Short Note

General Report on ICCAS 79 Strathclyde

Dr. K.J. MacCal lum Department of Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XH, Scotland

Editor's Comment: ICCAS 79 Strathclyde was the Third International Conference on the Application of Computers in the Auto- mation of Shipyard Operations and Ship Design. The Conference was sponsored by IFIP and IFAC, and Dr. MacCallum served as Chairman of the Local Organising Committee.

Keywords." Shipyard automation, ship design automation, computer-aided ship design, graphic ship tech- nology, ship technology, man-machine com- munication, ICCAS.

"It is an honour to welcome such a large and distinguished gathering o f 271 delegates from 26 different countries to this ICCAS 79 Conference at Strathclyde University. My first thought, when I heard there were to be 271 delegates, was one of great pride and satisfaction to be associated with an industry like shipbuilding which, whilst going through probably its greatest crisis in world history, can, nevertheless, raise such tremendous enthusiasm and interest amongst those who serve it".

In this way Dr. A.R. Belch, Chairman of the Lithgow Group, introduced the Keynote Speech of the Third International Conference on Computer Applications in Ship Technology (ICCAS 79). The Conference was held from the 18th to the 21st of June, 1979, on the Campus of the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, being organised by the Department of Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture and sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing, IFIP. The two previous ICCAS Conferences, held respectively in 1973 in Tokyo and in 1976 in Gothenburg, had demonstrated

© North-Holland Publishing Company Computer in Industry 1 (1980) 201-208

the vast amount of energy invested in computer developments in ship design and production through- out the world. It had become quite a challenge to hold a third conference in a period of depression, when it might be expected that developments had slowed down. The response world-wide, however, was tremendous. The International Programme Com- mittee, chaired by Professor C. Kuo, selected 43 papers from over 80 high-quality submissions- clearly demonstrating that work was proceeding with an increased momentum. The overall aims of the Conference were defined by the Programme Commit- tee, who in turn developed an organisation which encouraged retrieving the greatest benefit from the exchange of information. In parallel with the techni- cal programme, an exhibition of computer hardware, software and services related to ship technology was organised. This proved to be a major feature of ICCAS 79.

Of course a full and extensive social programme was also organised to encourage delegates to bring their spouses with them. This proved highly success- ful, with full advantage being taken of three of the hottest days of the year.

1. Technical Programme

The 43 technical papers to be presented were grouped into five topic areas: • Computer-Aided Ship Design • Computer-Aided Ship Production • Information Systems for Shipbuilding • Graphics and Man/Machine Communication in Ship

Technology • General Topics in Ship Technology Because of time-limitations, the subjects were arranged to run in two, and sometimes three, parallel sessions. In each session considerable time was allowed for questions and discussion, control of this being left with a panel of very able and distinguished chairmen.

201

202 Short Notes

The real discussions and aims of the Conference, however, were developed in a series of four Work- shop Sessions. In these, two or three well-known people presented short theme-papers to provide a basis for discussion with the audience. The Workshop Sessions were on: • Effectiveness and Economics o f Computing • Design and Implementation o f Computer-Aided

Systems • Computer-Assisted Teaching/Training • Management o f Change The results of these Workshops were stimulating and very relevant.

1.1. Technical Papers

Appendix A shows a complete list of the technical papers presented at the Conference. From this will be seen the great range of work which has been tackled since the 1976 Conference.

In the General Topics session, one of the themes which emerged was the use of simulation techniques. The type of simulation used, however, and the role it had to play was different in each case, and the presentations provided an interesting contrast to one another. Kakamoukas examined the role of time- based simulation for modelling a ship's operating pattern for design studies. The emphasis was on the variation with time of operation and costs and the consequent effect on overall economics. This was illustrated by several examples. MacCallum, however, showed the importance of introducing statistically- based data in early design studies of service ships, i.e., ships providing a service to larger systems. The example was given of supply ships. Hoffman's * approach was to provide more detailed modelling tools which would allow improved study of ships' motions due to weather and their effect on the performance of the ship. The use of such a set of tools can be directed towards (i) pre-analysis of vessel operability (ii) on-line monitoring and simulation, or (iii) shore-based management control. Within the same overall subject-area, Martin and Moore presented the importance of a Product Information System, that is a unified product model describing the ship to be built. The information is to be created and used by design groups and production planners. The

structure of such a system was described. The bene- fits are claimed to be reduced design-time and improved imformation for production.

A significant number of papers in the session on Computer-Aided Ship Design were concerned with the definition and use of" mathematical hull surfaces. Dr. I.M. Yuille added to his papers to the RINA with one concerned particularly with the design of hull forms. This is based on rectangular arrays of Coon's patches. Professor Munchmeyer * of the University of Hawaii described work performed with tile Tech- nical University of Berlin on the use of B-splines in the interactive development of ship hull forms. Other surface-work presented considered tire use of mesh- transformations. Within the area of computer-aided ship design emphasis was also placed on ship resis- tance and powering, and on strength calculations. Both papers in the latter area emphasised the current trend towards using desk-top computers as the main calculation device. In the first, a complete range of programs for strength and vibration in use in Den- mark was presented; in the second, the paper was concerned principally with the torsion of ships. In both cases, however, the value and future of desk-top computing was clearly established.

Perhaps the most important concept in the session on Computer-Aided Ship Production was tire com- bination of computer-aided design with computer- aided manufacture (CAD/CAMJ. Typical of this was the paper on SCAFO by the Ship Research and Development Department of Italcantieri. This paper showed the development of a computer-based system which linked many of the functions already performed by FORAN and AUTOKON. On the design side, SCAFO is concerned with the definition of overall hull-geometry and structural definition. Internal structural detailing can be performed auto- matically and drawings of structural parts can be pro- duced at any stage. To assist in the manufacturing side, the system can produce workshop documenta- tion and parts lists for ordering or processing. Several other papers presented work in a similar vein and clearly showed some of the more inrportant develop- ments in computer-aided production.

Another group of papers addressed themselves to the problems of pipework production. Two of these showed some current work being performed in British yards. One, from Scott's Engineering, reported on a computerbased pipework analysis and the conclusions

* [See the State-of-the-Art section of the present issue of COMPUTERS IN INDUSTRY]. * [See COMPUTERS IN INDUSTRY, Vol. 1, Nr. 2.]

K.J. MaeCallum / 1CCAS 79 Strathelyde 203

which were drawn with respect to production activi- ties and designing for production. The second paper, from Vickers Shipbuilding, described a system for dimensional and detail take-off from three-dimen- sional models. This has been used successfully for presenting information to pipework production and installation departments. As a result of the success of this development the same approach is being extended to other engineering disciplines such as machinery and equipment-arrangement.

Perhaps one of the more significant developments in computing in recent years has been the apprecia- tion of the importance of the computer as an information machine and the consequent structuring of problems as information systems. Not a little inter- est was generated, therefore, in the session on Information Systems in Shipbuilding. In the event, one surprising feature of the papers was the great range of tasks in which information systems had become important. These covered:

Shipyard Management Production Control Production Definition Spatial Design Ship Maintenance Workshop Control Structural Classification

In most of these, as would be expected, emphasis was put on the total range of data to be used, the design of the data base, and the collection and presentation of data, For example, the papers on maintenance information and on structural data clearly identified the data-set being considered and paid attention to the structuring of that data. However, some papers were more concerned with the processes being performed on data and were not, therefore, able to demonstrate the integration of systems which was desired.

On the shipyard side, one paper, by Captain Sisson, looked at the development of a management information system in U.S. Naval Yards. This paper follows earlier papers to previous ICCAS Conferences, but shows more recent thinking in this area. While it would appear that the implementation has been halted, it is clear that the detailed design study has already brought benefits to the yards involved.

The last session, on Graphics and Communications in Ship Technology, brought together a group of papers where the stress was on man/machine inter- action. Predictably, a number of papers looked at the use of interactive graphics terminals. In contrast,

however, to previous conferences where their use was proposed, they have clearly now become a well-used part of established systems. The idea of using graphics devices for plate-nesting appeared a number of times: in each case practical systems being described in which the graphics device was only part of a larger system. Typical of the progress being made is the paper describing the British Ship Research Associa- tion's GOLD system for Geometric On-Line Defini- tion which has now almost completely replaced earlier parts-programming languages. Other areas which have lent themselves to an interactive approach are finite-element modelling, curve-manipulation and digitising.

A more general approach, and one which holds promise for the future, is apparent in the deisgn of a graphics workstation presented by the C|IR in Nor- way. In this paper the hardware and software require- ments for workstations were discussed and an example-system for steel design presented. In looking to the future, however, a paper which stands out is that from Professor Fujita of the University of Tokyo. In this paper, a sequel to one in ICCAS 76, the approach being taken to research into automatic production machines is described. It is clear that Japan is already some way in advance of this country [Scotland], at least, in research into automation and industrial robotics. There is surely a message in that for research groups in the West.

1.2. Workshops

The Workshops, where the aim was to encourage a free interchange of ideas, turned out to be one of the highlights on the technical side of the Conference. Workshop topics had been selected to reflect the overall Conference aims, and to tackle problems known to be of current interest. The first of these, Effectiveness and Economics of Computing, was directed at the implications of recent computer-hard- ware developments on the development of technical systems. The principal speakers were Y. Hattori and J.M. Hee. From the papers and the discussion follow- ing, it was clear that the microcomputer, in the form of a desktop computer, has already made a significant impact on technical computing. While it was recognised that large main-frame and multi-user computers still have a role to play in some areas, it was felt that we are only beginning to determine the scope for micros, either as free-standing calculators or as part of a larger, loosely-connected network. The

204 Short Notes

importance, however, of good software was empha- sised, and there is still some way to go before soft- ware development has reached a satisfactory stage for general CAD systems.

It was this latter theme which was continued and developed in the second workshop, on the Design and Implementation o f CAD Systems, with themepapers from W. Horsham and F. Lillehagen *. The practical experience of BSRA in developing SFOLDS was clearly illustrated, with some considerable stress being put on the problems of program-portability. The use of FORTRAN in no way way guarantees that pro- grams and packages can be easily transferred, and the secret here is good advance planning and system design. Documentation and communication are two other aspects vital to good systems' development. The use of these ideas in more general CAD systems was also discussed. LiUehagen gave a pointer to the future when he discussed CAD generation systems and the software needed for this. Although ideas are now becoming fiimly established, it is obvious that considerable research-effort needs to be devoted to this area.

The third Workshop was concerned with the use o f the computer as an educational aid in ship technol- ogy. Theme-papers were given by D.F. Rogers and C. Kuo. In a stimulating session Rogers outlined some of his experiences at the U.S. Naval Academy and con- cluded that: "The computer is no longer magic. It is a tool and should be treated in no way different from any other tool used in education" He con- sidered that the manner and style in whic~ computers will be integrated into education is a direct function of the type, level of sophistication, and availability of computer equipment. While there was little disagree- ment on this point, Professor Kuo pointed out the need for suitable staff to deal with computer-aided teaching systems and to guide students. At the same time he presented a general model for the introduc- tion of computer studies into teaching/training courses based on his experience at Strathclyde.

In many ways, the final Workshop was the most crucial. The subject of the "Management o f Change'" is one very close to the heart of many managers in industry. Indeed computers in shipbuilding must provide one of the finest examples of the problems involved and some of the solutions available. Theme- papers were given by J. Smit, K. Homgren and A.W.

* [See the Applications section of the present issue of COM- PUTERS IN INDUSTRY.]

Ruys. As would be expected, some of the discussion centered on the human aspects of change: the need for retraining, the careful planning and discussion required, and the difficulty of getting good and accurate input while making new output easily under- stood. Discussion, however, was also concerned with the difficulties of selecting and justifying computer systems. It was pointed out that there are problems in using the normal investment criteria in justifying computers since very often the benefits are difficult to quantify and many of the costs are hidden. The future would seem to be even more complex, although important issues are the introduction of interaction, design of input and output, data valida- tion, and education and retraining.

2. Exhibition

The Exhibition running in conjunction with tile Conference proved to be an exciting adjunct to the technical sessions. Altogether, eighteen companies, some of which had never previously exhibited, displayed equipment or software which was highly pertinent to the shipbuilding field (Appendix B). Many of the displays reflected themes already present in the Conference - such as graphics, mini- and desk- top computing, plate-nesting, design, and production control.

A.&P. Appledore International, one of the world's leading shipbuilding consultancy organisa- tions showed on-line versions of two SPCS (Ship Pro- duction Control System) modules, CORPLAN and OUTFITPARTS, concerned with corporate planning and outfit material control respectively. These two modules demonstrated the system's ability to handle problems at both ends of the managerial spectrum.

Benson Electronics Ltd., CalComp Ltd. and Versatec Electronics Ltd. were all exhibiting com- puter drafting equipment. Benson showed two model from their wide range of computer drafting machines operating in off-line mode by connection to Benson magnetic tape units and cassette. They produced drawings from various customers' applica- tion tapes. CalComp demonstrated a high-speed multi-pen plotter, an electrostatic plotter/printer and a small digitizer, from their large range of equipment. In addition, the company offers a full, powerful turn- key interactive graphics system for 2D design and drafting. Versatec showed a range of electrostatic printers and plotters. The units on exhibit ranged

from 11-inch to 36-inch widths capable of producing complete drawings at up to 2 inches per second. An AO drawing can be produced in less than one minute on an appropriate computer. Versatec equipment can also be used as a hardcopy to Tektronix and HP 2648 terminals - examples of that application being demonstrated.

Still on graphics work, Tektronix exhibited part of their range of graphics terminals and computing systems for both the existing and first-time computer graphics user. In particular the new 4027 colour graphic terminal, the new large 4663 interactive digital plotter and FEM 181, off-line finite element modelling system were available for demonstration. Terminal Display Systems Ltd. exhibited the Summa- graphics Datagrid II. This is claimed to be the first truly cost effective computer aided drafting system available in the U.K. Datagrid II consists of a work surface with powered lift pedestal base, free moving cursor, floating keyboard/display console, a castor mounted cabinet enclosing a powerful 16-bit micro- processor and a range of peripheral devices for pro- gram and file storage. A free moving cursor inputs high precision co-ordinate data and multi-word com- mands from a data tablet into an innovative "menu" that allows graphic symbol creation by a mere touch of the cursor.

The British Ship Research Association demon- strated its low-cost interactive graphics station (GOLDIGS), used to demonstrate GOLD (Geometric- On-Line-Definition System) and GOLDNEST, an interactive nesting system. Hull form design using BRITFORM was also demonstrated.

Varvsindustrins Datacentral AB (VDC) was also present, introducing VIP/80, an interactive graphic system for: description of parts, nesting of parts, description of cutting path, generation of workshop information, and verification of N/C code. The work is carried out at a specially designed graphic terminal with functions meeting the requirements of easiness and efficiency. A high degree of automation and smooth interaction gives the required result with a minimum of user actions. Advanced functions, standard geometries, macros, etc., reduce the amount of work at part description to a minimum.

The Ship Research Institute of Norway (NSFI) presented computer-based systems for project/ production management and optimal design of ships and transport system: • PROCAL, an interactive system for preliminary ship

design and cost estimates.

K.J. MacCallum / ICCAS 79 Strathclyde 205

• JOBTIME, an interactive system for detailed plan- ning, job ordering, time registration, reporting and follow-up.

• MAMANS, an interactive materials management system for purchased materials.

• SHIPMODEL, using PROCAL for systematic varia- tion of main dimensions to obtain the most econo- mic ship for a sea transport project.

• SKRIN, an interactive graphic system treating ship hull geometry - connected to standard naval archi- tectural calculations.

The Danish Ship Research Laboratory offered services in the following fields: computer programme development, ship production assistance with EDP software, ship and fishing vessel design, model basin tests for ships and offshore structures, and wind tunnel tests for pressure and suction investigation.

Det norske Veritas (DnV) and Lloyd's Register of Shipping were both present. DnV showed the

development of the PILOT system, an integrated package of programs designed for use on the HP9845A computer. PILOT contains program modules for calculations concerning Veritas Rule applications, preliminary design, hull geometry calculation, statutory requirements and general strength problems. PILOT is designed as a flexible system with facilities for continual updating and extension. Subscribers automatically receive updated program versions, as well as information on the latest additions.

Lloyd's Register (LR) of Shipping demonstrated: the LR PASS system on a desktop computer, a film of LR's advanced computer techniques for data crea- tion and checking, and a variety of computer applica- tions on an interactive display terminal.

These displays re-inforced the three technical papers presented by LR.

Honeywell Information Systems Limited was one of two computer manufacturers present. Scottish- built Honeywell systems were demonstrated at the Exhibition including the level 6 minicomputer and, via terminals, the University of Strathclyde's own powerful Honeywell 6060 system, similar to that in Newport News Shipbuilding, Virginia. These provide a wide range of local and remote services and applica- tion software is used in the shipbuilding industry. International Computers Limited also showed their

206 ShortNotes

strong connection with the U.K. shipbuilding industry, with a display of ship based systems.

Messer Griesheim demonstrated an MG16KM-4 computer-based programming centre with interactive graphic display units. The system permits program- ming of components and nesting using a light-pen technique. Data for individual parts can be stored in memory and called up. In addition to achieving best possible "nesting" of parts and reducing scrap losses, a print-out of valuable information for costing pur- poses is obtained at the end of each run. Fully auto- matic nesting system "ASCO" was also demonstrated. This allows nesting to be carried out by the computer accurately and efficiently and at off-peak times.

Systemshare, who offer the use of computer pro- grams for ship design and operating calculations, were also present. The programs have been devised by leading British research organisations and consultants including BSRA. The programs are used by most major British shipbuilders, many ship design con- sultants and an increasing number of ship owners. The applications of the programs range from concept design through production design to the monitoring of ship stability and loading under operating condi- tions. Lloyd's Register of Shipping LR PASS desktop rule programs are also available on the Systemshare computer.

Finally the University of Strathclyde's own Department of Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture displayed the results of typical research projects together with a video tape showing how undergra- duate students use computers in their course. Current research included computer aided design, graphical nesting, and computer solutions to stability problems. A research index is maintained to inform those out- side the University of work which has been carried out.

While delegates themselves found the Exhibition well worthwhile, the exhibitors were also pleased to be able to meet so many high-quality staff from all over the world in such a short space of time.

3. Social Programme

No conference would be complete without its social programme, and ICCAS 79 was not exception. A series of eight industry visits were arranged for the first day, allowing delegates to visit local shipyards or other industrial complexes. Needless to say, the after- noon visit to a whisky distillery proved most popular.

Following an informal buffer on the first evening, there was a cruise on Loch Lomond on a chartered paddle steamer on the second evening, and the Con- ference Banquet on the third. The Banquet was thoroughly enjoyed by all, the programme including some traditional Scottish entertainment and a speech of welcome to guests by Dr. Belch. The reply on behalf of the guests was given by the President of the RINA, D. Kimber. On the last day, the Lord Provost of Glasgow was host at a luncheon reception in Glas- gow's City Chambers, after which delegates found it difficult to concentrate on the final sessions of the Conference.

The Conference organisers had set themselves the task of attracting sponses and families of delegates and this proved most successful. Over forty sponses and some families from overseas took part in the social events and went on conducted tours of the Trossachs and Edinburgh, while the technical programme was operating. As a measure of the success of the effort, it was even reported that one couple spent their honeymoon at ICCAS 79!

4. Conclusions

Looking back, there is not doubt that ICCAS 79 was a very successful event in all respects. Perhaps the most meaningful comment from one of the delegates was that it was a "happy" conference.

In the closing session, T. John Parker of British Shipbuilders reminded delegates of the real position of world shipbuilding, with few yards escaping unscathed from the recession. However, he went on to emphasise what had already been hinted at by Dr. Belch at the opening, saying, "It is at a time like this that one must take the longer-term view o f invest- ment in new methods, technical innovations and particularly in harnessing the power and usefulness o f the computer . . . there is clearly a definite role for 1CCAS to play in this area" a feeling strongly endorsed by all the delegates.

Thus ICCAS 79 did more than just give people a conference this year: it successfully established a continuing place for ICCAS. tn a message from tFIP, the sponsoring organisation, J. Vlietstra said, "ln 1FIP and IFAC we are now confident that ICCAS has established i tsel f as a continuing event, and I can only hope that the organisers o f the nex t 1CCAS will try to compete with the excellent performance that was displayed here in Glasgow."

K.J. MacCallum / ICCAS 79 Strathclyde 207

Appendix A: List of Technical Papers

GENERAL TOPICS IN SHIP TECHNOLOGY • On-Line Survey Status at American Bureau o f Shipping

K.M. Mole, W.L. Newton III • On the Activities o f Systems Technology and Computer

Application Committee in Shipbuilding (SCCS) o f Japan Y. Akita, J. Suhara, Y. Fujita

• Computer Simulation Modelling for Ship Design Studies K.J. MacCallum

• Integrated Computer Systems for Weather Bound Vessel Operations *

G.L. Petrie, D. Hoffman • A Model for the Realistic Evaluation o f Ship Investment

and Operation C.V. Kakamoukas

• Requirements and Benefits of Integrated Computer Aided Ship Design and Production

D.J. Martin, R.C. Moore

COMPUTER AIDED SHIP DESIGN • 1NDES - A Conversational Information System for Pre-

Contract Ship Design F. Spin~i6, B. Rosovi6, S. Crnjari6

• Interactive Design o f Fair Hull Surfaces Using B-Splines ** F.C. Muchmeyer, C. Schubert, H. Nowacki

• Interactive Program for the Design o f Ship Hull Forms I.M. Yuille

• Ship Surface Design by Transforming Given Mesh Repre- sentations

U. Rabien • Ship Hull Definition by Surface Techniques for Production

Use K. lzumida, Y. Matida

• Computer Aided Design o f Shipboard Electrical Installa- tions

P.M. Attwood • Program System for Multi- Variant Precontract Ship Power

Plant Design M. Wesolowski, A. Jeziorski, M. Molewicz, B. Rozpedek

• Computer System for Ship Propulsive Performance S. Ogiware, M. Namimatsu, M. Ochi, M. Mori

• Methods o f Operations Research in CAO Systems Exempli- fied by Ships

J.A. Jagoda • A Program System for Strength and Vibration Calculations

for Ship Structures P.T. Pedersen, J.J. Jensen

• Torsion o f Ships with Large Deck Openings H.S.Y. Chan

COMPUTER AIDED SHIP PRODUCTION • Experiences with SMD - A CAM-program Package on Mini-

computers B. Arndt

• Numerical Engineering Within Shipbuilding J.S. Collinson, B. Schnabel, T. Gosling

* (See the State-of-the-Art section of the present issue of COMPUTERS 1N INDUSTRY.)

** (See Computers in Industry, Vol. 1, Nr. 2.)

• The Link between Design and the Production Process Asso- ciated with Shipboard hpework Sysems

R.A.M. Hunt • The Development o f a 3-Dimensional Model Take-Off

System K.W. Nichols, D.E. Gilbert, M.R. Smith

,, Computer Aided Design~Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) in French Shipyards

J.P. Esnis • SCAFO, A CAD and CAM Integrated Ssytem from Basic

Design to Assembly R. Di Luca, E. Bais

• Integrated Computer Aided Design and Ship Production Systems

H. Arnold, R. Brunner, J. Blackshaw • Practical Experiences with Semi-Automatic and Automatic

Part Nesting Methods D. B6hme, A Graham

INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR SHIPBUILDING ° Managementlnformation Systems for Shipyards in the 80 's

B.B. Lindberg • On-Line Ship Production Control Systems

T. Devenport, R. Smith • Interactive AUTOKON." Focussing on the Information

System J.F. Mack, J. I/)ian, P. Sqrensen

• The Management Information System for U.S. Naval Ship- yards, Design for the Future

J.A. Sisson • An Associative Ring Structure for Alleviating Spatial Inter-

ferences B.C. Nehrling

• NK Ship Maintenance Information system S. Sato, N. Hikasa

• Workshop Level Information System o f the Steel Structure Production

S. G6tz • Germanischer Lloyd's Data Base System for Ship Structural

Data R.K. Kaube

GRAPHICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN SHIP TECH- NOLOGY • Concise Description and Automatic Finite Element Model-

ling o f Ship Structures with "DEMAIN" J. de Castel, D. Finifter

• Nesting ls More Than a Layout Problem B. Sperling

• Tolerance-Dependent Modelling Approach for Curve Mani- pulation

T.A. Ommundsen • Use o f Standard TV Camera to Digitise Line Drawings

R. Gray, G.K. Henderson, C.B. Besant, A.G. Eagles • The PANSY, An Advanced Interactive Parts Nesting System

Y. Ikeda • New Concepts and DP Ssytems Architecture in HullDetail

Design P. Banda

• An Interactive Geometry Processor for Detail Design and Parts Definition

208 Short Notes

M.N. Parker, A.F. Westrop • Human Consideration in Ship Production and Some Ex-

amples o f Computer Aided Facilities Y. Fujita, Y. Sunagawa

• New Dimensions in Man.Machine Communications *** F.M. Lillehagen, R.F. Riesenfeld, S. Frogner

Appendix B: Exhibiting Organisations

A. & P. Appledore International Benson Electronics Limited British Ship Research Association CalComp Limited CALMA Interactive Graphics Systems

Danish Ship Research Laboratory Det norske Veritas Honeywell Information Systems Limited International Computers Limited Lloyd's Register of Shipping Messer Grieshiem Limited The Ship Research Institute of Norway NSFI Systemshare Limited Tektronix UK Limited Terminal Display Systems Limited University of Strathclyde - Department of Shipbuilding and

Naval Architecture Varvindustrins Datacentral AB - VDC Versatec Electronics Limited

*** (See the Applications section of the present issue of Computers in Industry.)