General Tips To Overcome An Interview                                                      Exclusively for Campus/Off-campus

So what if you are not a mountaineer. Or a keen hiker. You still cannot treat your interview like a careless morning trot along a jogger's path. Your jaw-jaw at the interview table is nothing less than a cautious climb up a mountain trail--which begins around your early childhood and meanders through the years at the academia before reaching a new summit in your career. And as you retrace your steps down memory lane make sure that you post flags at important landmarks of your life and career, so that you can pop them before the interview panel scoops them out of you. You don't want to be at the receiving end, do you?

Face the panel, but don't fall of the chair in a headlong rush-and-skid attempt to tell your story. Take one step at a time.Don't go into unnecessary detail about how you aced your business math midterm in your sophomore year at accounting school. Here are a few preparation tips from the Team of Freshersworld.com that books on interviews sometimes overlook. Remember, as a fresher you do not have anything to loose but to gain.

TYPICAL QUESTIONS THAT AN INTERVIEWER WOULD ASK

1.Tell me about yourselfThe most often asked question in interviews. You need to have a short statement prepared in your mind. Be careful that it does not sound rehearsed. Limit it to work/Study-related items unless instructed otherwise. Talk about things you have done well at your college and how you wanted to perform in the first job.

2. Why Should We Employ You?For this question, your answer should list out strengths that you feel are relevant to the job. Given below are some answers which could help you with your answers. However, structure them to suit your requirements.

I have good co-ordination skillsGood analytical skillsI can persuade people to see my point of view, and get the work doneMy greatest asset is my ability to motivate peopleEven during emergencies, I do not loose my coolI have good entrepreneurial skillsI have consistently met my deadlines and targetsCan say “no” to people when required to do so!I am very co-operative with my sub-ordinates, and would like to see them growI am a good team playerI am very flexible, and have the ability to work hard under difficult work conditionsI have the experience and knowledge relevant to this job (Here, give appropriate details and examples)

3. Do You Have Offers From Other Companies ?This is of course a difficult question to answer. Obviously, you must have applied to other companies if you are looking for a job or would have some offers from other companies already.

Therefore, do not lie that you have not. However, you are on thin ice here! The interviewer could be checking your honesty. On the other hand, he/she may also be trying to find out how focused you are - are you applying randomly, or is there a well-planned strategy?Whatever your answer, it should match your career goals.

4. What Salary Are You Expecting?Try not to get into salary details early in the interview. If pressed, you could say that it all depends on the job, and would like to talk about it after a job offer. Say this in a convincing tone. In case you are asked this question in your latter interviews, give a direct answer. Do not sound apologetic while quoting the figure you have in mind.

SALARY EXPECTATIONS :

1. How much do you expect?If you have done your homework, you would know how much other people in similar jobs are paid. Quote the range upfront.

2. How much do you think you are worth?Work out how much you should be paid, given the market value of the job and your skills. If you can bring some extra skills to the table, do not hesitate to ask for more than the market value.

3. What kind of a culture are you comfortable with?It is better to be frank about your preferences. Your interviewer will get a clear idea about your expectations.

4. Which is more important to you-salary, perks or growth opportunities?This one will reveal the real you. So be sure what you are going to say. Above all, be true to yourself. If you think this is a negotiation move, then say clearly that you will never sell yourself short.

5. What do you know about our company?Do not give your opinions about the company. Stick to reported facts that you have gathered from newspapers and so on. Talk about the product portfolio, size, income, and market perceptions of the company. Also it is better to refer details about each company before going for the interview from Freshersworld.com or PlacementWeek.com

6. Why should we choose you over someone else?Talk clearly about problems that you have solved in your College/Project Team and highlight the quality required.

6. Your qualifications are excellent, but you may be overqualified for the position we have to offer?Point out that more experience can never be a drawback. If you are multi-skilled, then highlight the fact that a company on the fast-track needs multi-skilled people. It needs people within different departments to work together. Also emphasise that the company's future growth will be an exponential function of your experience.

QUESTIONS YOU SHOULD ASK :

Interviewers usually round off by giving you an opportunity to ask questions. Treat it like a welcome opportunity.You could ask questions like.a) Tell me about your company.b) Now that I have outlined my career goals, do you think you can offer me the opportunities I need?c) What kind of training and learning can I expect in your company?d) Describe the work culture and the management style of your company?e) What is the long-term vision of your company?

As a fresher, current position and status can impact the way you are interviewed. Fresh Out of College

The basis on which you will be judged is your academic background, family background, and interests.If looking for your first job, ensure that your previous experience, even if it is part-time, is noticed.Mention projects or responsibilities you may have undertaken. This will indicate your area of aptitude.You should be willing to put in regular hours, in line with the company's policies. The interviewer needs to know whether you can be punctual and put in full-time work.In case you have applied for the post of management trainee, you should display an ability to adapt, and indicate all-round interests. Moreover, you should have good interpersonal skills.You should be enthusiastic to learn, and show commitment towards the organization, as the company will be spending a lot on your training.

Bring with you :a) Copies of your resumesb) References and letters of recommendations.

First Impressions :There is a common saying that minds are made up within the first 5 minutes of an interview. So keep in mind these important first impression indicators. Walk in the door as if you already work there, carry yourself as though you feel perfectly comfortable with the situation. Arrive on time or a little early. In the waiting area, politely tell the receptionist who you are meeting and in a friendly way, ask where you should sit. Take slow, deep breaths to help you remain calm and focused. When introduced to the interviewer, have a firm, but not painful, handshake. Smile. Have good posture when sitting or standing. Introduce yourself in a relaxed, confident manner. Have a well-groomed, professional appearance. Project a feeling of confidence. Bring extra copies of your resume, some thing to write on and something to write with.

Self Development

Set Your Goal

Many people bring great unhappiness to themselves because they refuse to accept themselves. Someone else's job, somebody else's personality always seems so much desirable than one's own. The essence of life is that every one in the whole world is unique. Success, therefore, lies in a single-minded development of one's own abilities and personality traits. Never try to copy or model other people whose potentials and qualities may be quite different than yours. Groom your own garden.

While setting your goals, you must accept your own potentials and drawbacks. Have a proper critical introspection about your own self and only thereafter you should decide the goals that are in accordance with your personal and environmental needs, apart from the resources available to you. Impulsive decision making in this regard would be damaging to your career planning/setting of the goals. You ought to carefully observe inside and look outside for tapping the suitable and achievable goals of your life.

Personality

In fiction and journalism people use the terms "charming personality", "charismatic personality", "electrifying personality" …… "a milk-toast personality"……, and so on. These phrases/terms, however, do not use the scientific principles of vocabulary.

The term personality has been derived from Latin persona, a mask worn by actors in classical dramas. Behaviorist psychologists feel that if a person has some kind of impact, makes a certain impression on others, it must be because of his actions. The simplest possible way to explain the meaning of personality, therefore, is "the pattern of responses" which characterizes the individual. Contrary to the general idea that good personality refers to good physical features or trendy looking individual, the fact is the personality includes many other more important behavioral and mental features.

Think of a boy who is not handsome and attractive apparently, not even tall or robust, yet he has a commanding verbal influence which makes him a successful army officer. Think of Mahatma Gandhi for example. Most people did not find him to be attractive or impressive as far as his physical make - up was concerned. Short, meek looking, bard, dhoti - clad old looking man moved the whole India behind him. Even today he is known his 'Personality' which had its impact, and

force with an everlasting impression on the people around him that made him the man of world - fame. Personality is the sum total of all physical, mental and emotional attitudes, values, interests and motivational factors. Personality is the core potential that determines one's success in life and career.

If you feel depressed or disheartened because you think that you are born with weak personality - stop thinking negatively. Personality make - up of yours is not only (totally) determined by heredity. There is another important factor that determines (influences) your personality - environment. It is the environment that can be manipulated to get the desirable positive effects in shaping the personality. Well known psychologist Watson (a behaviorist) emphasized the importance of environment in shaping personality of the child so much that he declared, "… give me a dozen mentally healthy infects, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in …… and I will guarantee to make any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I desire - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant …..., even beggar man or thief!" This is obviously an extreme view that some behaviorists have taken to focus on the role of environment in personality development. The fact remains that enriching the environment of the individual does show significant improvement in developing your personality. At the same time, however, do not get blindly influenced by some non-standard, cheap publicity stunts of some people who sell their "personality-development" courses just to make quick money. You must use your brain and understanding before you join such courses.

Improving your personality requires a strong will and determination to achieve healthy growth. Any one of you who aspires for self-improvement should make an objective evaluation about himself. Then he must look into his positive potentials and also (confess) weaknesses. On this basis of this information, an objective self-evaluation may be carried.

At the same time it is also essential to counteract all negative and pessimistic thoughts. These negative thoughts/forces destroy many potential abilities of human beings. Brooding, self-debasement, feeling of inferiority, hate and jealousy are all negative and damaging emotions. One must face and tactfully weaken these negative forces to emerge as successful. You should not be fatalistic in your approach to life. Never feel you are at mercy of others.

So what if you have failed repeatedly? With all your intelligence, wisdom, and vigor make your positive potentials to grow. Reveal

yourself with truth and you will find that there is a storehouse of virtues within you. You don't have to expect chances of miracles, just decide to move in a determined and positive direction, and move.

Social Development is an important aspect of ideal personality development. Closed room with open books, may help you to fetch higher marks in certain exam, however, for a full and complete growth of personality, one must be able to expose himself to the social realities of life. Interaction with people around you may give you pain or pleasure but it certainly adds to your personality growth if taken from healthy frame of mind.

A school or university is just not a cramming machine. You may study at home too. The value of lectures over reading is that you get a sense of participation with other like you. Such a situation is also suitable for development of the personality. The class - room situation encourages debags and discussions and thus broaden the horizons of mind. There is always a need to socialize - mix with fellow colleagues to know them, feel them and understand them to grow socially (socially educated). There is a natural (social) need to know if other are like you or different. Some people are more social than others. Sociability is an art which should be cultivated to grow into effective personality.

Extrovert is a person whose basic orientation is towards external world. Such persons are outgoing (going out and socially mixing with others), sociable, rather impulsive and require constant stimulations from the environment. The psychological research shows that their (extreme extraverts) academic performance tends to be lower than that of introverts, because (mostly) concentration is not one of their strong points.

Introvert is a person who may be described at the other continuum of the bipolar scale, as hesitant, reflective, withdrawn ….., reserved etc. None of you fall on the extreme of the bipolar scale. Infact, most of the people have various degrees of the two types combined. At times you feel you are introvert and sometimes you feel you are extrovert. In reality most of us are ambivert - the mixture of two. The degree of the two sets of characteristics varies from person to person and that is what makes you different from others.

In case you find that you are basically an introvert but in peace and comfortable with yourself, fine! Don't push yourself out and out to be like extreme extroverts. You will have your own merits of uniqueness. Making fun, giggling, over-laughing or teasing, talking

more are not the goals to be achieved by modeling others or practice. By asking you to socialize with people I don't mean to suggest that you become a joker or chirping bird.

The whole essence of social development as a part of personality improvement reminds us of the fact that we are social by nature. Total isolation from others is against the basic principles of social living - of which you and me are the part. Emotions, empathy, co-operation, competition, group working, group cohesiveness, …… being one like the others and yet unique in the whole world should be the outcome of healthy personality development. Have positive attitude towards people in general. It is wrong to think of people as always striving to side on one another's back. The natural urge is towards co-operation. Such attitudes always help you to cultivate stronger and healthy personality. Another interesting area of personality research has highlighted two types of personality - Type A and type B personalities. The individuals who are like Type A personality, are action - emotion oriented that can be observed in any person who is aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or other persons. It may also be seen as a temperament characterized by excessive drive and competitiveness, unrealistic sense of time urgency, inappropriate ambition, reluctance to provide self - evaluation and a tendency to emphasize quantity of output over quality. Such people are believed to have greater chances of coronary disease. In contrast, Type B persons are characterized by a relaxed, easygoing approach to life. They focus on quality over quantity have low competitiveness and a tendency for self - reflection. A word of caution into a 'type' - don't fall into type fallacy. None of the above types are mutually exclusive or bipolar, in the sense that you need not label yourself at one or the other extreme. You may have the characteristics of both the types i.e., Introversion - Extraversion; type A - type B, and all the qualities have their virtues if used in a balanced and mature way at appropriate place.

Effective Learning

You may like it or not, the fact is that in order to be successful, one have to study – at least up to some level. Even if you ultimately decide to avoid studies by joining some vocational/professional course, you are required to study at least some minimum. And yes (if your objective is to become a doctor, an engineer, professor, scientist or administrative officer or a manager, you have to study and study very hard.

It is easy to sit down and look at the book. Real study, however, is a concentrated attack on the book or other resources of information until (a) you understand it (b) you have learned as much the information as you wish to learn. Many students despite being intelligent, may find that the hardest part of the study is settling down to it - - i.e. the beginning. Very often a student decides to become serious about his studies from the next morning. And when the alarm rings he gently presses the button (of the alarm) and honestly re-decides to work in the evening and so on. And the process continues. If you happen to be one of such students – Don't worry. Follow some tips to start studying and learning the subjects efficiently.

Work out a schedule for yourself. It acts as a challenge and as a guide. It is better to begin with a general schedule which is flexible. After following it for a few days, you will know which subjects require the greatest allotment of time and then you adjust your schedule accordingly. Try to spread out your time allocation in a rational way. With more and more experience you will be your best judge: you may then re-schedule your timing, depending on your weakness or strength in various subjects.

If your study is interrupted every ten minutes to attend to something for your comfort, you will loose concentration, break the threads of argument and waste a great deal of energy. Therefore before settling to the spell of hard study, adjust the window to you liking, get a drink if you are thirsty, keep a bottle of water with you, and attend to any other small physical matter that may otherwise distract you later. At the same time never try to be over comfortable: don't study on the beds using pillows, always use a table and chair and keep your back upright. Try to use natural day light rather than artificial.

Learning is an active effortful process. Just to read the words passively is ineffective. You must have interest in the matter and should get involved in the task actively. Retention of the subject matter will be better if reading is supplemented by self-recitation. If a psychological research it was found that when the students devoted all their time to reading, recall (memory) of the five biographies averaged 16% after four hours. However, when 3/5th to 4/5th of the learning time was devoted to self-recitation, recall after four hours was nearly twice as great. The advantage of recitation over passive reading is that the student is forced to react to the subject matter rather than merely trying to absorb it.

Improving The Will

To begin with do something that you do not want to do, at least once every day. It could be writing a letter, getting up early from bed, taking the dog for a walk …….. Let it be something that normally you would avoid. Increasing its frequency gradually and tell yourself, "If I want I can do it." Visualize yourself as being a person of strong will. Tell yourself proudly: hour-by-hour, day-by-day "my will power is getting stronger and stronger. Thus by your strong will power the concentration will increase. If you are lazy by nature, don't feel bad about it. We all try to avoid physical and mental effort if at all possible. When confronted with something that is a little difficult, all thoughts tend to shoot off to what is easy and pleasant. Will power and interest again come to focus. What is helpful in such a situation is to develop the attitude, which regards difficulties as a challenge and an opportunity. Instead of running away from them, your combative instinct will release fresh energies. Laziness feeds on discouragement, and this often arises from dwelling too much on the enormity of the task you have set for yourself. The solution is to breakdown the task into manageable parts. Cross your bridges one at a time. Do not be discouraged by looking at the final examinations while you have not yet passed the preliminaries.

To live a full and varied existence is an admirable thing but when you have an objective in view, then concentration is the order of the day, and you must restrict your activities. If you participate in number of activities (like football, debating, acting, tuition taking etc.) better restrict the field of your activities in priority order. It is always safe and secure way to win one front than loose on a dozen.

What differentiates the other animal kingdom from human species is perhaps for more superior 'intelligence' that we posses. You must have gone through many articles or write-ups about intelligence. Some titles like 'test your intelligence' and improve your intelligence are quite popular and common for general masses. At times, you may wonder whether intelligence can be measured by something like weighing machine or what kind of vitamins and tonics can improve it?

You may be one of unlucky persons to feel sorry for thinking that you are less intelligent than some others. Worst of all you may develop an inferiority complex after going through some questions given by the author (to test IQ) because you are unable to answer many of them correctly. Let me make it clear to you that intelligence is not IQ. Intelligence quotient (IQ) is an index of intelligence. It is the unit of

measuring intelligence. And most of the tests (claiming to be intelligence/aptitude tests) published in common magazines or books are not reliable and valid for measuring what they loudly claim. Your ability in answering or in not answering a few questions does not measure your intelligence. There is no need for despondency or feeling sad if you were unable to score high on such non-serious tests, jut made for publicity. The myths about intelligence usually misguide the students and in many cases create psychological fallouts.

Time Management

Once you have set your goals and targets to be achieved and drawn a schedule to follow, learn to manage the time at your disposal effectively. You must seek some satisfaction in doing whatever task you undertake. You should see the days work in some perspective. To achieve these purposes, you can make a list of the things you wish to do during the day, and take a good look at it. One effect of such an exercise would be that a 'mental scheme' of the work to be done is achieved. You will become clear about the number of activities and their kinds which will help you in scheduling and executing the chain of linked activities.

Then as each task is competed, you can cross it off the list. The act of crossing it off will give you just the small satisfaction and a feeling of achievement. Finally, when you look at the list, you can modify or alter your plans according to the need of the hour. Such an exercise may be done at a piece of paper or a diary. Later this may become just a part of your mental habit.

Honestly speaking, most of the students sabotage their working day by too long pottering in the bedroom, or breakfast, or over newspaper. Get up early, dress up briskly, finish breakfast without lingering and then attack the day's work. There are some very obvious priorities. You should tackle first those tasks that can least afford to wait. Being a student competing with lakhs of others, you have to decide and plan the schedule of the day on priority basis. Should you do mathematics or English; or should you go for chemistry or G.K. book ……… or should you finish with exercise that your teacher gave …… choice is yours. But do not quickly change your mind impulsively or because you like X subject better than Y - after all you have to score well in all the subjects.

Tackle one job at a time. There is so much to be done that one is likely to get confused as to what to do first and from where to begin it. Consequently on any of the tasks for fear of not finishing the other

in time, and finally do nothing. These are times when you have to do many things at a time. Decision ought to be yours. It is your life. It is your day. And it will be your achievement. Think with a cool mind and take up the job of top priority first. Most things require attention - and you are capable of attending one thing at a time. So, don't let your attention be split or diverted, come what may. If you tackle most obviously urgent task first, and let others wait, then tackle the other in whatever order (you think is appropriate), you will be surprised at the amount of work you can do. Remember, "panic paralyses and calm can strengthen us."

It is equally important that you do not overwork yourself and become fatigued - mentally or physically. As some jobs are finished and provide satisfaction to you, take rest period also - not to forget the next job but to be better prepared for it. A few minutes to splash an aching brow with cold water or work in fresh air will be helpful. To avoid/reduce fatigue you may also alternate sedentary jobs and active jobs, because a change is as good as rest. If you have been doing mathematics for hours, better do some gardening for some time and shift back to your studies later. This will give you a fresh frame of mind and strength. Comparative freshness of new occupation helps us to concentrate and makes work more interesting.

The Expanding And Spiritual Quotient (SQ)

To begin with let me confess that the terms Spirit and Spiritual Quotient are not the part of scientific vocabulary yet. And still you hear more and more about the terms like: Spiritual intelligence, Spiritual quotient, Spiritual relation quotient, Soul's intelligence, Cosmic intelligence, Self-actualization and so on. Man's interest in extra sensory process has always been multiplying despite his scientific bent of mind coupled with well-focused empirical zeal. Religion and Spiritualism have always involved greater number of believers and followers than non-believers: it is to say that the number of believers has always been higher than others, throughout the world.

Greatest scientists and scholars at some stage of their life have recognized the existence of ‘some kind of intelligence', which cannot be measured or touched, perhaps referring to Spiritual Intelligence. We may talk and reason all our lives, but cannot understand a word of Truth unless we Experience it ourselves.

The neurologists and other scientists know that the greatest power is lodged in fine, not in the coarse. In his words Swami Vivekananda said, "we see a man taking up a huge weight, we see his muscles

swell, and all over his body we see signs of exertion, and we think muscles are more powerful things. But it is thin thread-like structures, the neurons that bring power to the muscles. The moment one of these tiny looking neurons is cut off from reaching the muscles from brain, the muscles will not be able to move. These neurons actually bring the power from something finer still-- thought, and so on". Thus, it is the finer that is really the seat of power.

We can see the movements in gross but cannot see the movements in finer, as too subtle these are in order to be perceived. Perhaps our senses are not that sharp or keen to be able to notice the subtle world. Neurologists, psychologists and other scientists are working in such directions, with the hope that one-day humans (at least some of them), may be trained to work at very subtle level of the existence. Some familiar terms in this context are Extra Sensory Perception (ESP), Distance seeing or Remote viewing etc. After all we talk so much about mind but who has seen it? Who has touched or tasted it?

SQ-- The Spiritual Quotient - IQ and EQ are the integral part of Spiritual Quotient (SQ). Spiritual intelligence is not necessarily related to religion. According to Zohar, Spiritual intelligence is about the human need and talent for finding meaning in experience. She says" it is our access to and use of meaning, vision, and value in the way that we think and the decision that we make" SQ can not be quantified or measured, whereas IQ and EQ may be assessed. The reason being that the very essence of spiritual intelligence lies in its seeking a bigger and broader, ever growing perspective. SQ may also be seen as the highest and ever growing need in the mankind.

Basically all the human beings are spiritual in their nature. They may differ in their evolution of such a need and hence work at different levels of "need satisfaction".  Abraham Maslow, a great psychologist and existentialist, classified such needs of the man in five categories in a hierarchical order: 

The lowest needs in such hierarchy are Biological, such as hunger, thirst and sex. Next are the Safety needs that include security, stability and order. Then come belongingness such as affiliation, affection, and identification. Thereafter Self-esteem needs follows that include prestige, success, and self respect. Finally at the top in hierarchy comes the need for Self-actualization that refers to person's need to develop his full potentialities in whatever field he works.

The beauty and essence of Self-actualization is that it is spirally cyclic in nature: more and more a person gets satisfied, more and more he seeks such satisfaction. It's parallel is seen in Indian concept of Self-realization and Atma darashana. Vedanta refers to "Ananda", that keeps on multiplying and ever evolving that finally merges into Parmananda the Universal Self.

In today's materialistic and highly competitive world man seem to be loosing his identity and direction both. Fast growing technological changes have put a lot of pressure on him that blinds his vision for other alternatives of growth and survival.

Man seems to have become machine forgetting his true essence and original needs with which he comes to earth. Career, Competition, jobs, more money, higher status, etc. are the slogans of the day. Breath a moment, give a chance to your self for self-reflection. You may find some relevance of spiritualism not only with your career and career planning, but also with your life and success.

It gives you an opportunity to uncondition your mind and look for a different, unstressed and relaxed way of life even in career planning. It also provides you careers-- don't forget people do teach yoga,

astrology, ayurveda, and other healing techniques throughout the world. As a matter of fact even though I personally don't like calling it Industry, billions of dollars flow in market that gives some kind of relief to the people from the stress and agony being produced by the present style of living. Acupuncture is so widely being used in western and south Asian countries that people do make their career in this line too.

Why struggle only for English style of medicine and surgery only. Remember, you need to be creative in order to find new solutions of the chronic problems-- be it anything.

Creativity

You may be aware of the words 'Eureka ……. Eureka ……', and yet unaware about its relation with creativity.

King Hiero decided to place a golden crown in the temple as a gesture of thanks - offering to Gods after he won the throne of Syracuse. He made a contact at a fixed price and weighed out the gold for the contractor at the royal scale. The contractor worked on the given gold and delivered a beautiful crown equal to the weight of the gold given to him. Later, a charge was made that the contractor had removed the gold and added silver instead, to keep the weight equal. The king became furious and asked Archimedes to find out the facts.

It was a big problem for Archimedes as he knew little about the ways to answer this problem of the king. Yet he kept on thinking about some kind of solution to establish if the contractor had stolen the gold. While he was working on the problem in his mind he happened to go into a bath and noticed that when he got into the bath-tub, exactly the same amount of water flowed over the side as the volume of his body that was under water. This (accidental) observation gave him a clue to the solution. He jumped out of tub and in a rush of joy, he ran naked, shouting loudly 'Eureka … Eureka …' (i.e., I have found it ……, I have found it …….).

Archimedes could scientifically prove that the contractor had cheated the king. The silver in the crown, having a larger volume than an equal weight of gold, made the crown displaced more water than it would have, had it been made of pure gold.

Archimedes seemed to have found the novel and unique solution magically (all of sudden), but the truth is that even in bath tub, he was working on the problem (unconsciously) without being aware of it. In

this example the process of Creativity (Creative thinking) is clearly seen. It refers to mental process that leads to solutions, ideas, artistic forms, theories or products that are novel and unique. Creative thinking involves the manipulation of images and other symbolic elements; the elements are rearranged (bypass) to achieve some goal in such a way that the pattern of symbols is totally new. It may be surprising how many great principles and ideas were achieved in buses, bathrooms, and bedrooms. Obviously, these are the places where the individual is relaxed and under little pressure.

Usually, even though it seems that creative solution to a problem has emerged all of a sudden, it is not so. Creative process takes (quite often) certain sequential step: (i) problem recognition (ii) preparation (iii) inculcation (iv) illumination (v) verification and evaluation. If for instance the solution to the problem does not stand verification, one goes back (unconsciously) to the beginning (step I) and repeats the process or else the final solution is accepted.

One may improve creativity by:Providing specific instruction in creative thinking as divergent thinking is in focus of such a process.  Fostering openness to new experiences.  Providing consigned and favorable social environment.

You may also improve your creativity by putting your thoughts and mind to proper use. For such achievement, you apply wings to your thoughts but not to wonder around and day-dream. Practice to think in divergent manners and unique ways to solve your problems. Diversion does not necessarily imply perversion or revolt. It only provides bigger challenge and more stimulation to your brain to work more independently. Remember, everyone has this potential. What you have to do is to put yourself in the situations where you have no common solution to the problem. Give your mind some exercise - the only way to be Creative is to think Creatively.

Power of Concentration

No matter how long you sit with open eyes looking at the open book, hardly anything is registered in your brain unless you make meaning out of the text.

Concentration is the process of selecting certain inputs for inclusion in the focus of experience. Whenever an individual tries to focus his concentration on an object, idea or text the process of attention divides the field of his experience into a focus and a margin. While

trying to concentrate, one ties to bring the information (e.g., a text) under focus of attention. While trying to focus your attention on relevant (text) material, you are filtering all other irrelevant, marginal and unwanted information to the margin. If you succeed in doing so you will definitely understand the (text or spoken) material and not complain about lack of concentration.

Many great persons are known for their power of concentration. While it is common for many students not to be able to concentrate, it is in their interest to develop their power of concentration.

When we read a thrilling novel or magazine of our interest, we are usually not troubled with the problem of concentration. At times, you don't even notice a person entering the room. What is important to you is to arouse and maintain interest in various subjects of your studies. Some subject/s would definitely not interest you but you have to remember and remind yourself about the goals you want to achieve.

Mudit, a student at undergraduate level wanted to be fully qualified and successful in his perspective career. He wanted the prestige, the security, and the satisfaction that his career would bring to him. This was his ambition, his supreme desire. Mudit resolved to begin studying for the series of examinations which would give him his heart's desire. During his intensive studies, there were times when he faltered a little in his resolve, and frequently there were evenings when his mind would wander from some of the textbooks. After consulting me about his problems, Mudit discovered that the secret of concentration lay in quickening his original desire, in re-kindling his interest. When he found his attention to be wandering seriously, he would visualize himself as having gained his much desired qualifications. He would remind himself of the increased income it would bring and many exciting and worthwhile things he could do with that bigger salary and higher status. After this little excursion into a very possible future, Mudit found that he returned to his studies with great zeal and enthusiasm. This resolve to succeed thus strengthened and improved his concentration. You may find your own ways and techniques to improve the concentration. Nothing else could interest you so much as negotiating your present difficulty, and irrelevant thoughts will cease to obtrude.

Strong Will-power is a necessary condition, especially for academically oriented subjects. The person of weak will would have spent all the evening in day dreaming, without doing anything to make his dreams come true. How about you? You might say "that's

what I lack-will-power ……. I just can't bring myself to act ……"

Power of Mind

Everything speaks of expansion in the contemporary world. Through the expansion of knowledge in psychology, a new era of mental power is emerging. There are many discoveries in the field of psychology that can help us to realize our mental potentials – the mental powers.

The medical science acknowledges that in case of many functional diseases, the troubles are caused, not so much by physical factors, but primarily by emotional factors in the mind of the sufferer. A rash for instance, might be caused by a guilty conscience, a headache might appear as a consequence of the emergence of an intolerable memory.

Mind – The Master: - Just imagine you may cure asthma, peptic ulcer, high blood pressure, allergic troubles and many such ordered by a part of the mind you are not conscious of. This (unconscious) part of the mind is at work, both while you are awake and when you are sleeping. And it never tires.

You ought to realize that there are much healthier ways of dealing with day to day problems, worries and anxieties. You may do so by training your mind consciously. Tell yourself that you are going to keep well. Every time the temptation comes to suggest to yourself that you are not so well, counter it with the suggestions of health, success and well being. An hour before you go to bed, get a pencil and a paper, write down your problem and possible answers to it. Quietly feed your mind with the problem asking your unconscious mind to deal with it during the quiet hours of the night. Give assurance to yourself that the right answer will be delivered to you when you get up the next morning

In the morning, give a few minutes to yourself – mediating before the day's work. Come back to your problem and you may realize that everyone has sufficient mental power but a few use it to the maximum possible extent. Be one of the latter.

The mind waits to serve you and has the capacity much greater than what you realize. There are no limits to the mental power. You must stop putting limits to yourself. Stop allowing self-pity to rule your mind. Stop believing the arguments like, “ I never had a chance”, ….. “ It is all the fault of my parents”…..” if only the things had been different” Remove such phrases and notions from your vocabulary for

all practical purposes. Know that you have your chance by work and study. You have the power to settle your destiny. And if you really wish it, with diligence and good heart, you can climb to the top of the ladder.

Improving The IQ

Those of you know that intelligence is not one ability but aggregate of many abilities have a reason to be optimistic. There is always a hope that one can improve some of his abilities and thereby can achieve better IQ grades. Intelligence is something with which we have been programmed at the time of birth. Intelligence is like a seed. The seed will determine the quality of the plant, its height, strength, flowers and fruits. However, the seed can become that plant (or a tree) only if it is nurtured by its environment. No matter how fine (quality) a seed you have, unless it gets good soil, good sun, minerals, water etc. it will not result in the best of its quality in terms of size and amount of flower or fruits. On the other hand, even if the quality of the seed is just average and it gets optimal environmental support, the resultant plant may be better at least comparable to the better quality seed not nurtured properly. This precisely is the case with intelligence.

Your friend may be more intelligent than you. But you have no reason to feel depressed about your own self. A little insight in the whole process and some efforts on your part can easily bring you at par with him. Obviously you will ask, how? "How do I improve my results or outcome and make it at par with those who have inherited better capacity than me?" the answer is simple: enrich your environment.

The character of enriched environment is that it gives more than usual opportunities for learning through experience. Recent psychological research shows that one can improve his IQ by enriching his environment. It does not mean that those who are economically rich are having enriched environment naturally, and those who are poor lack it.

Any one who wants to improve his measured intelligence or IQ can do it without spending a single penny. He can do it without spending geniuses come from environments rich in interaction between the developing persons and older (experienced) people. Talk to people who interest you, listen to them, try to analyze and understand them; see their positive aspects and try to gain from them. Surprisingly, you learn a great deal, lot more with such interactions than from reading

volumes of books for months.  

If you feel your earlier achievements have not been satisfactory due to some reasons other than your potentials you ought to recognize your environment. Your friends, books, TV programs that you see, and the kind of people you interact with constitute your environment. It also includes kind of magazines you read, the articles and the radio programs you listen to. Reading more books and articles are good but not sufficient for growth. One must expose one self to various kind of people and situations. You have to be very careful as to what kind of discussions you do and its content. Then analyze them and give feedback to yourself to improve further. Real friendship or good company is not just to spend time; rather it should add to your intellectual growth. Thus, one always grows with continuous interaction with his environment. That is why your environment should be carefully organized in tune with your goal.

If you are poor in particular language, expose yourself more to people who speak that language. If you are not able to solve arithmetic problems with ease and accurately, do more practice with such problems. Remember failure is the first step towards success. Practice makes a man perfect. Those who become IAS or engineers or even doctors are mostly of the same intelligence as you have - it is just that they practice more and work harder for their goals. There is no substitute to work. Everyday of living brings you opportunity of self - improvement - just use them and by doing so you can improve your IQ (measured intelligence).

Initiative

The emperor-philosopher Marcus Aurelius anticipated the findings of modern psychology that the general tenor of our thoughts determines the kind of our thoughts, which determines the kind of person we actually become. This is true not only in the realms of social accomplishment, moral development, and material success, but also in that of health. If your health has been poor, don't accept that condition as a life sentence. So is true if you failed in making your career in the desired field. Take initiative in various possible fields.

In the field of education, ordinary people tend to rest content with what was handed out to them in school or college. But ambitious people are increasingly taking the initiative and doing something to remedy the gaps in their education. They join coaching classes, read educative magazines, participate in academic activities, and try to reach the latest and most informative ways to gain knowledge. They

use such knowledge to improve the abilities and personality. They plan their career and work for it with an all out effort.

You should not expect the career of your dreams to be handed to you on a plate. Make up your mind exactly what you want to do and then go after it like a ‘hound after a hare'. Achievement involves much patience and hard work, and the effort will be amply rewarded. Within reasonable limits, hardly anything is impossible to the man who really makes up his mind. Determination and enthusiasm can overcome the most formidable obstacles. The chemist of May and Baker produced the drug for pneumonia – it was called “M and B 693” because it was produced only after six hundred ninety three experiments. Thomas Edison, who invented electric bulb after more than fifteen hundred experiments, said “I never allow myself to be discouraged under any circumstances”.

Once you begin showing initiative, even the most terrifying circumstances will shrivel and slink away, acknowledging your supremacy. With courage and initiative, you can start changing your circumstances in the desired direction.

Improving Memory

Memory is a fundamental power without which there could be no other intellectual operation. The present examination and education system in India gives much weightage to memory. Thus it becomes all the more important to those who aspire to score higher ranks in examinations. It does not, however, mean that memory is the sole factor in determining the examination performance. Nevertheless, it remains the focus of primary importance for nothing can be expressed if one does not remember, no matter how well one has learned the material without memory there can be no learning, and without learning each of us would remain as helpless as in the hour of birth.

Many students forget quite a bit of their learned material in the examination hall. And a soon as the examination is over, one says, "Oh I forgot it in the examination, but now I remember it very well ……". Perhaps, it was due to some kind of stress that inhibited with your recall during examination, and when the situation of stress (duration of examination) was over, the memory came to your conscious stream of mind. Good memory results from deeper, more elaborate processing (understanding) of the material. It is, however, not always important for a person to process information deeply. For example while going to school it is not important for you to process much information while driving your vehicle or sitting in a bus. But if

you want to achieve good grade in examination, you must go into depth of the lessons and other relevant contents for otherwise your memory may fade.

No matter how confident you are about your understanding of the material, unless at times you repeat (rehearse) the material it is likely to deceive you. Rehearsal is not a parrot. If involves 'Keeping information' at the center of attention. Most effective way of rehearsal is elaboration. It means degree to which incoming information (e.g., text) is processed so that it can be tied or linked with the existing memories in the form of images or figures.  

You may also use Mnemonics to improve your memory. Most of these techniques are based on the linking or association of the material to be remembered, with systematic and organized set of images or words that are already firmly established in long-term-memory and therefore can serve as reminder cues. Thus, the fact can be woven into a jingle which makes them easy to memorize. For example, many of you remember the order of colors in the spectrum of visible light - VIBGYOR - violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red. Friends, you will be surprised to know that people can remember unbelievably well the things you don't even make attempts for. Very often, their secret lies in memories. You may just make little fun by remembering the poem here and in a matter of few minutes, you may realize that you have remembered forty-two names of the presidents of United States.

Intelligence

Though there is no perfect way in which intelligence can be defined, psychologists have given emphasis on different aspects of intelligence. For example some place emphasis on ability to learn, others define intelligence as the ability to carry on logical thinking. And yet some other psychologists focus on ability to adjust or adaptation of individual to his total environment. Thus it is logical to assume that a person who can recognize and apply what he has acquired for the purpose of dealing with varied and novel situation is more intelligent than a person who is capable of little beyond repeating what he had previously acquired. So friends! if someone has memorized a standard answer to the question asked and got more marks than you, it does not show that he is more intelligent than you. But yes, he has put efforts in memorizing for which he has been rewarded. Memory is definitely an asset and it also adds to intelligence. However, it cannot be solely equated with intelligence. As a matter of fact intelligence is just not one ability. Intelligence is a

global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with environment. Therefore we observe that intelligence consists of number of abilities of an individual. Then, how can your inability to answer some questions on mathematics or general knowledge make you less intelligent? The problem with most available cheap literature in the market is that in zeal of selling psychology quickly, they give wrong prescriptions to increase your intelligence quickly. Alas! This is not possible. Intelligence is not something like weight that can be altered easily. But yes, by exposing yourself to 'enriched environment you can certainly improve your IQ by a few points. But certainly not by merely reading a book.

Psychologists have also distinguished several kids of intelligence. There are three kind of intelligence: social intelligence, concrete intelligence and abstract intelligence. Social intelligence involves the abilities to understand to deal with persons; concrete intelligence involves the abilities to understand and deal with the things (e.g., scientific appliances); abstract intelligence involves the abilities to understand and deal with verbal and mathematical symbols. If you happen to be poor in one kind of intelligence, it does not mean that you are low in overall intelligence. Take the example of a boy who is not good at talking to people or even understanding the verbal and mathematical symbols; he, however, may be very good in dealing with machines and thus can be an excellent mechanic for cars, scooter or even aeroplanes. Similarly you do not have to worry if you find yourself to be poor in understanding the scientific appliances etc., as you may be good in some other kind of intelligence e.g., in social or abstract.

Coming back to the meaning of intelligence, remember, "intelligence is not one ability, it consists of many abilities put together." So if you happen to score low on dimension of intelligence you are likely to compensate it by scoring high on some other dimension. Then why you should be told that you have lower intelligence? In fact you are not below average by failing on some best items. You rather ask yourself as to what there items are measuring? Most of the tests that you see in various magazines/newspapers and books are the tests of reasoning or mathematics which is just a part of intelligence. Moreover, such tests are usually not standardized tests - they may lack the required validity and reliability. It does not mean that you don't practice with these tests or throw them away. Just remember that these items are tapping 'some' kind of ability of your and not what is technically called intelligence.

What if you repeatedly cannot score high on such tests in order to be successful in some exam? Don't worry. It takes some time for you to understand the basics behind such items are practice; even when you fail again. It will take time - less for some and more for others. But you will grasp the things ultimately and within few months you will be surprised by your own progress. It does not mean, however, that your intelligence has improved.

Can we improve intelligence - Now many of you may ask: Can we improve our intelligence? 'Yes' and 'No'. For answering these questions we should pose another question: Is intelligence inherited or derived from environment? Why people differ in their intelligence? Most psychologists and other experts agree that at least some aspects of intelligence are inherited, but opinions differ to the relative contribution of heredity and environment. The idea is that if intelligence is inherited absolutely then it is rather difficult to improve it.However, if it happens to be on environment, then one could perhaps improve his intelligence by bringing certain changes in the environment. The evidence bearing on the inheritance of intelligence comes from the studies correlating IQs between persons of various degrees of genetic relationships. In a survey of more than 100 such studies, it was found that the average correlation between IQs of parents and their children in +0.40. It means that intelligent parents are likely to have intelligent children. The correlation between the IQs of identical twins is very high i.e., +0.86. it is because the identical twins develop from single egg and share precisely the same heredity. In contrast of this, correlation between the IQs of foster parents and their children is very low i.e., +0.31. all these findings seem to suggest that heredity plays a very important role in determining the intelligence. Although genetic determinants of intelligence are strong, there studies also indicate that environment is also important. For example, when siblings are reared together - in the same home environment - their IQ similarity (correlations) increases. There stands always a good chance of improving intelligence, as the kind of environmental influence, we live in, usually inhibit the full - capacity - use of intelligence. And if we can organize the environment in such a way so that it facilitates the abilities associated with intelligence, it will result in apparently enhanced intelligence. Practically such exposure to environment results in increased IQ on a test. So you can definitely improve your ID even through in reality the intelligence can only be improved up to what you have come with i.e., true intelligence. How could we enrich our environment to improve the IQ?