general studies manual paper-1

Contents

Indian History (1-1—1-368)

Ancient History The First Territorial States 1-35—1-39

Introduction to Ancient History 1-5—1-8

The Pre-History The Stone Age 1-8—1-11

The Mauryan Empire 1-40—1-47

Indus Valley Civilisation 1-12—1-19

Post Mauryan Age 1-47—1-53

The Vedic Age 1-20—1-26

The Sangam Age 1-54—1-56

The Rise of Jainism and Buddhism 1-27—1-34

The Gupta Empire (AD 320-550) 1-57—1-62

The Mahajanpadas 1-35

Rise of Magadha 1-37The Importance of Ancient History 1-5 The Haryanka Dynasty (542-412 BC) 1-37Modern Historians of Ancient India 1-6 Sisunaga Dynasty (412-344 BC) 1-38Sources of Ancient Indian History 1-7 Nanda Dynasty (344-323 BC) 1-38

Alexander’s Invasion (Greek Invasion) 1-38

The Paleolithic Age 1-9

The Mesolithic Age 1-10 Origin of Mauryan Rule 1-40The Neolithic Age 1-10 Chandragupta Maurya (321-298 BC) 1-41The Chalcolithic Age 1-11 Bindusara (298-273 BC) 1-42

Ashoka (273-232 BC) 1-42

Ashoka’s Inscriptions and their Subject (T) 1-43Introduction and Discovery 1-12Later Mauryas 1-44Features of Mature Harappan Sites 1-14The Mauryan Administration 1-44Town Planning 1-16Socio-Economic Life 1-45Social Life 1-16The Decline of Mauryan Empire 1-46Political Life 1-17

Economic Life 1-17

Decline and End of Harappan Civilisation 1-19 The Sunga Dynasty (185-75 BC) 1-47

The Kanva Dynasty (75-30 BC) 1-48

The Satavahana Dynasty 1-48The Aryans 1-20Chedi Dynasty of Kalinga 1-49Early Vedic Age (1500-1000 BC) 1-20Economy in the Post Mauryan Age 1-50Socio-Economic Life 1-21Development of Art (200 BC to AD 300) 1-51Later Vedic Age (1000-600 BC) 1-23Geographical Discoveries in Post Political Organisation 1-23Mauryan Period 1-53Economy 1-23

Social Life 1-24

Vedic Literature 1-25 Early Three Kingdom 1-54

Sangam Administration 1-54

Socio-Economic Life in Sangam Age 1-55Jainism 1-27Sangam Literature 1-55Spread and Contribution of Jainism 1-28Important Works During Sangam Period 1-56Decline of Jainism 1-29

Buddhism 1-30

Doctrine of Buddhism 1-30 Rise of Guptas 1-57Buddhist Councils 1-31 Srigupta 1-57Common Buddhist Mudras 1-32 Ghatotkachagupta 1-57Decline of Buddhism 1-33 Chandragupta I (AD 319-335) 1-57Other Heterodox Sects 1-34 Samundragupta (AD 335-375) 1-57

Chandragupta II (AD 380-412) 1-57

Master Strategy — General Studies Paper-1 (xxii-xxviii)Subject Strategy — General Studies Paper-1 (xxix-xxxii)

UPSC (Pre) Solved Paper 2012, (General Studies Paper-1) 0-1—0-13UPSC (Pre) Solved Paper 2011, (General Studies Paper-1) 0-14—0-21UPSc (Pre) Solved Paper 2010, (General Studie) 0-22—0-32

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Kumargupta (AD 415-455) 1-58

Skandgupta (AD 455-467) 1-58

The Gupta Administration 1-59 Bengal, Orissa, Kashmir 1-113Social Life 1-60 Gujarat, Malwa, Jaunpur 1-114Decline and Fall of Gupta Empire 1-62 Rajasthan, Mewar, Marwar 1-114

The Vijayanagara Empire 1-115

Sangama Dynasty 1-115The Hunas, The Maukharis, The Gaudas, The Saluva Dynasty 1-116The Pushyabhutis, The Harshvardhana 1-63The Tuluvu Dynasty 1-116The Vakatakas 1-65The Aravidu Dynasty 1-117The Chalukyas (AD 543-753) 1-66Vijayanagara Administration 1-118The Pallavas 1-67The Nayankar and Ayagar Systems 1-118

Bahmani Kingdom 1-119

Independent Kingdom of Deccan 1-120Socio and Economic Changes, Cultural

Developments 1-68

Six School of Philosophy 1-70The Sufi Movements 1-122Dynasties, their Rulers and Capitals 1-71Bhakti Movement 1-124

Some Important Bhakti Saints 1-124

Nirguna Saints 1-125

Saguna Saints Ram Bhakti 1-125

Zahir-ud-Din Mohammad Babur 1-127Features of Early Medieval India 1-85 Humayun 1-128Kannauj After Harsha 1-85 Afghan Interruption: Rise of Sher Shah Suri 1-128Gurjara- Pratihara 1-86 Akbar 1-130Later Rulers 1-87 Revolts Against Akbar 1-132The Palas 1-88 Nur-ud-Din Mohammad Jahangir 1-133The Rashtakutas 1-89 Shah Jahan 1-134The Senas of Bengal 1-90 Aurangzeb 1-135The Imperial Cholas 1-91 Revolts Under Aurangzeb 1-135South India After Cholas 1-92 Later Mughals 1-136The Ruling Dynasties of Kashmir 1-92 Mughal Administration 1-137The Rajputs 1-93 Development of Mughal Architecture 1-140The Gahadavals of Kannauj 1-94 Books & Authors during Mughal Empire 1-143Solankis or Chalukyas of Anhilwada 1-95

Chandellas of Jejakabhukti or Bundelkhand 1-96Shivaji (AD 1627-1680) 1-144

Arab Conquest of Sindh 1-98The Successors of Shivaji 1-145

The Ghaznavis 1-99Maratha Administration 1-146

Mohammad of Ghur 1-100Maratha Power Under the Peshwas 1-147

Later Peshwas 1-148The Slave Dynasty (IIbari) (AD 1206-1290) 1-101 Maratha Confederacy 1-149Fall of the Slave Dynasty 1-102

The Khilji Dynasty (AD 1290-1320) 1-103

The Tughlaq Dynasty (AD 1320-1414) 1-104

The Sayyid Dynasty (AD 1414-1450) 1-106

The Lodhi Dynasty (AD 1451-1526) 1-106

Administration in the Sultanate Period 1-107 Hyderabad 1-162

Economy in the Sultanate Period 1-109 Carnatic 1-162

Architectural Features of the Sultanate Period 1-110 Bengal 1-163

The Emergence of Provincial Kingdoms 1-113—1-121

The Post Gupta Era 1-63—1-67

Transformation of the Ancient Phase to

Medieval Phase 1-68—1-72

Religious Movements in Medieval India

1-122—1-126

Objective Question Bank 1-73—1-84

Early Medieval India (AD 750-1200) The Mughal Empire 1-127—1-1431-85—1-100

The Maratha Empire 1-144—1-149

The Delhi Sultanate 1-101—1-112


India in 18th Century 1-162—1-166

Medieval History

Modern History

Awadh 1-163

Mysore 1-164

Kerala 1-164Causes of the Revolt 1-231

Outside Influence on Revolt of 1857 1-232

Failure of the Revolt 1-233The Portuguese 1-167

Impact of the Revolt/Mutiny 1-234The Dutch 1-169

Significance of Revolt 1-235The English 1-169

Leaders Associated with the Revolt of 1857 atEnglish Settlements at Western Coast 1-170

Different Places (T) 1-235The French 1-172

British Officials Associated with Revolt (T) 1-236The Anglo-French Struggle in South-India 1-173

The British Occupation of Bengal 1-174

Mir Jafar : Nawab of Bengal 1-175Causes for Socio-Religious Reform Movements 1-238Mir Qasim : Nawab of Bengal 1-175Brahmo Samaj 1-238Major Battles During Robert Clive Era 1-177Young Bengal Movement 1-239The Conquest of Mysore State 1-178Prarthana Samaj, The Arya Samaj 1-240Maratha 1-179The Ramakrishna Movement 1-241Events Leading to the Battle Field 1-180Theosophical Movement 1-242Conflict with Neighbouring States 1-181Orthodox Hindu Societies 1-243

Reform Movement Among Muslims 1-244

Sikh Reform Movements 1-245The Structure of the Government 1-184

Economic Colonialism and British Rule 1-186

Different Dimensions of Exploitation During Factors for Rise of Nationalism 1-248British Rule 1-187Rise of Educated Middle Class 1-249Transportation and CommunicationPolitical Associations in Bengal 1-250Facilities in India 1-188Political Associations in Deccan 1-250

Political Associations in South India 1-251

Constitutional Reforms 1-252Governor - Generals of Company 1-190

Governor - Generals of India 1-194

Viceroys of India 1-198(First Phase 1885-1919)Formation of Indian National Congress (INC) 1-254

Moderates and the Era of Early Nationalists 1-255Reasons for Tribal Rebellions/Uprisings 1-203

Rise of Extremism in Indian Politics 1-256Important Uprisings in Eastern India 1-203

Partition of Bengal and the Swadeshi Movement 1-257Important Uprisings in Western India 1-205

Surat Split 1-257Nature of Tribal Movements/Revolts 1-207

Foundation of All-India Muslim League 1-258Weakness and Achievement of These Uprisings 1-208

Ghadar Party 1-259

Lucknow Pact, 1916 1-260Press Laws and Regulations in British India 1-209 Home Rule Movement in India 1-260Developments After Independence 1-211 The Session of Congress (T) 1-262

The Gandhian Era in India 1-264

Early Political Activities 1-264

Ahmedabad Textile Mill Issue 1-264Orientalist-Anglicistm Controversy 1-213Kheda Satyagrah (1917) 1-265Indian Education Commission 1-214

Developments After Independence 1-217

Summary of British Educational Policy 1-218

Rowlatt Act, (1919) 1-266

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1-267

Khilafat Movement 1-267

The Revolt of 1857 1-231—1-236

European Penetration and British Conquest of India 1-167—1-183

Socio-Religious Reform Movements in India

1-237—1-247

The British Administrative Structure and

Economic Policies 1-184—1-189

Rise of Indian Nationalism in the 19th

Century 1-248—1-253

Governor - Generals and Viceroys

1-190—1-202

Foundation of Congress and Struggle for Independence 1-254—1-265

Tribal and Other Popular Uprisings

1-203—1-208

History of Press 1-209—1-212

Growth of Modern Education in India

1-213—1-219

Struggle for Independence

Second Phase 1919 to 1927 1-266—1-272


Indian National Movement

Non-Cooperation Movement 1-269 Other Important Peasant Movement/Associations 1-293

Swaraj Party 1-270 Nature of Peasant Movements During British

Muddiman Committee (1924) 1-271 Rule in India 1-294

Butler Committee (1927) 1-272 Partition of India 1-295

Simon Commission 1-273 Communist Party in India (CPI) 1-297Nehru Report 1-273 Individuals/Organisations Involved in Worker’sNationalist Muslim Party 1-274 Movement in India Upto 1918 1-298Lahore Session of Congress (December 1929) 1-275 Emergence of Trade Unions in India 1-299Civil Disobedience Movement 1-275 Conspiracy Cases During the British Period 1-300Dandi March 1-276

Gandhi- Irwin Pact (5th March, 1931) 1-276

Second Phase of Civil Disobedience Movement 1-276

First Round Table Conference 1-277

Second Round Table Conference 1-277

Third Round Table Conference 1-278Culture 1-328Communal Award and Poona Pact 1-278Religion 1-329Election of 1937 and Congress Ministries 1-279Indian Literature and Languages 1-331

Music 1-336

Dance 1-341The August Offer (1940) 1-281

Drama 1-346The Individual Satyagraha 1-281

Forms of Traditional Theatre 1-346Cripps Mission 1-282

Architecture 1-347Quit India Movement 1-283

Puppetry 1-350Subhas Chandra Bose and INA 1-285

Crafts of India 1-350Rajagopalachari Formula (1944) 1-286

Painting 1-352Desai-Liaquat Proposals (1945) 1-286

Rangoli 1-355Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) 1-287

Indian Cinema 1-355Mountabatten Plan (3rd June, 1947) 1-288

Festivals and Fairs 1-357

Indian Monuments in World Heritage List 1-361Peasant Rebellions and Movements 1-290

Moplah Uprising (1875) 1-291

Peasant’s Uprising in the Provinces 1-292

Struggle for Independence Third Phase Other Political Trends During Indian(1927 to 1939) 1-273—1-280 National Movement 1-297—1-300

Chronology of Events 1-301—1-307

Important National Leaders 1-308—1-314


Struggle for Independence Fourth Phase (1940 to 1947) 1-281—1-289

The Peasant Movements 1-290—1-296


Art and Culture

World GeographyGeneral Geography 2-5—2-14

Geomorphology 2-14—2-37

Chemical Composition of Earth 2-17

Mountain System 2-18

Islands and Lakes 2-21The Universe 2-5

Plateaus 2-20Solar System 2-5

Plains 2-20Planets of Solar System (T) 2-7

Important Lakes and their Countries (T) 2-22The Life Cycle of Star 2-9

Continental Drift Theory 2-24The Earth 2-10

Earthquakes 2-26Motions of Earth 2-10

Volcanism 2-27Latitudes and Longitudes 2-11

Rocks 2-29Time Zone 2-12

Exogenetic Forces 2-30Eclipses 2-13

Types of Weathering 2-31

Erosion 2-33Origin of the Earth 2-14 Landform Development 2-34Interior of the Earth 2-16

Geography (2-1—2-320)

Climatology 2-38—2-54 Objective Question Bank 2-118—2-138

Introduction to Indian Geography

2-139—2-141

Physiography 2-142—2-152

Oceanography 2-55—2-66

Drainage System 2-153—2-160

Basics of Biogeography 2-67—2-72

Human Geography 2-73—2-83

Climate 2-161—2-168

Economic Geography 2-84—2-100

Vegetation and Soils 2-169—2-174

Continents 2-101—2-117

Population 2-175—2-183

Structure of Atmosphere 2-38

Insolation and Temperature 2-39

Temperature 2-40

Atmospheric Pressure 2-41

Winds 2-42 Location 2-139Clouds 2-44 Area and Extent 2-139Humidity 2-45 Boundaries and Geo-Political Aspects 2-140Precipitation, and Rainfall 2-46 Administrative Divisions 2-140Evaporation, Condensation 2-47

Jet Stream, El-Nino and La-Nina 2-48Origin of Landforms 2-142

Fronts 2-49The Great Himalayas of North 2-143

Cyclone 2-50Regional Divisions of Himalaya 2-145

Comparison Between Tropical and Mountain Passes of India (T) 2-146

Temperate Cyclones 2-51The Great Plain of North India 2-147

Climate 2-52The Peninsular Plateau 2-148

The Coastal Plains 2-150Hydrosphere 2-55 The Islands 2-151The Oceans 2-55

Ocean Currents 2-58Introduction 2-153

Ocean Tides 2-61Major Drainage Systems 2-153

Marine Resources 2-63The Himalayan Rivers 2-154

The Ganga River System 2-155Soil 2-67 The Brahmaputra River System 2-156Soil Forming Processes 2-68 The Peninsular Rivers 2-156Classification of Soil 2-69 Inland Drainage 2-158World Distribution of Soil 2-71 Inter - state River Water Disputes 2-159Major Biotic Regions 2-72 Main Rivers and their Tributaries (T) 2-159

Indian States and their Beaches (T) 2-160

List of Major Waterfalls in India (T) 2-160Races of Mankind 2-73

Tribes and Races of the World (T) 2-74

Population Change 2-76 Factors Influencing the Climate of India 2-161The Demographic Transition 2-77 Seasons 2-162Human Development 2-78 Characteristics of Indian Climate 2-162Migration 2-80 Important Concepts of Monsoon 2-163Settlement and Urbanisation 2-82 Indian Monsoons and the Tibet Plateau 2-165

Jet Streams and Indian Monsoons 2-165

Retreating/North-East Monsoon Season 2-166Pastoralism 2-84Climatic Regions of India 2-167Types of Farming 2-84

Various Crops and their Origin 2-86

Industry and Industrial Centre 2-91 Natural Vegetation of India 2-169Classification of Industries 2-91 Tropical Forests 2-169Mineral Resources 2-94 Sub-Tropical Forest 2-170Transport and Communication 2-97 Temperate Forest 2-171

Alpine Forest 2-171

Mangroves 2-171Asia 2-101Soil 2-172Africa 2-104Major Soils of India 2-172North America 2-107Soil Conservation 2-174South America 2-109

Europe 2-112

Australia 2-114 Enumeration of Population 2-175Antarctica 2-117 National Population Policy 2-175

Indian Geography

Census 2011 (T) 2-176 Sericulture 2-212

The Demographic Transition 2-177 Horticulture 2-213

Population Distribution and Density 2-178 Problem of Indian Agriculture 2-213

Demographic Composition 2-179 Call for Evergreen Revolution 2-214

Child Sex Ratio 2-180

Ethnic Composition 2-181 Irrigation 2-215Linguistic Composition 2-182 Need for Irrigation in India 2-215

Types of Irrigation 2-215

Major Tribal Groups of India (Zone-Wise) 2-184 Multi-purpose Projects 2-216

Major Tribes of India (T) 2-186 List of the Projects, State, Location and their

Tribal Advisory Council 2-187 Purpose (T) 2-218

Rural Settlements 2-188 Introduction 2-220

Urban Settlements 2-189 Agro-Based Industries 2-221

Urbanisation Trends in India 2-189 Mineral Based Industry 2-223

Urban Agglomeration 2-190 Forest Based Industries 2-225

Industrial Regions of India 2-226

Major Industries of India (T) 2-228Conventional or Non-renewable Sources of Energy 2-191

Major Thermal Plants of India (T) 2-192

Ultra Mega Power Plants and their Capacity (T) 2-192 Land Transport 2-229

Government Policies and Schemes 2-192 Roadways 2-229

Non-Conventional or Renewable Energy Resources2-193 Road Network Under the 12th Five Year Plan 2-229

Solar Energy and India 2-194 Road Network of India (T) 2-230

Geothermal Energy 2-194 Important National Highways (T) 2-231

Wave Energy 2-195 Express Way 2-231

Renewable Energy Programmes in India 2-195 State Highway 2-231

Tidal Powers 2-196 International Highways 2-232

Energy from Waste 2-197 Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) Linking Projects 2-233

Chemical Sources of Renewable Energy 2-197 Konkan Railways 2-234

Major Atomic Power Stations of India (T) 2-198 Mass Rapid Transit System (Metro in India) 2-234

Mineral Resources 2-198 Railway in Kashmir 2-235

Topmost States for Production of Air Transport 2-235

Maganese, Copper, Bauxite (T) 2-199 Water Transport 2-237

Mineral Fuels 2-200 Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project 2-237

Conservation of Minerals and Energy Resources 2-202 Major Inland Water Ways of India 2-237

India’s Integrated Energy Policy 2-202 Ports in India 2-238

Water Resources 2-203 Pipeline Transport 2-238

Ground Water Resources 2-204 Telecommunication 2-240

Oceanic Development Programme (ODP) 2-205 Trade 2-240

Marine Resources 2-206

Land Resources in India 2-208 Earthquakes 2-242

Landslides 2-243

Agriculture in India 2-209 Tsunami 2-243

Cropping Seasons 2-210 Flood 2-244

Major Crops 2-210 Drought 2-246

Seeds 2-211 Tropical Cyclone 2-247

Fertilizer 2-211 Other Local Storms 2-247

Green Revolution 2-211 Disaster Management in India 2-248

Livestock 2-212

Aquaculture 2-212

Irrigation and Power 2-215—2-220

Tribes of India 2-184—2-187

Settlements and Urbanisation 2-188—2-190 Industry 2-220—2-229

Resources 2-191—2-208

Transport and Communication 2-229—2-241

Disaster Management 2-242—2-248

Agriculture 2-209—2-214


Environment, Ecology and BiodiversityEnvironment 2-264—2-266

Ecology and Ecosystem 2-267—2-277

Pollution 2-290—2-305

Climate Change 2-306—2-312Biodiversity 2-278—2-289


International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN) 2-283

Biodiversity Hotspots 2-283Atmosphere 2-264Biodiversity in India 2-284Hydrosphere 2-265International Efforts to Protect the Biodiversity 2-285Lithosphere 2-266Efforts to Protect Indian Biodiversity 2-286Biosphere 2-266List of National Parks and Sanctuaries (T) 2-288

Biosphere Reserves of India (Area-wise) (T) 2-289Ecosystem 2-267

Ecological Pyramid 2-268Pollutants 2-290Biomes 2-269Air Pollution 2-292Ecological Niche 2-270Acid Rain 2-292Ecological Relationship 2-271Solid Waste Pollution 2-293Nutrient Flow in Ecosystem 2-272Noise Pollution 2-294Water Cycle 2-273Radioactive Pollution 2-295Modification of Ecosystem 2-273Water Pollution 2-297Factors Affecting Ecosystems 2-274Thermal Pollution, Marine Pollution 2-298Forest Resources 2-274Soil and Land Pollution 2-299Conservation and Management of Forests 2-274Environmental Management 2-301Forest Survey in India 2-275Various Projects Affected due to Pollution 2-302Forest Conservation in India 2-276Environmental Legislation in India 2-303International Efforts 2-277

Causes of Climate Change 2-306Levels of Biodiversity 2-278Global Warming 2-306Factors Affecting Biodiversity 2-278Greenhouse Gases 2-307Threats to Biodiversity 2-279Effects of Climate Change 2-307Importance of Biodiversity 2-279Climate Change Conventions 2-309Wetlands 2-279Indian Scenario 2-311Mangroves 2-280National Missions and their Salient Features (T) 2-312International Conventions on Wildlife 2-281

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 2-281

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2-282

Historical Background and Making of The Preamble to the Constitution 3-18—3-20

the Constitution 3-5—3-13

Union and its Territory 3-21-3-25

Citizenship 3-26-3-30Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

3-14—3-17

The Preamble 3-18

Preamble as Part of the Constitution 3-19Historical Background 3-5Values Enshrined in Preamble 3-20Regulating Act, 1773 3-5

Pitt’s India Act, 1784 3-6

Charter Act, 1813 and 1833 3-6 Indian : Union of States 3-21Charter Act, 1853 3-7 Reorganisation of States 3-22Simon Commision 3-8 Formation of States after 1950s 3-23Government of India Act, 1935 3-9 Telangana Statehood Demand 3-24Indian Independence Act, 1947 3-11 Gorkhaland Territiorial Administration 3-25Making of the Constitution 3-12

Introduction 3-26

Getting Indian Citizenship 3-27Constitution of India 3-14 Losing Citizenship 3-27Salient Features 3-14 Rights of the Citizens 3-28Fundamental Rights 3-15 Non-Resident Indians 3-28Fundamental Duties 3-16 Overseas Citizen of India 3-29Constitutional Bodies 3-17 Difference Between PIO and OCI Card (T) 3-30

Indian Polity (3-1—3-192)

Fundamental Rights 3-31—3-47

The Judiciary 3-95—3-106

Directive Principles of State Policy

3-48—3-53

Centre- State Relations 3-107—3-113

Fundamental Duties 3-51—3-55

Inter-State Relations 3-114—3-117

Union Government 3-56—3-76

Emergency Provisions 3-118—3-121

Constitutional Amendment 3-122—3-129

State Government 3-77—3-85

Union Territories, Scheduled and Tribal Areas

3-129—3-133

Local Self Government 3-86—3-94

Committees Related to Panchayati Raj 3-89

Proposed Amendments by Ministry Classification of Fundamental Rights 3-31of Panchayati Raj 3-90Judicial Review and Fundamental Rights 3-32The Muncipalities 3-91Doctrine of Basic Structure of Constitution 3-33Urban Local Government Structures Classification of Fundamental Rights 3-34in Indian Other than Muncipalities 3-93Right to Equality (Articles 14-18) 3-34Audit of Accounts of Cooperative SocietiesRight to Freedom (Articles 19-22) 3-36(Article 243 ZM) 3-94Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24) 3-42

Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28) 3-42

Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) 3-44 Supreme Court 3-95Right to Property 3-44 Jurisdiction fo the Supreme Court 3-97Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) 3-45 Public Interest Litigation 3-99 Restrictions on Fundamental Rights during the The Role of Supreme Court 3-100Operation of Martial Law 3-47 High Court 3-101

Powers and Jurisdictions of High Courts 3-103

Subordinate Courts 3-105

Lok Adalat 3-105Object and Purpose Behind the Alternative Dispute Resolution 3-106Directive Principles 3-48

Classification of Directive Principles 3-49

Nature of Directive Principles 3-50 Legislative Relations 3-107Amendments Made in the Directive Parliaments Legislation Over State Subjects 3-108Principles 3-52 Financial Relations 3-109

Elaboration of Certain Articles 3-110

Commissions for the Improvements of Sources of Fundamental Duties 3-54Centre-State Relations 3-111Justice Verma Committe and MM Punchhi Commission 3-112Fundamental Duties 3-54

Significance of Fundamental Duties 3-55

Inter-State Council 3-114

Inter-State Water Disputes 3-114The President 3-56Zonal Councils 3-115Vice-President 3-61Inter-State Trade and Commerce Bill, 2012 3-116Prime Minister 3-62

Council of Ministers 3-64

Cabinet Committees 3-65 National Emergency (Article 352) 3-118Parliament 3-66 State Emergency or President’s Rule (Article 356) 3-119Composition of Rajya Sabha 3-66 Difference Between Article 352 and 356 3-120Composition of Lok Sabha 3-67 Financial Emergency (Article 360) 3-121Presiding Officers 3-69

Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings 3-70Meaning of Amendment 3-122Budget in the Parliament 3-73Amendment Procedure 3-122Parliamentary Committees 3-75Fundamental Rights and Articles 368 3-123

Basic Structure of the Constitution 3-124Governor 3-77

Chief Minister 3-79

State Council of Ministers 3-80Union Territory 3-129Cabinet 3-81Scheduled and Tribal Areas 3-131State Legislature 3-82Executive Power of a State in Scheduled Areas 3-131Legislative Procedures in State Legislature 3-84List of States and their Scheduled

Areas (5th Schedule) (T) 3-132Panchayati Raj 3-86 Applicability of Acts of Parliament and Constitutional Status of Panchayats 3-87 State Legislatures 3-133State Finance Commission (Article 243 I) 3-88

State Election Commision (Article 243 K) 3-88

Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies

3-134—3-153

Special Status for Jammu & Kashmir and Some Other States 3-160—3-163

Governance and e-Governance 3-164—3-166

National Symbols 3-167—3-168

Table of Precedence 3-169


Public Services and Tribunals 3-154—3-159

Central Services 3-155

State Services 3-155

Official Languages 3-156Constitutional Bodies 3-134Tribunals 3-157Election Commission 3-135Central Administrative Tribunal 3-158Political Parties 3-137Anti-defection Law 3-159Elections in India 3-137

State Election Commission 3-138

Finance Commission 3-140

Public Service Commission 3-141 Jammu and Kashmir 3-160Attorney General 3-142 Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 3-160Non-Constitutional Bodies 3-143

National Human Rights Commission 3-144Governance 3-164Central Vigilance Commission 3-145e-Governance 3-165Delimitation Commission 3-146

Law Commission 1-147

Central Information Commission 3-149

State Information Commission 3-149

National Development Council 3-150

Lokpal and Lokayukta 3-151

Public Services 3-154

All India Services 3-154

Indian Economy (4-1—4-128)

Economy and Its Measuring Tools 4-5—4-10

Fiscal Policy 4-41—4-47

Economic Growth and Development

4-10—4-24

Foreign Trade 4-48—4-55

International Ogranisations 4-56—4-65

Money, Banking and Capital Markets

4-25—4-40

Macro-Economic Problems in India

4-66—4-79

Development Financial Institutions 4-36

Financial Intermediaries 4-37Economy 4-5Insurance 4-38 Classification of Economy 4-5

National Income 4-6

Human Development Index 4-9 Basic Concepts 4-41

Fiscal Responsibility and Budget

Management ACT (FRBMA), 2003 4-42

Union Budget 4-43Planning 4-12Taxation 4-44Planning Commission 4-13Recent Actions by Government of Five Year Plans (At a Glance) 4-14India for Fiscal Consolidation 4-46Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) 4-16

New Economic Policy and Economic Reforms

Since, 1991 4-18 International Trade 4-48Reforms in Industrial Policy 4-20 Trade Agreements of India 4-50Phase of Growth and Structural Trade Composition 4-51Changes in Indian Economy 4-21 The Foreign Exchange Reserves 4-53Finance Commission 4-21 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) 4-55Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) 4-22World Bank Group 4-56Economic and Social Indicators-India 4-23International Monetary Fund (IMF) 4-58Gross Domestic Savings 4-24World Trade Organisation (WTO) 4-60

G-20 4-62

Important Terms Related to WTO 4-64Financial Market 4-25

Sub- Markets 4-31

Capital Markets 4-33Inflation 4-66Stock Exchanges in India 4-34

Measures to Check Inflation 4-69

Black Economy 4-70 Contribution of Agriculture in Indian Economy 4-91Employment and Unemployment 4-72 Measures to Improve AgriculturalProductivity 4-93Initiatives Taken by the Government for Food Processing Industry 4-96Employment Generation 4-73 Private Enterprises Guarantee Scheme 4-97

Industrial Policies 4-100

Schemes for Rural Development 4-80 Governments Measures to Promote

Urban Development 4-82 Small Scale Industries 4-103

Employment Programmes 4-83 Public Sector Reforms 4-104

Programmes for Equality and New Definitions of Micro, Small and

Women Empowerment 4-84 Medium Enterprises 4-106

Government Social Welfare Schemes 4-86 Important Industries of India 4-107

Elementary Education (EE) Schemes 4-87

Health Oriented Programmes 4-88

Agriculture 4-91—4-99

Government of India : Welfare Industrial Policy 4-100—4-109

Programmes 4-80—4-90

Important Economic Terms 4-110—4-113


Physics Work, Power and Energy 5-19—5-21

Units and Measurement 5-5—5-8

Vectors and Scalars 5-8—8-9

Properties of Matter 5-22—5-26

Kinematics 5-10—5-13

Laws of Motion 5-13—5-17

Heat and Thermodynamics 5-27—5-32

Gravitation 5-17—5-19

Wave Motion and Sound 5-33—5-37

Work 5-19

Power 5-20Fundamental Physical Quantities 5-5

Energy 5-20Dimensions of Physical Quantities 5-7

Solar Energy and Its Applications 5-20Measurement of Physical Quantities 5-7

Solar Cooker 5-21

Transformation of Energy 5-21Vector Quantities 5-8 Einsteins Mass Energy Equivalence 5-21Scalar Quantities 5-8

Types of Vectors 5-8 Matter, Stress, Strain, Elasticity, Hookes Law 5-22

Product of Two Vectors 5-9Stress-Strain Relationship 5-23

Density 5-24Mechanics 5-10 Pressure, Thrust 5-24Distance and Displacement 5-10 Pascals Law 5-24Speed and Velocity 5-10 Archimedes’ Principle 5-24Geographical Representation of Fluid Mechanics 5-24Motion 5-11 Surface Tension 5-25Projectile Motion 5-12 Viscosity 5-25

Stokes Law 5-25

Bernoulli’s Theorem 5-26Force 5-13

Circular Motion 5-14

Centripetal and Centrifugal Force 5-14 Heat, Temperature 5-27Newtons Laws of Motion 5-15 Types of Thermometers 5-28Momentum 5-15 Thermodynamics 5-30Impulse 5-15 First Law of Thermodynamics 5-30Friction 5-16 Second Law of Thermodynamics 5-31Collision 5-16 Newton’s Law of Cooling 5-31

Kinetic Theory of Gases, Ideal Gas Equation,

Evaporation 3-32Newtons Law of Gravitation 5-17

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 5-18

Satellite 5-18 Wave, Simple Harmonic Motion 5-33Escape Velocity 5-19 Free, Forced and Resonant Sound 5-34

Superposition of Waves 5-35

General Science (3-1—3-192)

Doppler Effect 5-36 Nanotechnology in India 5-69

Human Ear 5-37 Mission on Nanoscience and

Technology (Nano-Mission) 5-69

Centre of Nanotechnology 5-69Reflection of Light 5-38

Refraction of Light 5-39

Lenses 5-40

Prism 5-41

Human Eye 5-42

Scattering of Light 5-43 Branches of Chemistry 5-82

Importance of Chemistry 5-82

Wavefront 5-44

Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Wave Theory 5-44 Matter 5-83Polaroids, Polarisation 5-45 Solid State 5-83

Gaseous State 5-84

Liquid State 5-85Frictional Electricity, Electric Charge 5-46Interconversion of States of Matter 5-85Coulombs Law, Electric Potential 5-46Evaporation 5-86Capacitor or Condensor, Ohm’s Law 5-47Atoms and Molecules 5-86Kirchhoff’s Law 5-48Classification of Matter 5-87Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis 5-48

Invertor 5-49

Magnet 5-50 Daltons Atomic Theory 5-89Magnetic Substances 5-51 Atomic Models 5-89Curie’s Law 5-52 Different Atomic Species 5-90Transformer 5-53 Planck’s Quantum Theory 5-90

Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle 5-90

Quantum Numbers 5-90Atom 5-54Electronic Configuration 5-91Thomson’s Atomic Model,

Rutherford’s Atomic Model 5-54

Bohr’s Atomic Model 5-55 a, b, g Particles 5-92Mass Defect 5-55 Soddy Fajans Group Displacement Law 5-92Nuclear Reactor 5-56 Radioactive Disintegration andRadioactivity 5-56 Half-life Period 5-92Photoelectric Effect 5-57 Nuclear Energy 5-92Cathode Ray, X-rays, Bragg’s Law 5-58 Hydrogen Bomb 5-93CT Scan, Radar, Maser 5-59

Chemical Bond, Types of Chemical Bond 5-94Materials, p-n Junction 5-60 Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond 5-94Transistor 5-61 Theories of Covalent Bonding 5-95Voice Operated Exchange (VOX) 5-61 Van der Waals of Forces 5-96

Superconductivity 5-62 Chemical Reactions, Types of Chemical Reactions 5-97Laser 5-63 Oxidation and Reduction 5-98Types and Applications of Lasers 5-63 Catalysis 5-99

Communication System 5-65

Propagation of Electromagnetic Electrochemical Cell, Battery 5-100Waves 5-65 Corrosion 5-101Microwave Propagation 5-66

Satellite Communication 5-66Acids 5-102

Types, Properties of Acids 5-102Introduction 5-67

Light I : Ray Optics 5-38—5-43


Introduction of Chemistry 5-82—5-83

Light II: Wave Optics 5-44—5-45

Matter and its States 5-83—5-88

Electricity and Magnetism 5-46—5-54

Atomic Structure 5-89—5-91

Modern Physics 5-54—5-59

Radioactivity 5-92—5-93

Formation of Substances 5-94—5-96Electronics 5-60—5-62

Superconductivity and Laser 5-62—5-64 Chemical Reactions and Equation 5-97—5-99

Communication Systems 5-65—5-66 Reaction of Chemistry and Electricity

5-100—5-102

Acids, Bases and Salts 5-102—5-105

Nanotechnology 5-67—5-69

Chemistry

Bases 5-103

pH Scale and pH Value 5-103 Soaps and Detergents 5-129Salts 5-104 Agricultural Chemistry 5-130

Chemicals in Medicines 5-131

Fertilizers 5-131Solutions 5-106Dyes 5-131Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 5-106Plastics 5-132

Some Fibers and their Monomers 5-132Colloids 5-107 Fuels and Flame 5-132Emulsions, Gel 5-108 Ceramics, Propellants, Cosmetics 5-134Thermodynamics 5-108

Air 5-135Mendeleef’s Periodic Table (1869) 5-109 Atomospheric Pollution 5-136Modern Periodic Table 5-109 Particulates, Smog 5-137Valency, Atomic Size, Electron Affinity (EA) 5-110 Stratospheric Pollution 5-137Electronegativity, Metallic Character 5-111

Metals 5-112

Non-Metals 5-113

Metallurgy 5-113

Refining of Metal 5-114

Introduction 5-155Hydrogen 5-115 Characteristics of Living Beings 5-155Compounds of Hydrogen 5-116 Classification 5-156

Kingdom-Monera 5-156

Structure of Bacteria 5-157Elements of Group I 5-117Virus 5-158Elements of Group-IB 5-117Kingdom-Protista 5-159Elements of Group II 5-117Kingdom-Fungi 5-159Elements of Group II B, IIIA, IVA 5-118Kingdom-Plantae 5-160Compound of Carbon 5-119Thallophyta 5-161

Brophyta 5-161

Tracheophyta 5-162Elements of Group 17 (VIIA), Group 18 5-120

Kingdom-Animalia 5-163Elements of Zero Group 5-121

The Cell 5-168Hydrocarbons 5-122

Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Homologous Series 5-122

Cells (T) 5-168

Difference between Plant and Animal Cells (T) 5-168Vitamins 5-123 Structural Organisation of Cell 5-169Sources and Deficiency Diseases (T) 5-124 Cell Organelles 5-169Minerals 5-124 Cell Organelles, their Discoverer and Functions (T) 5-170Beverages and Tobacco 5-125 Chromosomes 5-171

Nucleic Acid 5-172

Difference between DNA and RNA (T) 5-172

Cell Division 5-172Biomolecules 5-126

Carbohydrate 5-126

Proteins 5-127 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance 5-175Bioactive Compounds 5-128 Mutation 5-177

Genetic Disorder 5-178

Chemistry in Human Life 5-129—5-135

True Solutions 5-106—5-107

Colloids and Thermodynamics 5-107—5-107

Environmental Chemistry 5-135—5-139Classification of Elements 5-109—5-112

Scientific Explanations 5-140Metals, Non-Metals and their Extraction Important Tables 5-141

5-112—5-115Objective Question Bank 5-143—5-154

Biology : An Introduction and Classification

5-155—5-167Hydrogen and Its Compounds 5-115—5-116

Chemistry of Element I 5-117—5-119

Chemistry of Element II 5-120—5-121

Cell : The Unit of Life 5-168—5-174Organic Compounds 5-122—5-123

Food Chemistry 5-123—5-126

Biomolecules and Bioactive Compounds

5-126—5-128

Genetics 5-175—5-181

Biology

Elements of Group, 15 (VA), Group 16 (VIA) 5-120

Linkage 5-179 Sense Organs 5-219

Nucleic Acid 5-179 Reproductive System 5-221

Protein Synthesis 5-181 Human Reproductive System 5-221

Plant Reproduction 5-223

Origin of Life 5-182

Biological Evolution 5-182 Congenital, Acquired, Communicable Diseases 5-226

Theories of Organic Evolution 5-182 Some Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria (T),

Lamarckism and Darwinism 5-183 Fungi, Protozoans 5-227

Human Evolution 5-184 Viral Diseases of Human Beings (T) 5-227

Some Vaccines and their Doses (T) 5-228

AIDS 5-228Nutrition in Plants 5-186Some Human Diseases Caused by Worms (T) 5-229Essential Elements for Nutrition in Plants 5-187Non- Communicable Diseases 5-230Nitrogen Fixation 5-187Disease of Human Body (T) 5-233Photosynthesis 5-187Immune Response 5-233Nutrition in Animals 5-189Types of Antibodies (T) 5-233Nutrients 5-189Drugs 5-234Minerals 5-191

Vitamins 5-191

Applications of Biotechnology 5-236

Some Common Bacterial Antibiotic Applications 5-237

Human Genome Project (HGP) 5-238Plant Anatomy 5-193

Genetic Engineering 5-238Types of Simple Permanent Tissue (T) 5-193

Cloning 5-238Plant Morphology 5-195

Stem Cells 5-240Differences between Dicot and Monocot Root (T) 5-195

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) 5-241Differences between Stem and Root (T) 5-196

Gene Therapy 5-241Inflorescence 5-196

DNA Profiling/Finger Printing 5-243Flower 5-197

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 5-244Fruits 5-197

Artificial DNA 5-244Seeds 5-198

Medical Biotechnology 5-245Edible Parts of some Important Fruits (T) 5-198

Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer 5-248Animal Tissues 5-199

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) 5-248Epithelial Tissues 5-199

Biostimulators 5-249Connective Tissues 5-200

Environmental Biotechnology 5-250Blood 5-201

Lymph 5-202Cereals 5-251Muscular Tissues 5-203Non-Alcoholic Beverages 5-252Nervous Tissues 5-203Fibre Plants 5-252

Some Important Species and their Constituents (T) 5-253Human Digestive System 5-204

Sugar and Oil Yielding Plants 5-253Respiration System 5-206

Medicines, their Sources and Uses 5-254Cellular Respiration 5-206

Respiratory Organs of Some Animals (T) 5-207Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) 5-255Circulatory System 5-208Agricultural Research Centre (ARC) 5-256Circulation in Plants 5-210Agronomy 5-256Plant-Water Relation 5-210Seed Science 5-258Excretory System 5-212Agroforestry 5-259 Excretory Organs of Human (T) 5-212Green Manure 5-262Human Skeletal System 5-213

Nervous System 5-214

Endocrine System 5-217 Buffaloes, Cow 5-263Diseases Caused by Hormonal Irregularities (T) 5-219 Sheeps and Goats 5-264

Evolution 5-182—5-185

Health and Diseases 5-226—5-235

Nutrition 5-186—5-192

Biotechnology 5-236—5-251

Organisation of Living Organisms

5-193—5-203

Economic Botany 5-251—5-254

Animal and Plant systems 5-204—5-225

Agriculture Science 5-255—5-262

Animal Husbandry 5-263—5-267

Pig and Camels 5-265 Robotics in India 5-312

Embryo Transfer 5-266 Information Technology 5-313

Some Important Animal Diseases (T) 5-266 Important Schemes in the Area of

Black Quarter 5-266 Information Technology 5-313

Cyber Crime 5-314

Artificial Intelligence 5-315Poultry, Eggs 5-268

Fisheries 5-269

Some Freshwater Fishes (T) 5-269 Television 5-316

Apiculture 5-270 Evolution of Television in India 5-316

Sericulture 5-271 Types of Television 5-316

Cable Television Network 5-318

Television Technology 5-320

Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) 5-322

Mobile Operating Systems 5-323

Generations of Mobile Phone 5-323

Zeroth Generation 5-323History of computer 5-290 1G : Analog Cellular Networks 5-324Classification of Computer 5-292 2G : Digital Networks 5-324Hardware 5-295 3G : High Speed IP Data Networks 5-324Software 5-298 4G : Growth of Mobile Broadband 5-324Data Representation 5-300 5G : Wireless Systems 5-324Computer Languages 5-303 Other Modes of Communication 5-325Computer Networks 5-304 Channel Access Methods 5-325Network Topology 5-304 Optical Fibre 5-327Computer Worms and Viruses 5-304 Wireless Communication 5-327

Mobile Telephony 5-327

Mobile Surveillance 5-327Important Techniques of Internet 5-308Cell Phone/Internet in India 5-309Mobile Phone Jammer 5-327Cloud Computing 5-310Government Policies 5-328Social Networking Sites 5-311Computer Personalities 5-329Web Search Engine 5-311Objective Question Bank 5-336Robotics 5-311

Economic Zoology 5-268—5-270

Communication System 5-316—5-328

Appendix 5-272—5-273

Objective Question Bank 5-274 — 5-289

Computer : An Introduction 5-290—5-307

Internet 5-308—5-315

Computer and IT

1. National Scene 7-5—7-12

2. World Affairs 7-13—7-21

3. Summits/ Conferences 7-22—7-24

4. India and World 7-25—7-31

5. Awards/ Prizes 7-32—7-37

6. Economy, Banking and Business 7-38—7-42

7. Science and Technology 7-43—7-46

8. Defence and Security 7-47—7-50

9. Health and Nutrition 7-51—7-53

10. Environment and Ecology 7-54—7-56

11. Agriculture 7-57—7-58

12. Sports 7-59—7-64

13. Latest General Knowledge 7-65—7-71

14. Objective Question Bank 7-72—7-80

Current Affairs

Crack Sets (1-10), General Studies Paper - I 8-1—8-80

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