Psychoanalysis (continued)• Freud believed that abnormal behavior and all personality

could be explained by the motives and drives of the unconcious

• DARWINIAN Influence• Believed that the unconscious served a function• To keep unacceptable thoughts or desires repressed or hidden

from the conscious mind

Freud used HYPNOSIS and FREE ASSOCIATION

Criticisms Against Psychoanalysis• Lack of scientific control and careful experimentation• Psychoanalysis relies on techniques that have never been

validated.• EXAMPLE:• Dream Interpretation

ABRAHAM MASLOW’S Humanistic Psychology

Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

Humanistic Psychology• Called the THIRD FORCE in Psychology• The Psychoanalytic and Behavioral viewpoints constitute the

first two forces.

• Humanist psychologists don’t believe that behavior is governed either by the inconscious or by external stimuli in the environment

• PEOPLE ARE FREE AGENTS• Having free will, conscious and creative and born with an inner

motivation to fulfil their potential.

• MASLOW called this Self-Actualization

MODERN PSYCH PERSPECTIVES

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

• Attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body

• Such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.

• It investigates at the level of nerves, neurotransmitters, brain circuitry and the basic biological processes that underlie normal and abnormal behavior

Psychodynamic Perspective

• (Psychoanalytic – Freudian)

• More focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person’s behavior than sexual motivations.

• Are driven by dark forces of the unconsciousness • Unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and

childhood experiences determine behavior

Humanistic Perspective• People have free will, the freedom to choose their own

destiny.

• Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be. • Self-actualization - achieving one’s full potential or actual self.

• The influence of self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on need for personal growth determine behavior

Cognitive Perspective• People are information-processing systems

• Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.

• Mental interpretation of our experience determines behavior

Social Perspective

• how to explain a variety of demographic, social, and cultural facts in terms of human social interaction

• People are social animals, so human behavior must be interpreted in social context

• Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning determines this behavior

Behavioral Perspective

• focuses on learned behaviors. • While behaviorism dominated psychology early in the

twentieth century, it began to lose its hold during the 1950s.

• Today, the behavioral perspective is still concerned with how behaviors are learned and reinforced.

• Behavioral principles are often applied in mental health settings, where therapists and counselors use these techniques to explain and treat a variety of illnesses.

Developmental Perspective

• We undergo predictable patterns of change throughout our lives

• Interaction between heredity and environment determines behavior

• End of Chapter 1