general nutrient requirements animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. intake...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
General Nutrient General Nutrient RequirementsRequirements
• Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals
and energy.
• Intake determines level of productivity
![Page 3: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Classes of NutrientsClasses of Nutrients• Energy – Common currency for many aspects of
animal ecology. Nutrient most often studied by ecologists.
• Protein – Building blocks for nearly everything in an animal.
• Water – Necessary for normal metabolism, thermoregulation, and waste elimination.
• Vitamins – Organic molecules required in small amounts for normal metabolism. Part of enzymes.
• Minerals – Inorganic materials required for normal metabolism. Various functions in an animal.
![Page 4: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
EnergyEnergy• Ability to do work
• Necessary for movement, smooth muscle activity (heart, diaphragm, GI tract), and cellular metabolism.
• Laws of thermodynamics– Energy cannot be created or destroyed
• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 +6 H2O and 686 kcals
• Sunlight Sugar Fat Work in animal
– Energy transformations produce heat• No chemical reaction is 100% efficient
![Page 5: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
EnergyEnergy• Energy measured as:
– Calories = energy to raise 1 g water from 14.5 15.5 C
– Joules = energy to lift 102 g 1 m in earth’s gravity
– 1 calorie = 4.184 joules
• Energy content of food (Gross energy)– Carbohydrate = 4.0 kcal/g (50% mass is oxygen)
– Lipid = 9.5 kcal/g (10% mass is oxygen)
– Protein = 5.5 kcal/g (25% mass O, 16% is N)
– Mineral = 0.0 kcal/g
![Page 6: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
EnergyEnergy• Gross energy of some foods fed to bears
– Deer meat 7.32 kcals/g dry matter– Beef 6.74– Trout (entire carcass) 5.71– Squirrel (entire carcass) 5.28– Blueberries 4.47– Clover 4.83– Pine nuts 6.48
• Gross energy of animal material more variable than GE of plant material. Why?
![Page 7: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
EnergyEnergy• Animals eat to meet energy requirements• Animals will eat more if they are deficient in
energy, subject to physical limitations• Energy intake regulation is remarkably efficient
– A 70 kg animal eating 10% beyond energy requirements will gain 10 kg (22 lbs) of fat in a year
• If another nutrient is limiting, animals cannot eat more of the same foods; must eat different foods.
![Page 8: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ProteinProtein• A component in every part of an animal
– Muscle fibers– Enzymes– Structural function (hair, feathers, bone matrix)– Hormones– Transport (hemoglobin, lipoproteins)
• Composed of amino acids
NH2 – C – COOH
R
H
|
|NH2 – C – C –
R
H
|
|
O||
NH – C – C –
R
H
|
|
O||
NH – C – C –
R
H
|
|
O||
![Page 9: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ProteinProtein
20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins
![Page 10: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ProteinProtein• Non-essential amino acids
– Animal can make these amino acids from other amino acids or from precursors
• Essential amino acids– Animal cannot make these or cannot make
them fast enough to meet demand– Arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine,
threonine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine
• A concern for monogastric species• Cats require arginine and taurine
![Page 11: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ProteinProtein• Proteins in the body are continually being
lost (hair, skin, feces) or reconfigured
• Amino acids recycled, but some daily loss
• Thus, animals need amino acids (not protein per se) or precursors in their diet
• Some proteins have better amino acid composition than other proteins. Less of these proteins are required to meet an animal’s needs.
![Page 12: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Protein QualityProtein Quality• Nitrogen balance of infant Cebus monkeys
fed soy and milk proteins (After Ausman et al. 1986, Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 43:112-127)
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Nitrogen intake (g/day)
Nit
rog
en B
alan
ce (
g/d
ay) Soybean
Lactalbumin
Lact+methionine
![Page 13: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ProteinProteinEstimating requirements difficult because:
• Many amino acids can be interconverted
• Protein catabolized for energy.– Diet insufficient in energy could result in elevated
nitrogen excretion, indicating excess protein
• Animals eat to satisfy energy requirements. – Ratio of protein to energy important g protein/100 kj DE
– 36 salmon; 19 eggs; 6.3 carrots; 0.8 apple– What happens if diet is deficient in N or a.a.?
• Non-protein nitrogen for a.a. production
![Page 14: General Nutrient Requirements Animals eat to acquire specific chemicals and energy. Intake determines level of productivity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e665503460f94b61024/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ProteinProtein• Very little wildlife research on a.a. requirements.
Nearly all research on protein
• Protein measured by measuring N and multiplying by 6.25. Average protein is 16% nitrogen (1 / 0.16)
• A couple of problems:– Not all nitrogen is in protein.– The % of a protein that is N varies among proteins
• Milk protein is 15.7% N Conversion factor is 6.37• Wheat protein is 17.5% N “ “ 5.70• Nut protein is 18.9% N “ “ 5.29
– Study of 90 plants 3.28 to 5.16 Recommend = 4.43