genetic engineering
DESCRIPTION
Genetic Engineering. Aulanni’am Biochemistry Laboratory Chemistry Department Brawijaya University [email protected]. What is genetic engineering?. The transfer of genes (segment of DNA) from one species to another . This is impossible in naturally breeding. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering
Aulanni’amAulanni’amBiochemistry LaboratoryBiochemistry LaboratoryChemistry DepartmentChemistry DepartmentBrawijaya UniversityBrawijaya University
[email protected]@brawijaya.ac.id
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What is genetic engineering?
The transfer of genes (segment of DNA) from one species to another.
This is impossible in naturally breeding.
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How to get the gene from species A to species B?
A vectorvector is used to carry the gene into the host nucleus.
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What are vectors commonly used What are vectors commonly used in GE?in GE?
Plasmid (of bacteria)Plasmid (of bacteria) Viruses Viruses Shotgun technique (blindly shoots tiny Shotgun technique (blindly shoots tiny
particles coated with the gene into the particles coated with the gene into the host cells) host cells)
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What is a plasmid?What is a plasmid?
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Natural role of a plasmid in Natural role of a plasmid in bacteria?bacteria?
Plasmids usually contain one or two gene that Plasmids usually contain one or two gene that confer a selective advantage on the bacterium e.g. confer a selective advantage on the bacterium e.g. antibiotic resistance geneantibiotic resistance gene. .
Every plasmid possess a Every plasmid possess a replicator genereplicator gene can can duplicated independently from the chromosomal duplicated independently from the chromosomal DNA. DNA.
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1&2 : antibiotic resistance genes
3: replicator gene
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Recombinant DNA technology
Cut insulin production gene from a human DNACut insulin production gene from a human DNA Paste it into the DNA of Escherichia coliPaste it into the DNA of Escherichia coli The E. coli reproduces rapidly to produce large The E. coli reproduces rapidly to produce large
numbers: numbers: gene cloninggene cloning
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restriction enzyme
In bacteria, restriction enzymes are found naturally.
They cut DNA at specific sites.
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DNA double helixes are cut at the axis of symmetry:
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Cut plasmid
(by adding restriction enzyme)
Cut insulin gene from human cell
(by adding restriction enzyme)
adding ligase enzyme
Insulin gene has been inserted into the plasmid
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Place the recombinant plasmids back into the bacteria
Leave the bacteria to grow and multiply
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How do I know which bacteria will have How do I know which bacteria will have the plasmid?the plasmid?
Add specific antibiotics to the agar cultureAdd specific antibiotics to the agar culture All those bacteria which do not have the plasmid All those bacteria which do not have the plasmid
will diewill die Only those with the recombinant plasmids can Only those with the recombinant plasmids can
grow and multiplygrow and multiply
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Application of GE:Application of GE:
MedicalMedical
GM Food
Industrial production
Environmental protection
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MedicalMedical
Production of pharmaceuticals for treatment of Production of pharmaceuticals for treatment of diseases e.g. human insulin, interferonsdiseases e.g. human insulin, interferons
Production of pharmaceuticals for disease prevention e.g. vaccine (hepatitis B vaccine)
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MedicalMedical Gene therapy:Gene therapy:
Artificially replace the disease-Artificially replace the disease-causing gene with a normal allele.causing gene with a normal allele.
The normal allele can be carried by a The normal allele can be carried by a virus vector to the target tissues.virus vector to the target tissues.
e.g. treatment of cystic fibrosise.g. treatment of cystic fibrosis
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MedicalMedical
Clonal propagation: Clonal propagation: a source of tissue or organ for transplantationa source of tissue or organ for transplantationavoid all problems of immunoincompatibility.avoid all problems of immunoincompatibility.
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AgriculturalAgricultural
Transgenic plants and farm animalsTransgenic plants and farm animals
pest-resistant (reduce use of pesticides),pest-resistant (reduce use of pesticides),
increase yieldincrease yield
Increase storage time e.g. green tomato
tomato with beef genes
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Industrial:Industrial:
Use of GM microorganisms to make Use of GM microorganisms to make stone-wash jeansstone-wash jeans
Use of GM microorganisms to produce enzymes e.g. detergents
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Environmental protectionEnvironmental protection
GM E. coli possesses gene to break down GM E. coli possesses gene to break down cellulose, speeding up recycling of the cellulose, speeding up recycling of the most abundant biomass on earthmost abundant biomass on earth
GM microorganisms with enhanced ability to break down environmental pollutants
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Dispute in the development of GMDispute in the development of GM
Dangerous pathogens formed in the course Dangerous pathogens formed in the course of rDNAof rDNA
New tools for militarists and terroristsNew tools for militarists and terrorists Triggering of catastrophic ecological Triggering of catastrophic ecological
imbalance imbalance Moral problems in the use of GM techniques Moral problems in the use of GM techniques
in man e.g. germ cell gene therapyin man e.g. germ cell gene therapy Unknown effect of GM food on menUnknown effect of GM food on men
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