general standards/core exam prep - university of florida · pesticide terms •solubility –refers...
TRANSCRIPT
General Standards/CoreExam Prep
Prepared by Michelle Atkinson, Environmental Horticulture AgentUF/IFAS Manatee County
Disclaimer
The use of trade names in this presentation is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition.
The Law and Pesticide Application
Principles of Pesticides and Pest Control
Understanding Pesticide Labeling
Pesticide Formulations
Pesticides and the Environment
Personal Safety & Personal Protective Equipment
Transportation, Storage and Security, and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes
Overview
Private Applicator
• Definition: applies or supervises application of Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) for the purpose of producing an agricultural commodity on his /her property.
• Exams
• CORE
• Private
• Cost: $100 valid for 4 years
CEUS
• 4 CORE & 4 Private
• CEUs available• Classes
• Online
RecertificationRe-take examsCEUs continuing education units
Pesticide Law
THE LABEL IS THE LAW
The following statement will appear on every pesticide label:
“It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.”
FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for pesticide registration
• Re-registration to ensure that older chemistries meet current health and safety standards
• Can stop sale of use of any pesticide
Florida Pesticide Law
Three laws govern pesticide applicator licensing in Florida:
Chapter 338 – Public Health/ Mosquito Control
Chapter 482 – Pest Control Operators & Structural
Chapter 487 – Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs)
License Types• Private Applicator - applies restricted pesticides to ag
commodities on his establishment - CANNOT apply to another operation on a for-hire basis
• Commercial – For hire, contractor
• Public Applicator – Government employees
Classification Of Pesticides
• There are two classifications of pesticides under FIFRA
• Unclassified
• Restricted Use (RUPs)
• If it could cause harm to humans or to the environment unless it is applied by trained applicators
• Can only be purchased and used by certified applicators• Often, different formulations of the same active ingredient
have different classifications
Principles of Pesticides and Pest Control
Four Main Pest Categories
• Insects
• Disease
• Vertebrate
• Weeds
Cultural
Physical - Mechanical
Biological
Chemical
Plant Selection for Site &
Pest Resistance, Sanitation,
Watering/Pruning/Fertilizing,
Diversity
Exclusion, Physical removal:
Insects - traps, barriers, wash
Weeds - mulch, till, hoe, pull
Diseases - prune
Microbial: products are living organism
bacteria, fungi, nematode & virus
Biological: Conservation and augmentation
of parasites, predators, & pathogens
Biochemical: hormones, enzymes,
pheromones, insect growth regulators (IGRs)
Products of Microbes: Bt, abamectin, spinosad
Hard Chemical: Direct toxins, kill on contact, by ingestion or
fumigation, broad-spectrum – carbamates, organophosphates
Softer on environment : soaps, oils, diatomaceous earth,
neem
ToxicityReactive
Proactive
Integrated Pest Management (IMP) for Pests
Biological control
Lady beetle larva
Green lacewing larva
Big-eyed bug
Biological Control • Relies on natural mechanisms to control pests like insects, mites,
fungi or weeds
• Often directed at pests that are not native to a geographical area
• Laws have been enacted that control bringing natural enemies into the U.S.
• Biological control does NOT work well with pesticides that kill the control agent
Mechanical Control
• Traps
• Screens
• Barriers
Using a plow to control weeds is a type of mechanical control called
Cultivation
Cultural Control• Crop rotation
• Variety Selection
• Timing of planting and harvesting
• Water and fertilizer management
• Burning
• Trap crops Squash as a trap crop for Silverleaf Whiteflies on
tomatoes
Genetic Control or Host ResistancePlants and animals bred or selected to resist specific pest problems
Pesticides- a large part of pest management programs
Mode of Action- the way in which a pesticide works
Chemical Control
Sometimes chemical methods may be your only option
Contact verses Systemic Pesticides
• Contact – kills on contact
• Systemic – taken into blood/sap and transported to other parts
Types of Chemical Control
Chemical Control Terms
• Persistent – remains active (effective) for a period of time after application (DDT, Chlordane)
• Non-persistent – breaks down quickly after it has been applied (Orthene)
• Non-selective – kill a wide variety of pests (fumigants)
• Selective – kill only certain species or affect only a certain development stage (herbicides for broadleafs or ovicides)
Chemical Control Terms
Eradication is not always possible, & can be expensive, so
Suppression became an acceptable practice
• Suppression means “reducing the number of pests to a
level where the harm they cause is acceptable or tolerable”
The last thing a
bug ever sees
Regulatory Control
Used to control pests that seriously endanger public health or are likely to cause widespread damage to agricultural crops, animals, forests, or ornamental plants
• Quarantine: a process designed to prevent entry of pests into pest free areas
• Eradication: necessary in some regulatory situations and may be achieved by intensive area-wide spray programs and intensive monitoring
• Still in place today
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
The 5 major steps in IPM are:1. Pest ID2. Monitoring the population3. Developing a goal4. Putting IPM to work5. Evaluating the result
Identify pests properly
Monitor and scout pests
Determine action
guidelines
Prevent pest problems
Use different IPM practices
together
The FIRST Step is Always…
Identify
the
Pest (accurately)
Deciding if Control is Necessary
• Action Threshold: the pest level at which some level of action should be taken. Based on aesthetic, health or economics
• Economic Threshold: type of action threshold where economic losses of pest damage are greater than the cost of control
Pest Control Failures?
• Incorrect pest ID wrong pesticide
• Pesticide applied at life stage that was not susceptible
• Pest resistance• Using one pesticide in the same situation, against the
same pest, repeatedly• Rotating chemical classes of pesticides may reduce
development of pest resistance• Using pesticides with multiple sites of toxicity in an
organism may reduce resistance
Evaluate the Results
Understanding the Pesticide Label
Pesticide Labeling
• The label is the information printed on or attached to the containerEVERY pesticide label will bear this statement: KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN
• Labeling includes the label plus all other information you receive from the manufacturer when you buy it
Signal Words indicate how acutely toxic the active ingredient is by ingestion
• Caution – Slightly toxic
• Warning – Moderately toxic
• Danger – Highly toxic
Must have both Danger signal word and skull & crossbones symbol if likely to cause acute illness through swallowing, skin absorption or breathing in dusts or vapors.
Pesticide Labeling
• Brand name or Trade name• PendiPro
• Common Name• Pendimethalin
• Chemical Name• N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-
2,6-dinitrobenzenamine
Pesticide Labeling
Environmental Information/Hazards
• Potential hazards
• Precautions needed to prevent injury or damage to non-target organisms or the environment
• Example Statements:
• “This product is highly toxic to honeybees”
• “This product is extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates”
• “Do not apply where runoff is likely to occur”
• “This product poses a threat to groundwater”Global Harmonized System
• A pesticide may only be used on the plants, animals or sites on the label
• It is illegal to apply a pesticide to a site not listed on the label
• Pesticides can be combined unless the unless the label directs not to
Pesticide Labeling
Safety Data Sheets SDS
• Required by OSHA for any chemical determined to be hazardous
• Provides chemical handlers with proper procedures for handling and working with the chemical
• There should be a copy of each product’s SDS that a business uses on file
Pesticide Labeling
Pesticide Formulations
The mixture of active and inert ingredients• The active ingredient is the part of the formulation that
controls the target pest• Inerts make the product easier to handle, measure, apply, etc.• Solvents dissolve the pesticide’s active ingredient
Pesticide Formulations
Adjuvants:
• Substances used with pesticides to enhance performance (ex. Surfactants, spreaders, stickers: cause the pesticide to better adhere to foliage)
• They do not possess pesticidal activity
• Pesticide performance can be altered if the wrong adjuvant is used
Pesticide Formulations
Common Formulation Types
Dry
• D = Dusts – ready to use, applied dry and can easily drift offsite
• Sprayable
• WP – Wettable powders - require the most agitation may be
abrasive to spray equipment
• WG or WDG – Water dispersible granule or dry flowables -are
like wettable powders except instead of being dustlike, they are
formulated as small, easily measured granules
Pesticide Formulations
Pesticide Formulations
Common Formulation Types
Liquid Sprayable
• SL – Soluble Concentrate
• SC – Suspension Concentrate
• EC – Emulsifiable Concentrate
• ME - Microemulsion
• OD – Oil Dispersion
• CS – Microencapsulated Particles
Other Formulations• WSP= water soluble packets; present the LEAST amount of mixing and loading
hazards of the dry formulations
• M = microencapsulated pesticides – solid or liquid particles covered with a plastic coating
• Attractants
• Impregnated products
• Repellents
• Animal systemics
• Pesticide/fertilizer combinations
• Fumigants
Pesticide Formulations
Compatibility
• Combining different pesticides in the same tank is legal and can save time, money etc. as long as the label says it’s okay to mix
• Care must be taken when combing pesticides because combinations can cause: • Phytotoxicity • Changes in physical and chemical components of the mixture• Increase residues
Pesticide Formulations
HOW MUCH A.I. IS THERE?
• If you have a 50 lb bag of an 20% SG, how much A.I. is in the bag?
• 20% = .20• .20 x 50 = 10 lbs A.I
Pesticide Formulations
Pesticides and the Environment
Pesticide Movement
• Drift – off-site pesticide movement through the air, commonly caused by application in windy conditions. One of the primary causes of damage to crops and animals in adjacent areas
• Viscosity: thickness of a substance; resistance to flow
• Pesticides can enter water through:• Drift, leaching, runoff
• Spills, leaks, back-siphoning from mix/load sites (check valve on fill hose)
• Improper disposal of pesticides, rinsates, containers
Pesticide Terms
Pesticide Terms
• Solubility – refers to how easily a pesticide dissolves in a solvent
• Persistence – how fast or slow a pesticide breaks down which relates to how long it remains in the environment. Selecting pesticides that are not persistent and that bind tightly to soil particles is a good way to reduce groundwater contamination. Persistence is measured in terms of half-life.
• Residue – The part of a pesticide that remains in the environment
• Tolerance - The maximum amount of a pesticide that may remain on or in raw agricultural commodities
• Volatility – Evaporating rapidly; turning easily into a gas or vapor
Pesticide Movement
Protecting Groundwater
• Remember that one way to prevent pesticide contamination of a water source while mixing and loading is to maintain an air gap between the water supply hose and the highest water level in the spray tank
• Anti-siphon devices prevent back-siphoning and water source contamination;
• Locate pesticide storage and mix/load sites at least 100 feet from wells, springs, etc.
• Use containment pads while mixing/loading near water sources
Pesticide Movement
Non-Target Organisms & Sensitive Areas
• Sensitive Areas, Non-Target Plants and Animals, Beneficial Insects
• Most injuries occur from the direct effects of acute poisoning.
• Drift is one of the primary causes of damage to non-target plants.
• Granular or pelleted formulations should NOT be used when avoiding injury to birds
• Most livestock poisoning occurs when feed or water is directly contaminated
• Secondary poisoning is a condition in which non-target predators are harmed from feeding on dead animals containing residues
Pesticide Movement
Personal Safety and PPE
Toxicity is the ability of a pesticide to
cause harm
Toxicity x Exposure = Hazard
Toxicity depends on:
• type & amount of active ingredient
• type & amount of inert ingredients
• type and amount of carrier
• type of formulation
Personal Safety
Pesticide Exposure
Oral
• Not washing hands, splashing when pouring
Inhalation
• Prolonged contact in non ventilated room, breathing vapors
Ocular
• Splashing, drift, rubbing eyes
Dermal
(most likely)
• Not washing hands, drift, splashing
Exposure- when a pesticide comes into contact with a
surface or an organism
Personal Safety
Slide courtesy Northeast Green Team Commercial Horticulture Group
When you get conflicting advice about PPE you
should follow the advice of…
The label – lists the
minimum PPE
required
Personal Safety
Personal Safety
Photo credit: FFL GIBMP
Hands and forearms are most likely part of body to receive exposure, especially by handlers
Protecting Yourself• Minimum - long sleeved shirt, long legged pants Coveralls - should fit loosely
to allow more air space between clothing layers or between clothing and skin
• Hand & Foot protection – most exposure is on hands and forearms. For jobs in which arms are mostly raised, tuck sleeves inside gloves and pant legs outside boots. Leather and canvas gloves absorb pesticides
• Head & Neck protection – plastic safari hat with plastic sweatbands, not cloth
• Eye Protection - use of goggles, shields and safety glasses. Labels of concentrates would be most likely to require eyewear
PPE
Maintaining PPE
• Disposable PPE is not meant to be reused
• Even if PPE is reusable, it is smart to replace gloves on a regular basis
• Wash contaminated PPE separate from family laundry with a heavy duty detergent and hot water
PPE
If you are exposed to
pesticides, clean yourself up
FIRST then worry about the
site (After you contain the spill)
• Wash all affected areas with
soap and water
Personal Safety
Exposure • Cholinesterase: an enzyme important to a person’s nervous system
• Cholinesterase can be disrupted by use of orgophosphate or carbamate pesticides
• Often, employers monitor cholinesterase levels in pesticide handlers
• If a person’s cholinesterase levels fall below their baseline, the recommendation is to wait until they build back up to normal levels
Personal Safety
First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning
• First – Stop the source of exposure
• In the eyes – rinse quickly but gently with clean water for 15 minutes or more
• If inhaled, get victim to fresh air and give artificial respiration if needed
• In mouth or swallowed – rinse mouth, but give water and/or induce vomiting only if label instructs
• If on the skin, wash the affected area including hair with water and soap, then rinse well
Personal Safety
Fires• Oils and petroleum pesticides are highly flammable & explosive
• Vapors can be harmful
• Pesticides maybe highly flammable or explosive
• Water runoff from the fire may contain highly toxic chemicals
• Pesticides maybe present in soil and debris following a fire
Personal Safety
DISPOSAL, TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE
Transportation
• Never carry pesticides in the passenger compartment of a vehicle
• Never stack containers higher than the sides of the vehicle
• Secure pesticide containers • All labels and SDS sheets should be
kept in the vehicle
Pesticide Storage
•Keep in original containers, keep securely closed when not in use
•Bags of powders, dusts etc. should be placed into bags or other suitable containers to avoid moisture absorption
•Large drums and heavy bags should be placed on pallets
•Liquids should be stored on metal NOT wooden shelving
•Keep labels legible
•If container is damaged, it’s best to use the pesticide immediately at labeled site and rate
•Do NOT store PPE in the same room as your pesticides
•Most important feature: Keep LOCKED!
Rinse 3 times “triple rinse” then puncture
container and recycle or throw away properly
http://www.stewardshipcommunity.com/
Apply to a site approved on the pesticide labelTriple rinse pesticide containers before disposal. You may drain rinsates from containers into spray tanks to be applied.
Try to apply leftover products to avoid accumulations
Operation Cleansweep1-877-851-5285
Old or outdated products should be handled as hazardous waste
Disposal
Application Equipment
Sprayers: The most common type of equipment used to apply pesticides
• Tanks- agitators constantly mix pesticides in the tank
• Pumps: roller pumps are most common
• Nozzles: classified by spray pattern and droplet size
Granular Applicators
Mixing and loading should be done in a closed system to prevent pesticides from coming in contact with handlers
Calibration
• Sprayers and other equipment must be calibrated before use
• Calibration - the process of measuring and adjusting the amount of pesticide your equipment applies or delivers to a specific area
• 3 factors that affect sprayer application rate• Travel speed
• Nozzle size
• Spray Pressure
Michelle Atkinson, Environmental Horticulture Agent UF/IFAS Manatee County Extension Service
Email: [email protected]