general principles of pharmacology. part 2 topics anatomy & physiology related to pharmacology ...
TRANSCRIPT
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY
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Part 2 Topics
Anatomy & Physiology Related to Pharmacology
Common Prehospital Medications Common Patient Scenarios Common Patient Medications
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Drugs Used to Affect the
Nervous System
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Central Nervous System Medications
Analgesics & Antagonists Anesthetics Anti-anxiety & Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Antiseizure or Anti-epileptic Drugs Central Nervous System Stimulants Psychotherapeutic Medications Parkinson’s Medications
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Autonomic Nervous System Medications (1 of 2)
Drugs Affecting the Parasympathetic System: Cholinergics Anticholinergics Ganglionic Blocking Agents Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Ganglionic Stimulating Agents
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Autonomic Nervous System Medications (2 of
2) Drugs Affecting the Sympathetic
System: Adrenergic Receptors Adrenergic Agonists Adrenergic Antagonists Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
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Distribution of Sympathetic
Post-Ganglionic Fibers
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Sympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous
System
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Physiology of an Adrenergic Synapse
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Drugs Used to Affect the
Cardiovascular System
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
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Cardiac Conductive System
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Action Potential of Cardiac Contractile Tissue
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Action Potential of Cardiac Pacing Cells
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Reentrant Pathways
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Classifications of Cardiovascular Drugs (1 of
2)
Antidysrhythmics: Used to treat and prevent abnormal
cardiac rhythms.
Antihypertensives: Drugs used to treat hypertension.
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Classifications of Cardiovascular Drugs (2 of
2)
Hemostatic Agents: Drugs used to stop bleeding.
Antihyperlipidemic Agents: Drugs used to treat high cholesterol.
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Antidysrhythmics
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Antihypertensives
Diuretics Adrenergic inhibiting agents Angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Calcium channel blockers Direct vasodilators
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Hemostatic Agents
Antiplatelets: Drugs that decrease the formation of
platelet plugs.
Anticoagulants: Drugs that disrupt the clotting cascade.
Thrombolytics: Drugs that act directly on thrombi to break
them down.
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Antihyperlipidemics
Drugs used to treat high blood
cholesterol. Examples:
Lovastatin (mevacor). Simvastatin (zocor).
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Drugs Used to Affect the
Respiratory System
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Antiasthmatic Medications
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Drugs Used for Rhinitis and Cough
Nasal Decongestants Antihistamines Antitussives Expectorants Mucolytic
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Drugs Used to Affect the
Gastrointestinal System
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Main Indications for GI Drug Therapy
Peptic Ulcers Constipation Diarrhea and Emesis Digestion
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Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer Disease (1 of 2)
H2 Receptor Antagonists: Cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine
(Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid),
nizatidine (Axid).
Proton Pump Inhibitors: Omeprazole (Prilosec),
lansoprazole (Prevacid).
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Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer Disease (2 of 2)
Antacids: Aluminum, magnesium, or sodium
compounds.
Anticholinergics: Pirenzepine (Gastrozepine).
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Drugs Used to Treat Constipation
Categories of Laxatives: Bulk–forming
(methylcellulose or Citrucel). Stimulant (phenolphthalein or
Ex-Lax). Osmotic (Milk of Magnesia). Surfactant (Colace).
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Drugs Used to Treat Diarrhea
Although a nuisance, diarrhea is often a helpful process.
Specific or non-specific agents may be used.
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Drugs Used to Treat Emesis
Antiemetics: Medication used to prevent vomiting.
Serotonin Antagonists: Zofran.
Dopamine Antagonists: Compazine, Phenergan, Inapsine, Reglan.
Cannabinoids: Marinol, Cesamet.
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Drugs Used to Aid Digestion
Several drugs are available to aid digestion of carboyhydrates and fats.
Two such drugs are pancreatin (Entozyme) and pancrelipase (Viokase).
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Drugs Used to Affect the Eyes
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Drugs Used to Affect the Eyes
Opthalmic drugs are used to treat conditions involving the eyes, primarily glaucoma and trauma. Medications used to treat glaucoma are
all aimed at reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). Examples include timolol (Timoptic) and betaxolol (Betoptic).
Tetracaine (Pontocaine) is a local anesthetic of the ester class.
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Drugs Used to Affect the Ears
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Drugs Used to Affect the Ears
Most drugs used to treat conditions involving the ear are aimed at eliminating underlying bacterial or fungal infections or at breaking up impacted ear wax. Chlorampenicol (Chloromycetin otic). Gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin).
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Drugs Used to Affect the
Endocrine System
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Drugs Affecting the Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Drugs—The only conditions treated with these drugs are those associated with abnormal growth such as dwarfism.
Posterior Pituitary Drugs—The two drugs in this category are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
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Drugs Affecting the Parathyroid and Thyroid
Glands Parathyroid glands are primarily
responsible for regulating calciumlevels.
Hypothyroidism leads to decreasedlevels of calcium and Vitamin D.
Treatment is therefore throughcalcium and Vitamin D supplements.
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Drugs Affecting the Adrenal Cortex
The Adrenal Cortex synthesizes andsecretes 3 classes of hormones:glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,and androgens.
Two diseases typify the disordersassociated with the Adrenal Cortex:Cushing’s disease and Addison’sdisease.
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Drugs Affecting the Pancreas
Diabetes mellitus is the most important disease involving the pancreas.
Insulin—a substance that decreasesblood glucose level.
Glucagon—a substance that increasesblood glucose level.
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Oral Hypoglycemics
Orinase (chlorpropamide) Glucotrol (glipizide) Micronase (glyburide)
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Hyperglycemic Agents
D50W is a sugar solution givenintravenously for acute hypoglycemia.
Glucagon is indicated for emergency treatment when an IV is unobtainable.
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Drugs Affecting the Female Reproductive
System Estrogens and Progestins Oral contraceptives Uterine stimulants and relaxants:
Brethine, Yutopar.
Infertility agents: Clomid, Metrodin.
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Drugs Affecting the Male Reproductive
System Testosterone deficiency: Metandren.
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH): Proscare.
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Drugs Affecting Sexual Behavior
L-dopa (Levodopa) has demonstrated increased libido as a side effect.
Sildenafil (Viagra) was approved in 1998 for patients suffering erectiledysfunction.
NOTE: If you treat a patient with chest pain
who has taken Viagra recently, do NOT give nitroglycerin or any other nitrate.
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Drugs Used to Treat Cancer
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Drugs Used to Treat Cancer
Drugs used to treat cancer arecalled antineoplastic agents.
Examples include: fluorouracil (Adrucil) mechlorethamine (Mustargen) vinblastine (Velban) vincristine (Oncovin)
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Drugs Used to Treat Infectious
Diseases and Inflammation
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Drugs Used to Treat Infectious Diseases and
Inflammation (1 of 3) Antibiotics.
An antibiotic agent mayeither kill the offending bacteria orso decrease the bacteria’s growththat the patient’s immune systemcan effectively fight the infection.
Antifungal Agents. Fungi are parasitic microorganisms that
cannot synthesize their own food.
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Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Drugs. Although most diseases treated with
these drugs are uncommon indeveloped countries, they are leading causes of death in third-world countries.
They include malaria, leprosy, and helminthiasis.
Drugs Used to Treat Infectious Diseases and
Inflammation (2 of 3)
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Tuberculosis, caused by bacteria, is increasing in the United States.
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)—Commonly used as analgesics and antipyretics.
Uricosuric drugs—Used to treat gout. Serums, vaccines, and other
immunizing agents.
Drugs Used to Treat Infectious Diseases and
Inflammation (3 of 3)
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Drugs Used to Affect the Skin
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Drugs Used to Affect the Skin
Dermatologic drugs are used to treat skin irritations.
They are common over-the-counter medications.
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Drugs Used to Affect the Diet
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Many disease processes affect the production, distribution, and
utilization of essential dietary nutrients.
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Drugs Used to Treat Poisoning and
Overdoses
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Drugs Used to Treat Poisoning and Overdoses
The treatment for poisoning andoverdose depends greatly on the substance involved. Syrup of Ipecac Activated Charcoal Mucomyst Atropine Pralidoxime
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Part 2 Summary
Anatomy and Physiology Related to Pharmacology
Common Prehospital Medications
Common Patient Scenarios Common Patient Medications