general zoology unit five. eukaryotic, eumetazoans, deuterostomes triploblastic, eucoelomates worm...

General Zoology General Zoology Unit FiveUnit Five

Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, deuterostomesdeuterostomesTriploblastic, eucoelomatesTriploblastic, eucoelomates

Worm like body divided into three Worm like body divided into three segmentssegments

Bilaterally symmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical (cephalization)(cephalization)

Closed circulatory system with Closed circulatory system with dorsal heartdorsal heartRespiration through gill slitsRespiration through gill slits

Complete digestive systemComplete digestive system

Sexual reproduction – dioecious, Sexual reproduction – dioecious, external fertilizers with external fertilizers with metamorphosismetamorphosis

Chordate TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata

Subphylum - Urochordata Subphylum - Urochordata (tunicates)(tunicates)

Subphylum - VertebrataSubphylum - Vertebrata

Superclass - AgnathaSuperclass - Agnatha

Class - Myxini (hagfish)Class - Myxini (hagfish)

Class - Cephalaspidomorphi Class - Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)(lampreys)

Subphylum - Cephalochordata Subphylum - Cephalochordata (lancelets)(lancelets)Ex. Ex. BranchiostomaBranchiostoma

Chordate TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - Chordata

Subphylum - Vertebrata

Class - Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)Class - Actinopterygii (ray finned bony fish)Class - Sarcopterygii (lobe finned bony fish)Class - Amphibia

Superclass - Gnathostomata

Class - ReptiliaClass - AvesClass - Mammalia

Garstang’s Hypothesis of Garstang’s Hypothesis of Vertebrate EvolutionVertebrate Evolution

Developmental Developmental DefinitionsDefinitions

Paedomorphosis - the Paedomorphosis - the retention of larval traits in retention of larval traits in the adult bodythe adult bodyNeotony - a process in which Neotony - a process in which the growth rate is slowed to the growth rate is slowed to the extent that sexual the extent that sexual maturity is reached before maturity is reached before the ancestral adult form is the ancestral adult form is obtainedobtained

Developmental Developmental DefinitionsDefinitions

Progenesis - the precocious Progenesis - the precocious maturation of the gonads in a maturation of the gonads in a juvenile body that stops juvenile body that stops growing and never attains growing and never attains the adult body formthe adult body formPost-displacement - a delay of Post-displacement - a delay of the onset of a developmental the onset of a developmental process relative to sexual process relative to sexual maturity, so that the ancestral maturity, so that the ancestral adult form is not attained adult form is not attained before reproductive maturitybefore reproductive maturity

Garstang’s Hypothesis of Garstang’s Hypothesis of Vertebrate EvolutionVertebrate Evolution

Vertebrate AncestryVertebrate Ancestry

Fish TaxonomyFish TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata


Class - Myxini (hagfish)Class - Myxini (hagfish)

Superclass - AgnathaSuperclass - Agnatha

Ex. Ex. MyxineMyxine

Class - Cephalaspidomorphi Class - Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)(lampreys)Ex. Ex. PetromyzonPetromyzon



Class - Chondrichthyes (sharks, Class - Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)skates, rays)

Superclass - GnathostomataSuperclass - Gnathostomata

Subclass - Elasmobranchii Subclass - Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays)(sharks, skates, rays)Ex. Ex. Squalus, RajaSqualus, Raja

Subclass - Holocephali (chimeras Subclass - Holocephali (chimeras or ratfish)or ratfish)Ex. Ex. ChimeraChimera



Class - Actinopterygii (ray finned Class - Actinopterygii (ray finned bony fish)bony fish)


Ex. Ex. Perca, Amia, PolyodonPerca, Amia, Polyodon

Class - Sarcopterygii (lobe Class - Sarcopterygii (lobe finned bony fishfinned bony fishEx. Ex. LatimeriaLatimeria

All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsEndoskeleton of cartilage or Endoskeleton of cartilage or bonebone

Closed circulatory system with a Closed circulatory system with a ventral heartventral heart

Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract

Excretion carried out by paired Excretion carried out by paired kidneyskidneys

Complex nervous system with a Complex nervous system with a brain, dorsal nerve cord and brain, dorsal nerve cord and advanced sense organsadvanced sense organs

Most have two pairs of appendagesMost have two pairs of appendages

All members have the vertebrate All members have the vertebrate characteristicscharacteristics

All are elongated and eel shapedAll are elongated and eel shapedAll are jawlessAll are jawless

Scales are absentScales are absent

Complete digestive system without a Complete digestive system without a stomachstomach

None have paired appendagesNone have paired appendages

The notochord is persistent into The notochord is persistent into adulthoodadulthood

All members have the vertebrate All members have the vertebrate characteristicscharacteristics

All members have a jawAll members have a jaw

All have an endoskeleton of All have an endoskeleton of cartilage or bonecartilage or bone

All have or have had paired All have or have had paired appendagesappendages

Osmoregulation in Osmoregulation in FishFish

Respiration in FishRespiration in Fish

Vertebrate Vertebrate ThermoregulationThermoregulation

Ectothermic – obtaining body heat from Ectothermic – obtaining body heat from the environment the environment

Poikilothermic – non-regulatory, the body Poikilothermic – non-regulatory, the body temperature is the same as the ambient temperature is the same as the ambient environmentenvironment

Regulatory ectotherms – maintain a Regulatory ectotherms – maintain a consistent body temperature through consistent body temperature through physiological and behavioral meansphysiological and behavioral means

Vertebrate Vertebrate ThermoregulationThermoregulation

Endothermic – body heat is produced Endothermic – body heat is produced internally (homeothermic)internally (homeothermic)

Fish are poikilothermic because water is Fish are poikilothermic because water is a heat sinka heat sink

Buoyancy in FishBuoyancy in Fish

Squalene (liver oil)Squalene (liver oil)


PhysostomPhysostomous ous

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Physoclistous Physoclistous bladderbladder

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Fish Feeding StrategiesFish Feeding Strategies

Most fish are carnivoresMost fish are carnivores

Most ocean species are suspension Most ocean species are suspension feedersfeeders

Some are scavengersSome are scavengers

A few species are parasitesA few species are parasites

A few species are herbivoresA few species are herbivores

A few species are omnivoresA few species are omnivores

Fish Reproductive Fish Reproductive AdaptationsAdaptations

Oviparous - egg layingOviparous - egg laying

Ovoviviparous - retention of eggsOvoviviparous - retention of eggs

Viviparous – live birthViviparous – live birth

All three methods are found in All three methods are found in cartilaginous and bony fishescartilaginous and bony fishes

Cartilaginous fish are internal fertilizers Cartilaginous fish are internal fertilizers while most bony fish are external while most bony fish are external fertilizersfertilizers

Diadromous - fish that make “two runs” Diadromous - fish that make “two runs” in their life to live and reproducein their life to live and reproduce

Anadromous - fish that “run up” - salmonAnadromous - fish that “run up” - salmon

Catadromous - fish that “run down” - eelsCatadromous - fish that “run down” - eels

Parthenogenesis - no males required, Parthenogenesis - no males required, females produce diploid eggs - Amazon females produce diploid eggs - Amazon mollymolly

Fish Reproductive Fish Reproductive AdaptationsAdaptations

Amphibian Amphibian TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia

Phylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata


Class - AmphibiaClass - Amphibia


Order - Gymnophiona Order - Gymnophiona (caecilians)(caecilians)Order - Caudata (salamanders)Order - Caudata (salamanders)Ex. Ex. Ambystoma, NecturusAmbystoma, Necturus

Order - Anura (frogs)Order - Anura (frogs)

Ex. Ex. Rana, BufoRana, Bufo

All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsEndoskeleton of boneEndoskeleton of bone

Large mouth - all members Large mouth - all members carnivorescarnivores

Thin, gland rich skin with no scales Thin, gland rich skin with no scales or clawsor claws

Respiration - lungs, gills or Respiration - lungs, gills or cutaneous cutaneous

Closed double looped circulatory Closed double looped circulatory system with a ventral three system with a ventral three chambered heartchambered heart

Regulatory ectothermsRegulatory ectotherms

Excretion through opisthonephric Excretion through opisthonephric kidneys and urea as the primary kidneys and urea as the primary nitrogenous wastenitrogenous wasteNervous system with a brain and Nervous system with a brain and dorsal nerve cord - well developed dorsal nerve cord - well developed sight and hearingsight and hearing

Most are tetrapodsMost are tetrapods

Reproduction – dioecious, some Reproduction – dioecious, some internal, others external fertilizers, internal, others external fertilizers, some metamorphosissome metamorphosis

CaeciliansCaecilians

Fossorial, tropical & subtropical Fossorial, tropical & subtropical organismsorganisms

Legless, elongated worm-like Legless, elongated worm-like bodiesbodies

Eggs are laid in moist soilEggs are laid in moist soil

Most are blind, with smell and Most are blind, with smell and touch being the best sensestouch being the best senses

Some species are viviparousSome species are viviparous

Salamanders, newts, amphiumas, Salamanders, newts, amphiumas, sirenssirens

Some aquatic, some terrestrialSome aquatic, some terrestrial

Most have four legs & all have a tailMost have four legs & all have a tail

Internal fertilizationInternal fertilization

Respiration by gills, skin and lungsRespiration by gills, skin and lungs

Metamorphosis and direct Metamorphosis and direct developmentdevelopmentPaedomorphosis commonPaedomorphosis common

FrogsFrogs

Some aquatic, some terrestrialSome aquatic, some terrestrial

All have four legs and no tail (one All have four legs and no tail (one exception)exception)

External fertilizationExternal fertilization

Respiration by skin and lungsRespiration by skin and lungs

Metamorphosis and direct Metamorphosis and direct developmentdevelopment

Good vision and nictitating Good vision and nictitating membranesmembranes

Amphibian Evolutionary Amphibian Evolutionary PressuresPressures

RespirationRespiration

SupportSupport

ThermoregulationThermoregulation

Ecological diversityEcological diversity

Amphibian Respiratory Amphibian Respiratory StrategiesStrategies

CutaneousCutaneous PulmonaryPulmonary

BuccopharyngealBuccopharyngeal

Amphibian Respiratory Amphibian Respiratory StrategiesStrategies

GillsGills

Amphibian CirculationAmphibian Circulation

AmphibiaAmphibian n

CirculatioCirculationn

Amphibian Amphibian ThermoregulationThermoregulation

Many amphibians are regulatory Many amphibians are regulatory ectotherms, using physiological and ectotherms, using physiological and behavioral means behavioral means

Aquatic species and salamanders are Aquatic species and salamanders are poikilothermic, but other terrestrial poikilothermic, but other terrestrial species will drop to this level of species will drop to this level of thermoregulation during hibernation and thermoregulation during hibernation and estivation estivation

Amphibian Amphibian MetamorphosMetamorphos

isis

Caudatan Caudatan DevelopmentDevelopment

Remember!Remember!

Neotony - a process in which the Neotony - a process in which the growth rate is slowed to the growth rate is slowed to the

extent that sexual maturity is extent that sexual maturity is reached before the ancestral reached before the ancestral

adult form is obtainedadult form is obtained

In caudatans there are two forms In caudatans there are two forms of neotony - obligate and of neotony - obligate and

facultativefacultative

Obligate Obligate neotonyneotony

FacultativFacultative neotonye neotony

general zoology unit five. eukaryotic, eumetazoans, deuterostomes triploblastic, eucoelomates worm...

Documents

branchiostoma slide

petromyzon slide

chimera slide

metamorphosis slide

latimeria slide

adulthood slide

vertebrate ancestry

reproductive maturity