QSM 554BUILDING SERVICES II

To determine the sources of energy To analyze the best sources of energy

Introduction Types of sources of electricity History of electricity in Malaysia Sources of electricity

Hydroelectric Coal Nuclear Geothermal Solar Energy Tidal Power

Electricity generation is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers

Main sources of electricity in Malaysia is Hydroelectric

sources can be divided into 2 groups:

Renewable - an energy source that we can use over and over again

Non-Renewable - an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of time

Rawang, a small mining town in Selangor Loke Yew and Thamboosamy Pillai,

installed an electric generator in 1894 to operate their mines

Sempam Hydroelectric Power Station in Raub, the first power station in Malaysia, built by the Raub Australian Gold Mining Company in 1900.

1948 - Central Electricity Board (CEB) of the Federation of Malaya

22 June 1965 - National Electricity Board (LLN)

1 September 1990 - Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)

1 September 1998 sold 1,912 GWh electric in year 2000.

Sold 537,036,803 kWh electric in year 2000.

Sarawak Electricity Supply Corp. (SESCo)

Kulim High Technology Park di Kedah 450 MW sold in year 2000

IPP LOCATION CAPACITY(MW)DATE LICENCES

ISSUE

YTL Power GenerationPaka, Terengganu

Pasir Gudang, Johor808404

7 April 1993

Segari Energy Ventures Sdn.

Bhd. Lumut, Perak 1,303 15 July 1993

Powertek Sdn Bhd. Alor Gajah, Melaka 440 1 Disember 1993

Port Dickson Sdn. Bhd.Tanjung Gemuk, Port

Dickson440 1 Disember 1993

Pahlawan Power Sdn. Bhd

Tanjung Keling, Melaka

334 26 May 1999

Genting Sanyen Power Sdn Bhd

Kuala Langat, Selangor

720 1 July 1993

IPP LOCATION CAPACITY(MW)DATE LICENCE

ISSUE

ARL Tenaga Sdn. Bhd. Melawa 50 14 June 1994

Serudong Power Sdn. Bhd.

Tawau 36 31 March 1995

Powertron Resources Sdn. Bhd.

Karambunai 120 6 February 1997

Stratavest Sdn. Bhd. Sandakan 64.4 1 October 1996

Sandakan Power corporation Sdn.

Bhd. Sandakan 34 29 November 1997

Syarikat Location Capacity(MW) Types of generators

Sabah Forest Industries Sdn.

Bhd.Sipitang, Sabah 57.7 Public

Perwaja Steel Sdn. Bhd.

Tanjung Berhala, Kemaman, Terengganu

9.5 Private

Titan Petrochemicals (M) Sdn. Bhd.

Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate,

Johor56 Private

Lembaga Padi dan Beras Negara

Sekinchan, Selangor 0.2 Private

Gas District Cooling (KLIA)

Sepang, Selangor 60 Public

Gas District Cooling (KLCC)

Kuala Lumpur City Centre

12 Private

Electricity produced by hydropower supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of

world electricity water flowing through a dam turns a

turbine, which turns a generator, thus producing electricity.

the energy extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow.

Economicssome plants now in service having been built 50 to 100 years agoOperating labor cost is usually low since plants are automatedsale of electricity from the dam will cover the construction costs after 5 to 7 years of full generation

Related activitiesprovide facilities for water sports, and become tourist attractionsfish farm with relatively constant water supplyboats may be used to improve transportation.

No pollution.generates no nuclear waste nor nuclear leaks

Environmental damage can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic ecosystemschanges the downstream river environmentmany native and migratory birds have become increasingly endangered

Fish are endangered species have reduced salmon populations by preventing access to spawning grounds upstream

Sediment build up and dam failure. enemy bombardment during wartime, sabotage and terrorismthe Banqiao Dam failure in China resulted in the deaths of 171,000 people and millions homeless

Population relocationrelocate the people living where the reservoirs are plannedhistorically and culturally important sites can be flooded and lost

World coal consumption is about 5.3 billion tonnes annually and 75% used for the production of electricity.

pulverized and then burned in a furnace with a boiler

furnace heat converts boiler water to steam, which is then used to spin turbines which turn generators and create electricity.

Environmental impactscontains high levels of uranium, thorium, and other naturally-occurring radioactive isotopes whose release into the environment leads to radioactive contaminationA 1,000 MW coal-burning power plant could release as much as 5.2 tons/year of uranium

Coal miningwater drains from the mine, the acid moves into the waterwayspollute streams by acidifying and killing fish, plants, and aquatic animals who are sensitive to drastic pH shifts

Coal burning produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and

nitrogen oxides (NOx) along with varying amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO2)

The sulfuric acid is returned to the Earth as acid rain.

cause of global warming

Nuclear energy is produced by a controlled nuclear chain reaction and creates heat

used to boil water, produce steam, and drive a steam turbine

provided 6.5% of the world's energy and 15.7% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France and Japan together accounting for 57% of all nuclear generated electricity.

435 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world

31 different countries

Advantages of Nuclear Energy Relatively little fuel is needed and the

fuel is inexpensive. Fission is not believed to contribute to

global warming or other pollution effects associated with fossil fuel combustion.

Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy High initial costs. Waste products can be used to

produce weapons. Possibility of nuclear accidents.

Geothermal energy is contained in underground reservoirs of steam, hot water and hot dry rocks.

Then converts the heat of naturally occurring steam and hot water into electricity.

3 types of power generators which are dry steam, flash steam and binary cycle.

Geothermal Generation Process

Advantages of Geothermal EnergyAdvantages of Geothermal Energy- Very high efficiency.- Low initial costs (since steam already present).

Disadvantages of Geothermal EnergyDisadvantages of Geothermal Energy- Non-renewable (more taken out than nature can put back in).- Highly localized occurrence.

Geothermal Power Plant in Iceland

Geothermal Power Plant in Philippines

Examples

Solar electricity is created by using Photovoltaic (PV) Solar electricity is created by using Photovoltaic (PV) technology by converting solar energy into solar electricity technology by converting solar energy into solar electricity from sunlight.from sunlight.

Photovoltaic systems use sunlight to power ordinary Photovoltaic systems use sunlight to power ordinary electrical equipment, for example, household appliances, electrical equipment, for example, household appliances, computers and lighting. computers and lighting.

The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy - The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy - the most abundant energy source on the planet - directly the most abundant energy source on the planet - directly into solar power. into solar power.

In general, In general, direct solar powerdirect solar power involves a single involves a single transformation and transformation and indirect solar powerindirect solar power involves multiple involves multiple transformationstransformations of sunlight which results in a usable form of sunlight which results in a usable form of energy.of energy.

Solar energy systems can either be connected to the Solar energy systems can either be connected to the national electricity network (known as the Grid)national electricity network (known as the Grid) or or stand alone systems for individual houses.stand alone systems for individual houses.

Solar Electricity Process

Advantages Of Solar Energy- Readily available in large amounts.- No associated air pollution.

Disadvantages of Solar Energy- Very high initial costs.- Low energy efficiency (5 - 15%).- Lack of adequate storage materials (batteries).- Intensive use of land area.- High cost to consumers.- Significant thermal pollution.

  Photovoltaic cells produce

electricity directly from sunlight

PV cells on the side of the building generate electricity from

sunlight.

A wind turbine is a machine for converting the A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy.

If the mechanical energy is used directly by If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a windmill. the machine is usually called a windmill.

If the mechanical energy is then converted to If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind electricity, the machine is called a wind generator.generator.

Wind turbines can be separated into two types Wind turbines can be separated into two types based on the axis about which the turbine based on the axis about which the turbine rotates. Turbines that rotate around a rotates. Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axishorizontal axis are more common. are more common. Vertical-Vertical-axisaxis turbines are less frequently used. turbines are less frequently used.

Vertical-axisVertical-axishorizontal axishorizontal axis

Wind Generation Process

Advantages of Wind Power- Supplements power in windy areas.

Disadvantages of Wind Power- Highly variable source.- Low energy efficiency (30%).- Highly capital-intensive technology.- More power produced than is needed when wind blows.

Tidal power, sometimes called Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energytidal energy, is , is a form of hydropower that exploits the rise a form of hydropower that exploits the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides, or the and fall in sea levels due to the tides, or the movement of water caused by the tidal flow. movement of water caused by the tidal flow.

caused by interaction between the gravity of caused by interaction between the gravity of the earth, moon and sun, tidal power is the earth, moon and sun, tidal power is essentially inexhaustible and classified as a essentially inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source. renewable energy source.

Tidal energy utilizes the energy released in Tidal energy utilizes the energy released in crashing waves, driven onshore by wind.crashing waves, driven onshore by wind.

It works on the same fundamental principle as It works on the same fundamental principle as the water wheel. The difference in water the water wheel. The difference in water elevation caused by the fluctuation between elevation caused by the fluctuation between high and low tides is used to generate high and low tides is used to generate electricity by channeling the water through a electricity by channeling the water through a turbine.turbine.

Tidal power can be classified into two types:Tidal stream systems

make use of the kinetic energy from the moving water currents to power turbines, in a similar way to underwater wind turbines.

This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower ecological impact compared to the second type of system, the barrage.

Barrages tidal power Make use of the potential energy from the

difference in height (or head) between high and low tides, and their use is better established.

These suffer from the dual problems of very high civil infrastructure costs and environmental issues.

An artistic impression of a tidal barrage, including embankments, a ship lock and caissons housing a sluice and two turbines.

Power Plant

Advantages of Tidal Energy- Readily available source.

Disadvantages of Tidal Energy- Intermittent tidal flow.- Very high cost.- Huge modification of coastal environment.

Choices of types of electrical generation is depends on sources available,

technical skills, safety and economic factors.