrievers - epilepsy Dalmations - hereditary deafness
Increasing Variation
Breeders can increase variation in a population by inducing mutations Mutation = any change in DNA
Mutations can happen randomly, as in this Scottish fold cat. Cat enthusiasts bred these cats from a single cat with a mutation for the ears.
A new strain of Oil-eating bacteria was produced.
Mutations can produce new kinds of plantsEx: Plants can sustain multiple sets of
chromosomes - Polyploidy.
Manipulating DNA• Making any changes in the DNA code is:
Genetic Engineering
How DNA is Manipulated:• Extract DNA from cells• Cut DNA into smaller pieces (Restriction
enzymes)• Identify the sequence of bases in a DNA
molecule (Gel electrophoresis)• Make unlimited copies of DNA strands(PCR)• Combining different strands of DNA from
different organisms (recombinant DNA)
Transgenic Organisms
Definition: Organisms that contain genes from another organism.
Transgenic microorganisms – bacteria that produce human insulin.
Transgenic plants – major part of US agriculture; weed resistance; insecticides
Transgenic animals – growth hormones in livestock, resistance to bacterial infections, production of human proteins.
Transgenic animalsGene causes these mice to glow in the dark. Normally, the gene is found in jellyfish.
Transgenic plants: GM crops!
Putting bacteria to work for us. Using recombinant DNA The human Insulin gene
is inserted into the bacterial DNA.
The bacteria now produces human insulin at a much faster pace and cheaper than animals can.
Cloning
Natural clones – identical twins DNA must be identical to be a clone. Lifespan usually shortened. Health problems multiplied. Chance of survival before birth low. 1997 Dolly the sheep cloned, 1st
mammal
A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor
Nucleus
These two cells are fused using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
Embryo
The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.Foster
Mother
The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly
Cloned Lamb
Egg Cell
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
Section 13-4
Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal
